EP1544408B1 - System zur Rauchgasabfuhr in Tunneln - Google Patents

System zur Rauchgasabfuhr in Tunneln Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1544408B1
EP1544408B1 EP04388091A EP04388091A EP1544408B1 EP 1544408 B1 EP1544408 B1 EP 1544408B1 EP 04388091 A EP04388091 A EP 04388091A EP 04388091 A EP04388091 A EP 04388091A EP 1544408 B1 EP1544408 B1 EP 1544408B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
duct
tunnel
damper
fire
pawl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP04388091A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1544408A1 (de
Inventor
Carsten Palle
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
VID ApS
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VID ApS
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Publication of EP1544408A1 publication Critical patent/EP1544408A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1544408B1 publication Critical patent/EP1544408B1/de
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05B—LOCKS; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR; HANDCUFFS
    • E05B65/00—Locks or fastenings for special use
    • E05B65/10—Locks or fastenings for special use for panic or emergency doors
    • E05B65/104—Locks or fastenings for special use for panic or emergency doors actuated in response to heat, e.g. with fusible element, bimetal, memory shape or swelling material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C3/00—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places
    • A62C3/02—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places for area conflagrations, e.g. forest fires, subterranean fires
    • A62C3/0221—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places for area conflagrations, e.g. forest fires, subterranean fires for tunnels
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
    • E21F1/00—Ventilation of mines or tunnels; Distribution of ventilating currents
    • E21F1/003—Ventilation of traffic tunnels
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C3/00—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places
    • A62C3/02—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places for area conflagrations, e.g. forest fires, subterranean fires
    • A62C3/0292—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places for area conflagrations, e.g. forest fires, subterranean fires by spraying extinguishants directly into the fire
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/30—Control or safety arrangements for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
    • F24F11/32—Responding to malfunctions or emergencies
    • F24F11/33—Responding to malfunctions or emergencies to fire, excessive heat or smoke
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
    • F24F13/08—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates
    • F24F13/10—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers
    • F24F13/14—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre
    • F24F13/1426—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre characterised by actuating means

