EP3959734B1 - Commutateur électrique - Google Patents

Commutateur électrique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3959734B1
EP3959734B1 EP19739931.4A EP19739931A EP3959734B1 EP 3959734 B1 EP3959734 B1 EP 3959734B1 EP 19739931 A EP19739931 A EP 19739931A EP 3959734 B1 EP3959734 B1 EP 3959734B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
contact
electrical switch
electrical
state
movable element
Prior art date
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Active
Application number
EP19739931.4A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3959734A1 (fr
Inventor
Matthias Strobl
Andreas Eismann
Walter Felden
Zoltan FONO
Oliver Ibisch
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP3959734A1 publication Critical patent/EP3959734A1/fr
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Publication of EP3959734B1 publication Critical patent/EP3959734B1/fr
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H33/04—Means for extinguishing or preventing arc between current-carrying parts
    • H01H33/16—Impedances connected with contacts
    • H01H33/161—Variable impedances
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H33/59—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle
    • H01H33/596—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle for interrupting dc
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C10/00—Adjustable resistors
    • H01C10/30—Adjustable resistors the contact sliding along resistive element

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electrical switch.
  • Switching arcs occur when AC or DC circuits are opened, closed or commutated. These switching arcs typically release the energy released in corresponding extinguishing devices until the arc is extinguished. Conventional electrical switches attempt to control the resulting switching arcs. This involves a great deal of technical effort, particularly given the increasing number of DC applications in which no current zero crossing occurs.
  • an electric current can be switched without switching arcs through a semiconductor switch, which requires complex control electronics and usually does not guarantee reliable galvanic isolation.
  • current semiconductor switches have a relatively high power loss even in the ON state.
  • the EP 3 031 062 A1 discloses a mechanical switch that operates by commutating the current to an energy absorbing path or a series of paths through at least one blocking semiconductor to open the circuit, the commutation being effected by a sliding movement of at least one shuttle electrode over at least one stationary electrode.
  • the electrical switch with an ON state and an OFF state for opening, closing or commutating an electrical circuit between a first contact and a second contact comprises an adjustable resistance element which is electrically arranged between the first contact and the second contact, wherein in the ON state the electrical switch is closed and in the OFF state it is open, wherein by means of a mechanical transit movement (T) the electrical switch is transferred from the ON state to the OFF state and vice versa, wherein in order to open or commutate the electrical circuit the resistance of the adjustable resistance element is increased by means of the transit movement and wherein the transit movement is carried out in such a way that the current voltage drop is smaller than the ignition voltage of an arc at any time and the switching energy in the adjustable resistance element is thereby dissipated in the form of electrical power loss.
  • T mechanical transit movement
  • the advantage here is that, with the appropriate design, a switching operation can be carried out without the formation of an arc. This avoids all the negative effects of a switching arc, such as burn-off, formation of switching gases, stochastic running behavior, influence from external magnetic fields. It is also advantageous that a simple mechanical structure is possible and a safe galvanic isolation is made possible by driving over an insulating zone. The simple mechanical structure results in many additional advantages with regard to a cost-optimized design of a resistance voltage switching device. Basic functions such as the magnetic overload release can be implemented relatively easily.
  • the electrical switch has at least a third contact, wherein a potential is commutated between these at least three contacts.
  • the first contact in the OFF state, is galvanically isolated from the second contact with an electrical resistance greater than 1M ⁇ (mega ohm).
  • the electrical resistance in the ON state of the adjustable resistance element can be less than 100 ⁇ (micro ohm), which leads to very low power loss in the ON state.
  • the adjustable resistance element is made of a conventional material or of a dopable semiconductor material such as silicon carbide (SiC).
  • the resistance of the adjustable resistance element is increased by changing the active length, shape, arrangement or doping.
  • the increase in the electrical resistance of the adjustable resistance element is carried out continuously or discretely.
  • the first contact in the OFF state, is galvanically separated from the second contact by galvanic isolation or by doping the adjustable resistance element.
