EP1544408A1 - System zur Rauchgasabfuhr in Tunneln - Google Patents

System zur Rauchgasabfuhr in Tunneln Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1544408A1
EP1544408A1 EP04388091A EP04388091A EP1544408A1 EP 1544408 A1 EP1544408 A1 EP 1544408A1 EP 04388091 A EP04388091 A EP 04388091A EP 04388091 A EP04388091 A EP 04388091A EP 1544408 A1 EP1544408 A1 EP 1544408A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
duct
tunnel
fire
gases
flue gases
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP04388091A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1544408B1 (de
Inventor
Carsten Palle
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
    • E05B—LOCKS; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR; HANDCUFFS
    • E05B65/00—Locks or fastenings for special use
    • E05B65/10—Locks or fastenings for special use for panic or emergency doors
    • E05B65/104—Locks or fastenings for special use for panic or emergency doors actuated in response to heat, e.g. with fusible element, bimetal, memory shape or swelling material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C3/00—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places
    • A62C3/02—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places for area conflagrations, e.g. forest fires, subterranean fires
    • A62C3/0221—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places for area conflagrations, e.g. forest fires, subterranean fires for tunnels
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
    • E21F1/00—Ventilation of mines or tunnels; Distribution of ventilating currents
    • E21F1/003—Ventilation of traffic tunnels
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C3/00—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places
    • A62C3/02—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places for area conflagrations, e.g. forest fires, subterranean fires
    • A62C3/0292—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places for area conflagrations, e.g. forest fires, subterranean fires by spraying extinguishants directly into the fire
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/30—Control or safety arrangements for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
    • F24F11/32—Responding to malfunctions or emergencies
    • F24F11/33—Responding to malfunctions or emergencies to fire, excessive heat or smoke
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
    • F24F13/08—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates
    • F24F13/10—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers
    • F24F13/14—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre
    • F24F13/1426—Air-flow control members, e.g. louvres, grilles, flaps or guide plates movable, e.g. dampers built up of tilting members, e.g. louvre characterised by actuating means