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a system for exhausting and thereby carrying away flue gases and hot air from a fire in a tunnel via a damper into a discharge duct which extends in the tunnel, and through which the flue gases and the hot air are discharged, where the duct is provided with gates in the form of hinged doors which each are kept closed against a spring force by means of a lock with thermostatic release, so that a local temperature increase in the tunnel automatically releases the door or doors which are located above the scene of fire concerned.
  • Tunnels are characterized by being elongated cavities which have an opening at both ends, and which have a cross-sectional area that is relatively small in relation to their length. In most tunnels, there is frequently a natural draught which ensures a reasonable supply of oxygen. Tunnels are frequently used for the transport of carriages, cars, trains, passengers, etc., or as passages for cables and other permanent installations. Frequently, tunnels contain large amounts of combustible substances.
  • the draught in the tunnel and the amount of fuel mean that a fire of relatively great intensity can easily occur.
  • the hot fire gases can be distributed only over a relatively small cross-section in a elongated pipe, where a relatively large amount of air is to be moved to give room for the hot fire gases, and as a result of this the temperatures in the tunnel risk getting very high in connection with relatively small fires, which can therefore spread relatively rapidly and become very violent.
  • fire gases will rapidly fill the tunnel with thick and stifling gases which make it difficult to evacuate the tunnel in a fire and carry out a safe and efficient rescue operation.
  • Tunnels are frequently vented of car smoke, etc. by fans which are positioned close to the ceiling of the tunnel. Arranging them in rows near the ceiling ensures that the gases are conveyed away near the ceiling of the tunnel without too great mixing with the air which is present at lower levels in the tunnel cross-section.
  • This method too, requires a relatively great ventilating system and will have a relatively great power consumption because of the large amount of air which is to be transported in the relatively large cross-section of the ceiling space. Because of the cost of construction, etc., this solution is best suited for tunnels which have been designed in advance for this venting solution.
  • US 6 478 672 discloses a system for discharging flue gases comprising a duct which is provided with slats which may be remote-controlled so that a plurality of slats in the fire area may be pivoted to open, thereby providing a communication to the duct through which the flue gases may be exhausted.
  • FR 2 254 245 discloses a similar system where the dampers are spring-loaded towards an open position and are kept in the closed position by a locking system comprising a thermal releasing device with meltable members. When the temperature rises, these members will melt and release the locking system, whereby the dampers will swing to the open position.
  • the damper is kept in a closed position by means of two screw and nut connections to two arched slits and with a disc, made of a meltable material in each of the screw and nut connections.
  • a disc made of a meltable material in each of the screw and nut connections.
  • the object of the invention is to make a system of the above-mentioned kind, which is less complicated, and where resetting to the closed position after releasing to open position is easy to accomplish.
  • the lock comprises a pawl system, with at least one pawl slidable between a first position, in which it engages the end portion of the damper opposite the hinge to keep the damper closed, and a second position, in which the pawl or pawls are out of engagement with the damper so that the damper is free to swing to its open position, whereby the pawl system is spring-loaded towards the second position and is kept in the first position against the force of the spring-loading by a thermal release element.
  • This system is simple as it comprises only few parts. It is easy to reset after operation, as it is only necessary to push the pawl system back against the spring force and place a new thermal release element in position, which can be accomplished easily and fast without need for dismounting anything. Furthermore, the movement of the pawl system can be used to operate or release other functions, so as ventilation or fire extinction or water mist systems, as the pawl system performs a simple linear movement during operation.
  • the release mechanisms in the individual dampers also control the ventilation, the exhaustion may be optimized in response to the need.
  • the release mechanisms are used for signalling for fire fighting, such as activation of sprinkler and mist nozzles, the fire fighting will be concentrated to the zones where the fire is to be fought.
  • the duct When, as stated in claim 5, the duct is cooled externally in the hot zone by means of water mist, the temperature in the duct maybe kept low.
  • Fig. 1 shows an example of a tunnel 1 in which an exhaustion system according to the invention is installed at the top, said system comprising a duct 2 which is provided with a plurality of openings with dampers 3, and which is provided with vent openings 4 which each are provided with suction fans (not shown).
  • Fig. 2 shows a section of the duct 2 in the form of a sectional view with a damper 3 which is mounted on the side of the duct 2.
  • the damper 3 is mounted by a bracket 7 with springing which acts on the damper with a constant spring force for opening, which will keep the damper open if it is not held back by a locking mechanism which, at a predetermined temperature, will be released thermally to open so that the spring-loaded damper 3 will open automatically for passage to the interior of the duct.
  • Fig. 2 shows an example of a locking mechanism consisting of a pawl system 10 which is kept in its locked position by a release element 11, and where springs 9 are mounted such that these springs pull the pawls 10 back when the thermal release element 11 is released, whereby the damper will open automatically.
  • the thermal release element 11 may be a liquid-filled glass ampoule, a meltable member, a bimetallic member or a piece of alloyed material and the like.
  • the duct 2 is thermally insulated 8 so that heating from the hot fire gases inside and outside and in particular heating of the air in the duct is reduced.
  • Fig. 3b shows an example of an embodiment of the locking mechanism, where it is affected for release by a compression spring 15.
  • Fig. 3c shows an example of a mechanism which is heat-released by a thermal release element, which is released electrically by means of a detonator 12 consisting of a pyrotechnical charge which affects a piston or other device, which removes the thermal release element 11 when the pyrotechnical charge is ignited by an electrical pulse, whereby the locking pawl 10 is released.
  • a detonator 12 consisting of a pyrotechnical charge which affects a piston or other device, which removes the thermal release element 11 when the pyrotechnical charge is ignited by an electrical pulse, whereby the locking pawl 10 is released.
  • Fig. 3d shows an example of a mechanism which activates an electrical switch 13 when the thermal element 11 is released so that it may be used for electrical control of e.g. fans in the duct or similar extra equipment, which will be described later.
  • Fig. 3e shows a mechanism where the pawl system 10 affects a hydraulic or pneumatic valve 14 so that this automatically opens or closes when the pawl is activated. This may be used for automatically activating extinction systems and/or cooling systems independently of electrical connections, as will be described later.
  • Fig. 4 shows an example of a tunnel 1 in which a venting duct system corresponding to the one shown in fig. 1 and a fire fighting system are installed, which may be a water and/or foam-based sprinkler system with open sprinklers, or a water mist system with or without addition of additives to the water supply.
  • a venting duct system corresponding to the one shown in fig. 1 and a fire fighting system are installed, which may be a water and/or foam-based sprinkler system with open sprinklers, or a water mist system with or without addition of additives to the water supply.
  • the fire fighting system consists of a water supply which, in the case shown, is in the form of a reservoir 18, a pump system 17 and one or more supply pipes 16, which are connected with a branch pipe 19 connected via a valve 21 with one or more nozzle pipes with open nozzles 20, which for each branch pipe covers a predetermined area of the tunnel in which the fire zone is present.
  • Supply pipes and branch pipes may be pressurized, and the valves 21 prevent liquid from reaching the nozzles, or branch pipes and supply pipes may be without pressure and be pressurized only when the heat from a fire releases one or more of the locking mechanisms and thereby activates a switch which opens the dampers 3 above the fire and simultaneously open the valve closest to the open damper 21 and the two adjacent valves 21 and starts the pump 17, if this is not started automatically by a pressure drop in the supply pipe 16.
  • Fig. 5 shows a tunnel 1 corresponding to the one shown in fig. 1 , where a water cooling system and a drain system for the plant are installed.
  • the water cooling system is typically a water mist system which distributes a water mist 23 in the duct 3.
  • the water cooling system comprises a water supply 28 for one or more nozzle pipes 27, on which a plurality of water mist nozzles 32 inside the duct 2 are mounted, and which are distributed in the entire length of the duct.
  • the water cooling system may have nozzles which are closed by a thermal release element, and which open individually when it is subjected to a temperature higher than a predetermined release temperature of the release element, or it may consist of open nozzles which automatically distribute water mist when they are pressurized with water. Valves and water supply for the water cooling system may be activated automatically when a locking mechanism, as shown in figs. 2 and 3 , is activated.
  • the system pipe is provided with drain pipes 25 on which a drain valve is mounted, which may consist of flap 29 affected by a spring 30 such that the flap is kept closed against the drain pipe 25, whereby supply of air to the duct from the drain pipe may be prevented.
  • a drain valve which may consist of flap 29 affected by a spring 30 such that the flap is kept closed against the drain pipe 25, whereby supply of air to the duct from the drain pipe may be prevented.
  • the hot flue gases from a fire will ascend and surround the duct over the scene of fire.
  • the temperature of the hot fire gases locally reaches the release temperature of the thermal release elements 11, the heat-sensitive release element or elements 11 are released locally, whereby the locking mechanism for the dampers automatically opens on the dampers which are present in the heat-affected area.
  • the fans are started at the same time, which are present in the duct system, and which will be mounted inside the duct in very long tunnels.
  • a particularly efficient ventilation may be achieved by installing axial fans which cover the entire cross-sectional area of the tunnel, thereby increasing the efficiency and allowing a small positive pressure to be established in the duct for effective driving-off of the flue gases.
  • the fans may be activated automatically by means of a switch mounted on the thermal locking device on the individual dampers.
  • a simple exhaustion systems for mounting in tunnels is established in the same manner.
  • the system carries away only the hot flue gases from the scene of fire, which reduces the requirement with respect to the capacity of the ventilation and thereby also the power consumption of the system.
  • the invention moreover ensures physical separation between the hot fire gases and the utility air in the tunnel. Therefore, it may advantageously be combined with an active water mist or sprinkler extinction system, thereby ensuring improved visibility and air quality in the tunnel during a fire.
  • the system also reduces the possibilities of flashover and thereby a tendency of fire spreading in the tunnel, since the hot fire gases are driven-off and cooled.
  • a special variant of the invention is when the system comprises an internal water cooling system, where the hot gases in the vent pipe are cooled by a water mist which binds the particles of the fire gases to the water, whereby this water may be drained automatically via drain pipes on which drain valves are mounted for automatic draining of the system.
  • a special variant of the invention is a system with internal water mist cooling and cleaning of the fire gases which may be combined with axial venting in the tunnel ceiling, so that the individual length of the duct sections may be reduced and the venting from these is partially taken over by venting systems already installed.