  • the adjustable resistance element can be designed as a linear or rotary component.
  • the linear component can have a tubular or annular structure.
  • the adjustable resistance element comprises a movable element and a fixed element, wherein the movable element is substantially cylindrical is formed, wherein the fixed element is formed substantially in the shape of a hollow cylinder, wherein the movable element is formed so as to be immersible in the fixed element and can be moved against it, wherein a first contact system is attached to the fixed element and a second contact system is attached to the movable element, each for electrical contact between the movable element and the fixed element, wherein the distance between the first contact system and the second contact system is changed by the linear transit movement, whereby the division of the current path between the movable element and the fixed element changes.
  • first contact system and the second contact system are formed by contact springs, for example spiral-shaped contact springs, which due to their shape and design enable a very high current-carrying capacity with a small diameter at the same time, such as canted coil springs from Bal Seal Engineering.
  • a sliding arrangement has an advantageous effect on preventing the formation of foreign and oxidation layers and thus improves the contact behavior and long-term stability of the electrical switch in contrast to conventional switches with contacts that can be opened. Due to the type of contact with spiral contact springs on a cylinder, the lifting forces in the event of a short circuit are minimal. This means that, with the appropriate design, the contacts are not subjected to excessive mechanical stress with the corresponding noise. Such a switch therefore does not show an increased tendency to weld and, in contrast to electrical switches with contacts that can be opened, complex combination tests with different contact materials are not necessary.
  • the adjustable resistance element comprises a movable element and three fixed Elements, wherein the movable element and the third fixed element are essentially cylindrical, wherein the first fixed element is essentially designed as half a hollow cylinder and the second fixed element is also essentially designed as half a hollow cylinder, which is connected to the first fixed element by means of an insulator and thereby a hollow cylinder is formed, wherein the movable element is designed to be immersible in the hollow cylinder made up of the first and second fixed elements and can be moved against it, wherein a first contact system is attached to the movable element and a second contact system is attached to the third fixed element, each for electrical contact between the movable element and the hollow cylinder and the third fixed element and the hollow cylinder, wherein the distance between the first contact system and the second contact system is changed by a linear transit movement, whereby the division of the current path between the movable element and the hollow cylinder changes.
  • controllable resistance element comprises a movable, rotary disk element and two fixed elements, wherein the disk element has resistance zones, wherein the two fixed elements are each electrically connected to the disk element by a contact system and the electrical resistance between the fixed elements is changed by rotation of the disk element as a rotary transit movement.
  • the electrical switch is designed to switch an alternating or direct current.
  • the electrical switch 100 comprises an ON state and an OFF state for opening, closing or commutating an electrical circuit.
  • a first contact 110 and a second contact 120 are provided, between which the electrical circuit is switched.
  • the electrical switch 100 also comprises an adjustable resistance element 200, which is electrically arranged between the first contact 110 and the second contact 120.
  • the electrical switch 100 In the ON state, the electrical switch 100 is closed and in the OFF state it is open. The switching process, the transfer of the ON state to the OFF state and vice versa, takes place by means of a mechanical transit movement T of the adjustable resistance element 200.
  • the resistance of the adjustable resistance element 200 is increased by means of the transit movement T and the transit movement T is carried out in such a way that the current voltage drop at any time is smaller than the ignition voltage of an arc and that the switching energy in the adjustable resistance element 200 is thereby dissipated in the form of electrical power loss.
  • the adjustable resistance element 200 comprises a movable element 210 and a fixed element 220, wherein the movable element 210 is essentially cylindrical and the fixed element is essentially hollow-cylindrical.
  • the movable element 210 can be immersed in the fixed element 220 and moved against it.
  • the adjustable resistance element 200 comprises a first contact system 310 on the fixed element 220 and a second contact system 320 on the movable element 210, each for electrical contact between the movable element 210 and the fixed element 220.