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a system for exhausting and thereby carrying away flue gases and hot air from a fire in a tunnel via a damper into a discharge duct which extends in the tunnel, and through which the flue gases and the hot air are discharged.
  • Tunnels are characterized by being elongated cavities which have an opening at both ends, and which have a cross-sectional area that is relatively small in relation to their length. In most tunnels, there is frequently a natural draught which ensures a reasonable supply of oxygen. Tunnels are frequently used for the transport of carriages, cars, trains, passengers, etc., or as passages for cables and other permanent installations. Frequently, tunnels contain large amounts of combustible substances.
  • the draught in the tunnel and the amount of fuel mean that a fire of relatively great intensity can easily occur.
  • the hot fire gases can be distributed only over a relatively small cross-section in a elongated pipe, where a relatively large amount of air is to be moved to give room for the hot fire gases, and as a result of this the temperatures in the tunnel risk getting very high in connection with relatively small fires, which can therefore spread relatively rapidly and become very violent.
  • fire gases will rapidly fill the tunnel with thick and stifling gases which make it difficult to evacuate the tunnel in a fire and carry out a safe and efficient rescue operation.
  • Tunnels are frequently vented of car smoke, etc. by fans which are positioned close to the ceiling of the tunnel. Arranging them in rows near the ceiling ensures that the gases are conveyed away near the ceiling of the tunnel without too great mixing with the air which is present at lower levels in the tunnel cross-section.
  • This method too, requires a relatively great ventilating system and will have a relatively great power consumption because of the large amount of air which is to be transported in the relatively large cross-section of the ceiling space. Because of the cost of construction, etc., this solution is best suited for tunnels which have been designed in advance for this venting solution.
  • US 6 478 672 discloses a system for discharging flue gases comprising a duct which is provided with slats which may be remote-controlled so that a plurality of slats in the fire area may be pivoted to open, thereby providing a communication to the duct through which the flue gases may be exhausted.
  • the object of the invention is to make the exhaustion more efficient, while making the system inexpensive to produce as well as to install, and this is achieved according to the invention in that the duct is provided with gates in the form of hinged doors which each are kept closed against a spring force by means of a lock with thermostatic release, so that a local temperature increase in the tunnel automatically releases the door or doors which are located above the scene of fire concerned.
  • the release mechanisms in the individual dampers also control the ventilation, the exhaustion may be optimized in response to the need.
  • the release mechanisms are used for signalling for fire fighting, such as activation of sprinkler and mist nozzles, the fire fighting will be concentrated to the zones where the fire is to be fought.
  • the duct When, as stated in claim 5, the duct is cooled externally in the hot zone by means of water mist, the temperature in the duct may be kept low.
  • Fig. 1 shows an example of a tunnel 1 in which an exhaustion system according to the invention is installed at the top, said system comprising a duct 2 which is provided with a plurality of openings with dampers 3, and which is provided with vent openings 4 which each are provided with suction fans (not shown).
  • Fig. 2 shows a section of the duct 2 in the form of a sectional view with a damper 3 which is mounted on the side of the duct 2.
  • the damper 3 is mounted by a bracket 7 with springing which acts on the damper with a constant spring force for opening, which will keep the damper open if it is not held back by a locking mechanism which, at a predetermined temperature, will be released thermally to open so that the spring-loaded damper 3 will open automatically for passage to the interior of the duct.
  • Fig. 2 shows an example of a locking mechanism consisting of a pawl system 10 which is kept in its locked position by a release element 11, and where springs 9 are mounted such that these springs pull the pawls 10 back when the thermal release element 11 is released, whereby the damper will open automatically.
  • the thermal release element 11 may be a liquid-filled glass ampoule, a meltable member, a bimetallic member or a piece of alloyed material and the like.
  • the duct 2 is thermally insulated 8 so that heating from the hot fire gases inside and outside and in particular heating of the air in the duct is reduced.
  • Fig. 3b shows an example of an embodiment of the locking mechanism, where it is affected for release by a compression spring 15.
  • Fig. 3c shows an example of a mechanism which is heat-released by a thermal release element, which is released electrically by means of a detonator 12 consisting of a pyrotechnical charge which affects a piston or other device, which removes the thermal release element 11 when the pyrotechnical charge is ignited by an electrical pulse, whereby the locking pawl 10 is released.
  • a detonator 12 consisting of a pyrotechnical charge which affects a piston or other device, which removes the thermal release element 11 when the pyrotechnical charge is ignited by an electrical pulse, whereby the locking pawl 10 is released.
  • Fig. 3d shows an example of a mechanism which activates an electrical switch 13 when the thermal element 11 is released so that it may be used for electrical control of e.g. fans in the duct or similar extra equipment, which will be described later.
  • Fig. 3e shows a mechanism where the pawl system 10 affects a hydraulic or pneumatic valve 14 so that this automatically opens or closes when the pawl is activated. This may be used for automatically activating extinction systems and/or cooling systems independently of electrical connections, as will be described later.