Claims (6)

  1. System für die Absaugung und Ausleitung von Rauchgasen und heißer Luft von einem Feuer in einem Tunnel über eine Klappe in einem Abzugsschacht, der sich durch den Tunnel erstreckt, und durch den die Rauchgase und die heiße Luft abgeführt werden, wobei der Schacht mit Toren in Form von schwenkbaren Türen versehen ist, die jeweils mithilfe einer Arretierung mit einem Mechanismus zur Wärmefreisetzung entgegen einer Federkraft geschlossen gehalten werden, so dass ein lokaler Temperaturanstieg in dem Tunnel automatisch die Tür oder die Türen, die sich über der betreffenden Brandstelle befinden, öffnet,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
    die Arretierung (9 - 11) ein Sperrsystem mit zumindest einer Sperrklinke (10) umfasst, die zwischen einer ersten Position, die die Sperrklinke mit dem Endbereich der Klappe gegenüber des Scharniers verbindet, um die Klappe geschlossen zu halten, und einer zweiten Position, die die Sperrklinke oder Sperrklinken aus der Verbindung mit der Klappe löst, verschiebbar ist, so dass die Klappe in ihrer geöffneten Position frei schwenkbar ist, wodurch das Sperrsystem in die Richtung der zweiten Position federgelagert (15) ist und durch ein Wärmefreisetzungselement (11) entgegen der Federlagerungskraft in der ersten Position gehalten wird.
  2. System nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Freisetzungsmechanismus gleichzeitig eine Belüftung aktiviert, um eine hinreichende Absaugung zu gewährleisten.
  3. System nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Freisetzungsmechanismus gleichzeitig ein Löschsystem an der betreffenden Stelle in dem Tunnel (1) aktiviert.
  4. System nach den Ansprüchen 1 - 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Freisetzungsmechanismus gleichzeitig ein Wassersprühnebelsystem (27, 32) zur Kühlung der Gase und der Luft in dem Schacht (2) aktiviert, indem ein Wassernebel (33) in dem Schacht (2) versprüht wird.
  5. System nach den Ansprüchen 1 - 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Freisetzungsmechanismus gleichzeitig ein Wassersprühnebelsystem zur Kühlung der Außenteile des Schachts (2) mithilfe des Wassernebels aktiviert.
  6. System nach einem der Ansprüche 1 - 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Belüftung mithilfe von Axialventilatoren, die in dem Schacht (2) befestigt sind, erfolgt, wobei die Ventilatoren im Wesentlichen die gesamte Querschnittsfläche des Schachts (2) ausfüllen.
EP04388091A 2003-12-16 2004-12-16 System zur Rauchgasabfuhr in Tunneln Not-in-force EP1544408B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DKPA200301859 2003-12-16
DK200301859 2003-12-16