  • the fixed element 220 can comprise a galvanic isolation 230, so that in the OFF state the first contact 110 is galvanically separated from the second contact 120.
  • the galvanic isolation can be achieved via the doping of the adjustable resistance element 200 itself.
  • FIG 2A the chain of electrical resistors of the electrical switch 100 according to the invention is shown. It is a series connection of electrical resistors, starting from the electrical resistance at the second contact 120 R_Cu2 via the resistance of the adjustable resistance element 200 R_SiC and the electrical resistance of the galvanic insulation 230 R_Iso to the first contact 110 with the resistance R_Cu1.
  • FIG 2B the electrical resistance of the adjustable resistance element 200 is shown plotted against the deflection of the mechanical transit movement T.
  • the first contact 110 is galvanically isolated from the second contact 120 with an electrical resistance greater than 1M ⁇ (mega ohm).
  • the electrical switch 100 is in the OFF state.
  • the resistance decreases after crossing the insulation zone 230, until the electrical resistance of the adjustable resistance element is less than 100 ⁇ (micro Ohm). In this position, the electrical switch is in the ON state.
  • the transition of the electrical switch 100 from the ON state to the OFF state is shown.
  • the resistance of the adjustable resistance element 200 is increased by means of a linear transit movement T of the movable element 210, the transit movement T being carried out in such a way that the current voltage drop is smaller than the ignition voltage of an arc at any time and the switching energy in the adjustable resistance element 200 is thus dissipated in the form of electrical power loss.
  • the electrical switch 100 is in the ON state.
  • the electrical current flows from the first contact 110 via the first contact system 310 to the movable element 210 and further via the second contact system 320 to the second contact 120.
  • the movable element 210 is made of copper, for example, the total resistance of the electrical switch in the ON position is in the range of less than 100 ⁇ (micro ohms).
  • the first contact system 310 and the second contact system 320 are formed by spiral-shaped contact springs, for example canted coil springs from Bal Seal Engineering.
  • the movable element 210 is now moved as shown in the Figures 3A, 3B and 3C moved to the left.
  • FIG 3C the electrical switch 100 according to the invention is shown in the OFF state.
  • the movable element 210 was further moved according to the representation of the Figures 3A, 3B and 3C moved to the left.
  • the second contact system 320 has been moved beyond the galvanic isolation 230 so that the first contact system 310 and the second contact system 320 are both in the zone of the first contact 110.
  • a current flow only occurs due to a leakage current of the galvanic isolation, since the resistance of the adjustable resistance element 200 is greater than 1M ⁇ (mega ohm).
  • the adjustable resistance element 200 has a first zone 221, which is made of copper, for example, and has a high conductivity.
  • the fixed element 220 dips into this first zone 221, so that due to the lowest resistance, the current flows over the front surface of the movable element 210 and the zone 221 with low conductivity of the adjustable resistance element 200.
  • the movable element 210 also has a termination 211, which can also be made of copper and thus has a low conductivity. The current therefore flows from the first contact 110 via the termination 211 and the movable element 210.
  • the movable element 210 is now moved further to the left, the first contact system 310 and the second contact system 320 are moved towards each other and the current flows through the adjustable resistance element 200 itself. As the movement is continued, the division of the current path between the movable element 210 and the fixed element 220 changes.
  • the second contact system 320 reaches the zone of galvanic isolation 230. If the second contact system 320 is now completely in the zone of galvanic isolation 230, the switch is opened and a current flow is no longer possible. In the end position of the movable element 210 in the illustration of the Figure 4J the first contact system 310 and the second contact system 320 are located in the zone of the first contact 110.
  • the electrical switch 100 may have at least a third contact, wherein it commutates a potential between these at least three contacts.
  • the adjustable resistance element 200 in particular its fixed element 220, can be made from a conventional material or from a dopable semiconductor material.
  • Silicon carbide (SiC) for example, is advantageous as a dopable semiconductor material, since this material meets important criteria and enables a compact design of the adjustable resistance element 200.