  • Fig. 4 shows an example of a tunnel 1 in which a venting duct system corresponding to the one shown in fig. 1 and a fire fighting system are installed, which may be a water and/or foam-based sprinkler system with open sprinklers, or a water mist system with or without addition of additives to the water supply.
  • a venting duct system corresponding to the one shown in fig. 1 and a fire fighting system are installed, which may be a water and/or foam-based sprinkler system with open sprinklers, or a water mist system with or without addition of additives to the water supply.
  • the fire fighting system consists of a water supply which, in the case shown, is in the form of a reservoir 18, a pump system 17 and one or more supply pipes 16, which are connected with a branch pipe 19 connected via a valve 21 with one or more nozzle pipes with open nozzles 20, which for each branch pipe covers a predetermined area of the tunnel in which the fire zone is present.
  • Supply pipes and branch pipes may be pressurized, and the valves 21 prevent liquid from reaching the nozzles, or branch pipes and supply pipes may be without pressure and be pressurized only when the heat from a fire releases one or more of the locking mechanisms and thereby activates a switch which opens the dampers 3 above the fire and simultaneously open the valve closest to the open damper 21 and the two adjacent valves 21 and starts the pump 17, if this is not started automatically by a pressure drop in the supply pipe 16.
  • Fig. 5 shows a tunnel 1 corresponding to the one shown in fig. 1, where a water cooling system and a drain system for the plant are installed.
  • the water cooling system is typically a water mist system which distributes a water mist 23 in the duct 3.
  • the water cooling system comprises a water supply 28 for one or more nozzle pipes 27, on which a plurality of water mist nozzles 32 inside the duct 2 are mounted, and which are distributed in the entire length of the duct.
  • the water cooling system may have nozzles which are closed by a thermal release element, and which open individually when it is subjected to a temperature higher than a predetermined release temperature of the release element, or it may consist of open nozzles which automatically distribute water mist when they are pressurized with water. Valves and water supply for the water cooling system may be activated automatically when a locking mechanism, as shown in figs. 2 and 3, is activated.
  • the system pipe is provided with drain pipes 25 on which a drain valve is mounted, which may consist of flap 29 affected by a spring 30 such that the flap is kept closed against the drain pipe 25, whereby supply of air to the duct from the drain pipe may be prevented.
  • a drain valve which may consist of flap 29 affected by a spring 30 such that the flap is kept closed against the drain pipe 25, whereby supply of air to the duct from the drain pipe may be prevented.
  • the hot flue gases from a fire will ascend and surround the duct over the scene of fire.
  • the temperature of the hot fire gases locally reaches the release temperature of the thermal release elements 11, the heat-sensitive release element or elements 11 are released locally, whereby the locking mechanism for the dampers automatically opens on the dampers which are present in the heat-affected area.
  • the fans are started at the same time, which are present in the duct system, and which will be mounted inside the duct in very long tunnels.
  • a particularly efficient ventilation may be achieved by installing axial fans which cover the entire cross-sectional area of the tunnel, thereby increasing the efficiency and allowing a small positive pressure to be established in the duct for effective driving-off of the flue gases.
  • the fans may be activated automatically by means of a switch mounted on the thermal locking device on the individual dampers.
  • a simple exhaustion systems for mounting in tunnels is established in the same manner.
  • the system carries away only the hot flue gases from the scene of fire, which reduces the requirement with respect to the capacity of the ventilation and thereby also the power consumption of the system.
  • the invention moreover ensures physical separation between the hot fire gases and the utility air in the tunnel. Therefore, it may advantageously be combined with an active water mist or sprinkler extinction system, thereby ensuring improved visibility and air quality in the tunnel during a fire.
  • the system also reduces the possibilities of flashover and thereby a tendency of fire spreading in the tunnel, since the hot fire gases are driven-off and cooled.
  • a special variant of the invention is when the system comprises an internal water cooling system, where the hot gases in the vent pipe are cooled by a water mist which binds the particles of the fire gases to the water, whereby this water may be drained automatically via drain pipes on which drain valves are mounted for automatic draining of the system.
  • a special variant of the invention is a system with internal water mist cooling and cleaning of the fire gases which may be combined with axial venting in the tunnel ceiling, so that the individual length of the duct sections may be reduced and the venting from these is partially taken over by venting systems already installed.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Ecology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Forests & Forestry (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Ventilation (AREA)
  • Fire-Extinguishing By Fire Departments, And Fire-Extinguishing Equipment And Control Thereof (AREA)
  • Excavating Of Shafts Or Tunnels (AREA)
  • Respiratory Apparatuses And Protective Means (AREA)
EP04388091A 2003-12-16 2004-12-16 System zur Rauchgasabfuhr in Tunneln Expired - Lifetime EP1544408B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DK200301859 2003-12-16
DKPA200301859 2003-12-16