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1544408A1 EP1544408A1 (de) 2005-06-22
EP1544408B1 true EP1544408B1 (de) 2008-04-23

Family

ID=34485970

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04388091A Not-in-force EP1544408B1 (de) 2003-12-16 2004-12-16 System zur Rauchgasabfuhr in Tunneln

Country Status (3)

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EP (1) EP1544408B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE393300T1 (de)
DE (1) DE602004013260T2 (de)

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2891612B1 (fr) * 2005-10-05 2007-12-28 Patrick Kalb Conduit de desenfumage a soufflerie et a volets retractables
WO2010021005A1 (en) * 2008-08-22 2010-02-25 Ansaldo Trasporti - Sistemi Ferroviari S.P.A. Ventilation system for railway tunnels
ITAN20090069A1 (it) * 2009-09-29 2011-03-29 Elena Bricca Impianto per la messa in sicurezza delle gallerie stradali in caso di incendio.
WO2012013992A1 (en) * 2010-07-27 2012-02-02 Pavetic Josip Method and system for tunnel ventilation in normal conditions and in conditions of fire
CN103267335B (zh) * 2013-04-26 2015-08-19 西安建筑科技大学 水平垂直送风相结合的呼吸区对撞送风隧道火灾逃生系统
NO337239B1 (no) 2013-12-06 2016-02-22 Storroesaeter Rune System og fremgangsmåte for uttrekking av røyk fra vei-tunneler
EP3160597B1 (de) 2014-06-25 2023-11-08 Micheletti Engineering & Consulting Sagl System zur filterung des frischluftstroms in einem tunnel und/oder von daraus ausfliessenden abgasen
CN108757033A (zh) * 2018-06-04 2018-11-06 中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 一种带通风设施的防护门系统
CN109113785A (zh) * 2018-09-29 2019-01-01 中国矿业大学 一种煤矿乏风瓦斯安全取气系统
CN110344871B (zh) * 2019-07-01 2020-12-04 滨州富创科技服务有限公司 一种导轨隧道灭火车
CN113058180B (zh) * 2021-03-23 2021-10-22 中国科学技术大学 一种高海拔隧道分阶段灭火救援系统及方法
CN115822640B (zh) * 2022-11-04 2023-11-28 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 冻土隧道洞口防护系统

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US3543439A (en) * 1968-10-07 1970-12-01 Frederick William Pantland Fire dampers
FR2254245A5 (en) * 1973-12-07 1975-07-04 Sofrair Tunnel escape system for smoke or fumes - has temperature responsive escape flaps with fusible locking washers
DE3117147A1 (de) * 1981-04-30 1982-11-18 Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart "strassentunnel mit zwangslueftung"
US4898088A (en) * 1989-02-02 1990-02-06 Norman Lesser Totally fusible tunnel ventilation damper system
DE19825420C2 (de) * 1998-06-06 2000-03-30 Hartmut Ewald Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Rauchgas- und Wärmeabsaugung sowie zur Betriebslüftung für Verkehrsbauten und Räume
ES2206122T3 (es) * 1999-10-11 2004-05-16 Liederer + Partner Gmbh Dispositivo de proteccion contra incendios para tuneles.
HRP990415A2 (en) * 1999-12-30 2001-08-31 Pavetić Josip Process of ventilation of road tunnels
NL1019389C2 (nl) * 2001-11-16 2003-05-20 Trelleborg Bakker B V Tunnel met brandschermen en werkwijze voor het compartimenteren van een tunnel.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE393300T1 (de) 2008-05-15
DE602004013260D1 (de) 2008-06-05
DE602004013260T2 (de) 2009-06-25
EP1544408A1 (de) 2005-06-22

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