  • Silicon carbide as a semiconductor material has a very high breakdown field strength and a low specific forward resistance.
  • silicon carbide can be doped and thus its electrical properties can be adjusted from 0.1 to 109 ⁇ cm (ohm centimeters).
  • silicon carbide is high temperature resistant, the oxidation resistance is given up to 1600°C and the decomposition temperature is above 2700°C. Silicon carbide is also a very good heat conductor.
  • the increase in the resistance of the adjustable resistance element 200 can be achieved by changing the active length, the shape, the arrangement or the doping.
  • the first embodiment and the second embodiment show an increase in the resistance by changing the active length.
  • the current path within the adjustable resistance element 200, or the division of the current path between the movable element 210 and the fixed element 220, is changed by the transit movement T.
  • the increase in the electrical resistance of the adjustable resistance element 200 can be carried out continuously or discretely. In the first embodiment and in the second embodiment, a continuous increase in the electrical resistance is carried out.
  • the adjustable resistance element 200 can be designed as a linear component as explained in the first embodiment and the second embodiment, or also as a rotary component, whereby such an embodiment is not part of the invention.
  • Figure 5 which is not part of the invention, shows such a rotary component 200 in the form of a movable, rotary disk element 500.
  • This disk element 500 has resistance zones 511, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518.
  • a first fixed element 110 and a second fixed element 120 with respective contact systems 581 and 582 are electrically connected to the disk element 500.
  • the electrical resistance between the fixed elements 110 and 120 is changed by the rotation of the disk element 500 as a rotary trans-movement T.
  • the adjustable resistance element 200 is formed from a movable element 670 and three fixed elements 610; 620; 680.
  • the movable element 670 and the third fixed element 680 are essentially cylindrical in shape.
  • the first fixed element 610 is essentially designed as half a hollow cylinder and the second fixed element 620 is also essentially designed as half a hollow cylinder, wherein these two hollow cylinders are connected to the first fixed element 610 by means of an insulator 650, thereby forming a hollow cylinder.
  • the movable element 670 can be inserted into the hollow cylinder made up of first and second fixed elements 610; 620 and can be moved against it.
  • a first contact system 681 is attached to the movable element 670 and a second contact system 682 is attached to the third fixed element 680, each for electrical contact between the movable element 670 and the hollow cylinder and the third fixed element 680 and the hollow cylinder.
  • the linear transit movement T changes the distance between the first contact system 681 and the second contact system 682, which changes the division of the current path between the movable element and the hollow cylinder.
  • a separate current path is provided in the first fixed element 610 and in the second fixed element 620 and not a current path via a cylinder.
  • the half-shell principle can also be applied to other geometries, for example square or rectangular geometries as in Figure 6 shown on the right. The same applies to the first embodiment and the second embodiment.
  • the electrical switch 100 can be provided for switching or commutating an alternating or direct current.
  • an insulating zone be driven over, or become a non-conductive zone of a doped material.
  • silicon carbide any other material with similar properties can be used. If required, this material can also be applied to copper material using thin-film technology, for example in the form of rings.
  • the canted coil contact springs from Bal Seal Engineering are available in various sizes and are able, for example, to carry a continuous current of 2 kA (kiloamperes) and, in the event of a short circuit, of around 20 kA (kiloamperes) for 3 seconds.
  • the fourth embodiment doubles the increase in resistance, so that the installation space of the electrical switch 100 is reduced. Likewise, no connecting wires are necessary, but contacting via the contact springs is sufficient.
  • FIG. 7A and 7B A further, fifth embodiment of the adjustable resistance element 200 according to the invention is shown.
  • uniform resistance elements 701 are connected in series with a first connection surface 702 and a second connection surface 703.
  • Insulation elements 705 are arranged between the resistance elements 701, so that the series connection takes place via the electrical contacting of adjacent connection surfaces 702, 703.