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1544408A1 true EP1544408A1 (de) 2005-06-22
EP1544408B1 EP1544408B1 (de) 2008-04-23

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EP (1) EP1544408B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE393300T1 (de)
DE (1) DE602004013260T2 (de)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2891612A1 (fr) * 2005-10-05 2007-04-06 Patrick Kalb Conduit de desenfumage a soufflerie et a volets retractables
WO2010021005A1 (en) * 2008-08-22 2010-02-25 Ansaldo Trasporti - Sistemi Ferroviari S.P.A. Ventilation system for railway tunnels
ITAN20090069A1 (it) * 2009-09-29 2011-03-29 Elena Bricca Impianto per la messa in sicurezza delle gallerie stradali in caso di incendio.
WO2012013992A1 (en) * 2010-07-27 2012-02-02 Pavetic Josip Method and system for tunnel ventilation in normal conditions and in conditions of fire
CN103267335A (zh) * 2013-04-26 2013-08-28 西安建筑科技大学 水平垂直送风相结合的呼吸区对撞送风隧道火灾逃生系统
WO2015082684A2 (en) 2013-12-06 2015-06-11 Storrøsæter Rune System and method for extraction of smoke from road tunnels
WO2015198264A1 (en) 2014-06-25 2015-12-30 Giorgio Micheletti System for filtering the fresh air flowing in a tunnel and/or the exhaust gases flowing out therefrom
CN109113785A (zh) * 2018-09-29 2019-01-01 中国矿业大学 一种煤矿乏风瓦斯安全取气系统
CN110344871A (zh) * 2019-07-01 2019-10-18 边维顺 一种导轨隧道灭火车
CN110486073A (zh) * 2019-08-06 2019-11-22 上海进贤机电科技有限公司 一种隧道通风排烟用模块结构卧式安装排烟风阀
CN111710224A (zh) * 2020-03-13 2020-09-25 中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司铁道建筑研究所 一种双洞单线隧道横通道排烟型救援站火灾模型试验系统
CN112554954A (zh) * 2020-12-23 2021-03-26 招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司 一种运营隧道瓦斯远程监控系统和瓦斯集聚防治方法
CN115822640A (zh) * 2022-11-04 2023-03-21 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 冻土隧道洞口防护系统
CN116411989A (zh) * 2023-04-18 2023-07-11 青岛理工大学 一种地下空间热害排温及烟气排放系统及方法
CN118292928A (zh) * 2024-05-23 2024-07-05 中铁建工集团有限公司 一种用于隧道事故紧急处理的隧道通风空气净化装置
CN118704997A (zh) * 2024-04-08 2024-09-27 重交智安(浙江)科技发展有限公司 隧道排烟装置
CN119914343A (zh) * 2025-02-24 2025-05-02 中交第二公路工程局有限公司 一种长大隧道排烟道式风仓及通风方法

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108757033A (zh) * 2018-06-04 2018-11-06 中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 一种带通风设施的防护门系统
CN113058180B (zh) * 2021-03-23 2021-10-22 中国科学技术大学 一种高海拔隧道分阶段灭火救援系统及方法

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3543439A (en) * 1968-10-07 1970-12-01 Frederick William Pantland Fire dampers
FR2254245A5 (en) * 1973-12-07 1975-07-04 Sofrair Tunnel escape system for smoke or fumes - has temperature responsive escape flaps with fusible locking washers
DE3117147A1 (de) * 1981-04-30 1982-11-18 Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart "strassentunnel mit zwangslueftung"
US4898088A (en) * 1989-02-02 1990-02-06 Norman Lesser Totally fusible tunnel ventilation damper system
EP1092837A2 (de) * 1999-10-11 2001-04-18 Liederer + Partner GmbH Brandschutzvorrichtung für Tunnels
EP1112759A1 (de) * 1999-12-30 2001-07-04 Josip Pavetic Verfahren zur Belüftung in einem Tunnel
US6478672B1 (en) * 1998-06-06 2002-11-12 Deus Energie-Und Umweltsysteme Gmbh Method and device for extracting fumes and heat and for providing operational for traffic structures and enclosed traffic spaces
NL1019389C2 (nl) * 2001-11-16 2003-05-20 Trelleborg Bakker B V Tunnel met brandschermen en werkwijze voor het compartimenteren van een tunnel.

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3543439A (en) * 1968-10-07 1970-12-01 Frederick William Pantland Fire dampers
FR2254245A5 (en) * 1973-12-07 1975-07-04 Sofrair Tunnel escape system for smoke or fumes - has temperature responsive escape flaps with fusible locking washers
DE3117147A1 (de) * 1981-04-30 1982-11-18 Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart "strassentunnel mit zwangslueftung"
US4898088A (en) * 1989-02-02 1990-02-06 Norman Lesser Totally fusible tunnel ventilation damper system
US6478672B1 (en) * 1998-06-06 2002-11-12 Deus Energie-Und Umweltsysteme Gmbh Method and device for extracting fumes and heat and for providing operational for traffic structures and enclosed traffic spaces
EP1092837A2 (de) * 1999-10-11 2001-04-18 Liederer + Partner GmbH Brandschutzvorrichtung für Tunnels
EP1112759A1 (de) * 1999-12-30 2001-07-04 Josip Pavetic Verfahren zur Belüftung in einem Tunnel
NL1019389C2 (nl) * 2001-11-16 2003-05-20 Trelleborg Bakker B V Tunnel met brandschermen en werkwijze voor het compartimenteren van een tunnel.

Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2891612A1 (fr) * 2005-10-05 2007-04-06 Patrick Kalb Conduit de desenfumage a soufflerie et a volets retractables
RU2471074C2 (ru) * 2008-08-22 2012-12-27 Ансальдо Стс С.П.А. Система вентиляции для железнодорожных тоннелей
WO2010021005A1 (en) * 2008-08-22 2010-02-25 Ansaldo Trasporti - Sistemi Ferroviari S.P.A. Ventilation system for railway tunnels
ITAN20090069A1 (it) * 2009-09-29 2011-03-29 Elena Bricca Impianto per la messa in sicurezza delle gallerie stradali in caso di incendio.
WO2011039157A3 (en) * 2009-09-29 2011-11-17 Elena Bricca Safety system for road tunnels in case of fire
CN103097660A (zh) * 2010-07-27 2013-05-08 约瑟夫·帕韦蒂 一种正常情况下和发生火灾时隧道通风的方法和系统
WO2012013992A1 (en) * 2010-07-27 2012-02-02 Pavetic Josip Method and system for tunnel ventilation in normal conditions and in conditions of fire
EA024966B1 (ru) * 2010-07-27 2016-11-30 Йосип Паветич Способ и система вентиляции тоннеля в нормальных условиях и в условиях пожара
US9752436B2 (en) 2010-07-27 2017-09-05 Ivor Pavetic Method and system for tunnel ventilation in normal conditions and in conditions of fire
CN103267335A (zh) * 2013-04-26 2013-08-28 西安建筑科技大学 水平垂直送风相结合的呼吸区对撞送风隧道火灾逃生系统
CN103267335B (zh) * 2013-04-26 2015-08-19 西安建筑科技大学 水平垂直送风相结合的呼吸区对撞送风隧道火灾逃生系统
WO2015082684A2 (en) 2013-12-06 2015-06-11 Storrøsæter Rune System and method for extraction of smoke from road tunnels
WO2015082684A3 (en) * 2013-12-06 2015-11-26 Storrøsæter Rune System and method for extraction of smoke from road tunnels
WO2015198264A1 (en) 2014-06-25 2015-12-30 Giorgio Micheletti System for filtering the fresh air flowing in a tunnel and/or the exhaust gases flowing out therefrom
CN109113785A (zh) * 2018-09-29 2019-01-01 中国矿业大学 一种煤矿乏风瓦斯安全取气系统
CN110344871B (zh) * 2019-07-01 2020-12-04 滨州富创科技服务有限公司 一种导轨隧道灭火车
CN110344871A (zh) * 2019-07-01 2019-10-18 边维顺 一种导轨隧道灭火车
CN110486073A (zh) * 2019-08-06 2019-11-22 上海进贤机电科技有限公司 一种隧道通风排烟用模块结构卧式安装排烟风阀
CN111710224A (zh) * 2020-03-13 2020-09-25 中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司铁道建筑研究所 一种双洞单线隧道横通道排烟型救援站火灾模型试验系统
CN112554954A (zh) * 2020-12-23 2021-03-26 招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司 一种运营隧道瓦斯远程监控系统和瓦斯集聚防治方法
CN115822640B (zh) * 2022-11-04 2023-11-28 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 冻土隧道洞口防护系统
CN115822640A (zh) * 2022-11-04 2023-03-21 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 冻土隧道洞口防护系统
CN116411989A (zh) * 2023-04-18 2023-07-11 青岛理工大学 一种地下空间热害排温及烟气排放系统及方法
CN118704997A (zh) * 2024-04-08 2024-09-27 重交智安(浙江)科技发展有限公司 隧道排烟装置
CN118704997B (zh) * 2024-04-08 2025-07-25 重交智安(浙江)科技发展有限公司 隧道排烟装置
CN118292928A (zh) * 2024-05-23 2024-07-05 中铁建工集团有限公司 一种用于隧道事故紧急处理的隧道通风空气净化装置
CN118292928B (zh) * 2024-05-23 2024-11-12 中铁建工集团有限公司 一种用于隧道事故紧急处理的隧道通风空气净化装置
CN119914343A (zh) * 2025-02-24 2025-05-02 中交第二公路工程局有限公司 一种长大隧道排烟道式风仓及通风方法

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EP1544408B1 (de) 2008-04-23
DE602004013260T2 (de) 2009-06-25
ATE393300T1 (de) 2008-05-15

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