  • Resistance elements 701 are designed as broken hollow discs with a first connection surface 702 and a second connection surface 703.
  • the movable element 210 with the second contact system 320 runs inside the resistance elements 701.
  • the opening and closing takes place analogously to the first or second embodiment by means of a transit movement T, wherein the transit movement T is carried out in such a way that the current voltage drop at any time is smaller than the ignition voltage of an arc and thus the switching energy in the adjustable resistance element 200 is dissipated in the form of electrical power loss.
  • connection surfaces 702; 703 are offset from each other.
  • connection surfaces 702; 703 can be offset by 45° so that after eight elements the same position of the first connection surfaces 702; 703 is reached again, as in the Figure 9 shown below left.
  • simultaneous contacting of at least three resistance elements 701, 701', 701" can be provided when using a conventional adjustable resistance element 200. This is described in the Figures 8A, 8B and 8C shown.
  • FIG 8A On the left, the stack of resistance elements 701, 701', 701" and the movable element 210 with the second contact system 320 are shown. In the illustration of the Figure 8A only one resistance element is contacted, for example in the ON state. Accordingly, only one resistor of the discrete resistor chain is active as shown in Figure 8A right.
  • a parallel relief path can be provided by means of a resistor R additional , as in Figure 9 shown. If the electrical resistance R additional is smaller than the sum of the electrical resistances of the intermediate resistance elements 701, the main current flows through this parallel relief path.
  • intermediate resistance elements 701 are deactivated by circuitry, so that the main current does not have to flow through them but through an electrical relief path.
  • first zone 221 within which the movable element can be accelerated when triggered.
  • the second contact system 320 is accelerated in the region of the first zone 221 with low electrical resistance (for example copper) such that the further transit movement T is carried out such that the current voltage drop is smaller at any time than the ignition voltage of an arc and thus the switching energy in the adjustable resistance element 200 is dissipated in the form of electrical power loss.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Commutateur électrique (100) avec un état ON et un état OFF pour ouvrir, fermer ou commuter un circuit électrique entre un premier contact (110) et un deuxième contact (120) ainsi qu'avec un élément de résistance réglable (200) qui est disposé électriquement entre le premier contact (110) et le deuxième contact (120), dans lequel le commutateur électrique (100) est fermé à l'état ON et ouvert à l'état OFF, dans lequel le commutateur électrique (100) est transféré de l'état ON à l'état OFF et inversement au moyen d'un mouvement de transit (T) mécanique,
    dans lequel la résistance de l'élément de résistance réglable (200) est augmentée au moyen du mouvement de transit (T) pour ouvrir ou commuter le circuit électrique, et le mouvement de transit (T) est exécuté de telle sorte que la chute de tension actuelle soit à tout moment inférieure à la tension d'amorçage d'un arc électrique et que l'énergie de commutation dans l'élément de résistance réglable (200) soit ainsi dissipée sous forme de puissance électrique dissipée,
    dans lequel l'élément de résistance réglable (200) comprend un élément mobile (210) et un élément fixe (220),
    dans lequel l'élément mobile (210) est pour l'essentiel de forme cylindrique,
    dans lequel l'élément fixe (220) est pour l'essentiel en forme de cylindre creux,
    dans lequel l'élément mobile (210) est conçu pour être inséré dans l'élément fixe (220) et peut être déplacé contre celui-ci, dans lequel un premier système de contact (310) est monté sur l'élément fixe (220) et un deuxième système de contact (320) est monté sur l'élément mobile (210), respectivement pour la mise en contact électrique entre l'élément mobile (210) et l'élément fixe (220),
    caractérisé en ce que le mouvement de transit (T) linéaire modifie la distance entre le premier système de contact (310) et le deuxième système de contact (320), ce qui modifie la répartition du trajet de courant entre l'élément mobile (210) et l'élément fixe (220),
    dans lequel le premier système de contact (310) et le deuxième système de contact (320) sont formés par des ressorts hélicoïdaux inclinés.
  2. Commutateur électrique (100) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le commutateur électrique (100) présente au moins un troisième contact, dans lequel un potentiel est commuté entre ces au moins trois contacts.
  3. Commutateur électrique (100) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel, à l'état OFF, le premier contact (110) est séparé galvaniquement du deuxième contact (120) en cas de résistance électrique supérieure à 1 MΩ (mégaohm).
  4. Commutateur électrique (100) selon la revendication 1 ou 3, dans lequel, à l'état ON, la résistance électrique de l'élément de résistance réglable (200) est inférieure à 100 µΩ (microohm).
  5. Commutateur électrique (100) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'élément de résistance réglable (200) est fabriqué à partir d'un matériau conventionnel ou d'un matériau semi-conducteur pouvant être dopé, tel que le SiC.
  6. Commutateur électrique (100) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'augmentation de la résistance de l'élément de résistance réglable (200) se fait par une modification de la longueur active, de la forme, de l'agencement ou du dopage.
  7. Commutateur électrique (100) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'augmentation de la résistance électrique de l'élément de résistance réglable (200) est effectuée de manière continue ou discrète.
  8. Commutateur électrique (100) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel, à l'état OFF, le premier contact (110) est séparé galvaniquement du deuxième contact (120) au moyen d'une isolation galvanique (230) ou par le dopage de l'élément de résistance réglable (200).
  9. Commutateur électrique (100) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'élément de résistance réglable (200) est conçu comme un composant linéaire ou rotatif.
  10. Commutateur électrique (100) selon la revendication 9, dans lequel l'élément linéaire présente une structure tubulaire ou annulaire.
  11. Commutateur électrique (100) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, dans lequel l'élément de résistance réglable (200) comprend un élément mobile (670) et trois éléments fixes (610 ; 620 ; 680),
    dans lequel l'élément mobile (670) et le troisième élément fixe (680) présentent pour l'essentiel une forme cylindrique,
    dans lequel le premier élément fixe (610) est pour l'essentiel conçu comme un demi-cylindre creux et le deuxième élément fixe (620) est également conçu pour l'essentiel comme un demi-cylindre creux, qui est relié au premier élément fixe (610) au moyen d'un isolateur (650), formant ainsi un cylindre creux, dans lequel l'élément mobile (670) est conçu pour pouvoir être inséré dans le cylindre creux constitué du premier et du deuxième élément fixe (610 ; 620) et peut être déplacé contre celui-ci ; dans lequel un premier système de contact (681) est monté sur l'élément mobile (670) et un deuxième système de contact (682) est monté sur le troisième élément fixe (680), respectivement pour établir un contact électrique entre l'élément mobile (670) et le cylindre creux et entre le troisième élément fixe (680) et le cylindre creux,
    dans lequel, par un mouvement de transit (T) linéaire, la distance entre le premier système de contact (681) et le deuxième système de contact (682) est modifiée, ce qui modifie la répartition du trajet de courant entre l'élément mobile (670) et le cylindre creux.
  12. Commutateur électrique (100) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, pour commuter un courant alternatif ou continu.
EP19739931.4A 2019-07-01 2019-07-01 Commutateur électrique Active EP3959734B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2019/067590 WO2021001012A1 (fr) 2019-07-01 2019-07-01 Commutateur électrique

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP3959734A1 EP3959734A1 (fr) 2022-03-02
EP3959734B1 true EP3959734B1 (fr) 2024-05-15

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DE102021200648B4 (de) 2021-01-26 2024-05-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Elektrischer Schalter mit einem regelbaren Widerstandselement

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US8890019B2 (en) * 2011-02-05 2014-11-18 Roger Webster Faulkner Commutating circuit breaker
CN105723489B (zh) * 2013-08-05 2019-06-04 英诺锂资产公司 具有阻断半导体的换向开关

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WO2021001012A1 (fr) 2021-01-07

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