EP1537594A1 - Tube a vide haute tension - Google Patents

Tube a vide haute tension

Info

Publication number
EP1537594A1
EP1537594A1 EP02754109A EP02754109A EP1537594A1 EP 1537594 A1 EP1537594 A1 EP 1537594A1 EP 02754109 A EP02754109 A EP 02754109A EP 02754109 A EP02754109 A EP 02754109A EP 1537594 A1 EP1537594 A1 EP 1537594A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
insulator
vacuum tube
annular insulator
voltage vacuum
cathode
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP02754109A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1537594B1 (fr
Inventor
Kurt Holm
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Comet Holding AG
Original Assignee
Comet Holding AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Comet Holding AG filed Critical Comet Holding AG
Priority to AT02754109T priority Critical patent/ATE316690T1/de
Publication of EP1537594A1 publication Critical patent/EP1537594A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1537594B1 publication Critical patent/EP1537594B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/02—Details
    • H01J35/16—Vessels; Containers; Shields associated therewith

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to high-voltage vacuum tubes in which an anode and a cathode are arranged opposite one another in a vacuumized interior and which vacuumized interior is enclosed by a cylindrical metal housing, the anode and / or the cathode being electrically insulated by means of an annular insulator.
  • the invention relates to high voltage vacuum tubes for use as X-ray tubes.
  • X-ray tubes are used in a wide variety of areas, e.g. for generating x-rays for medical examinations and in the industrial area for screening baggage or transport containers at airports, for customs clearance and others, and for testing systems and buildings, e.g. concrete reinforcement for bridges etc.
  • X-rays are indispensable.
  • the reliability and service life of the X-ray tubes play a decisive factor.
  • higher and higher levels of performance are required, particularly when illuminating objects.
  • higher outputs affect the life and reliability of the tubes.
  • x-ray tubes which provide the required performance usually comprise an anode and a cathode, which are arranged opposite one another in a vacuum-sealed interior and which are enclosed by a cylindrical metal part.
  • the anode and / or cathode are electrically insulated by means of a ring-shaped ceramic insulator, the ceramic insulator (s) being arranged axially to the metal cylinder behind the anode and / or cathode and closing the vacuum space on the respective end.
  • the ceramic insulators have an opening in their center, into which a high-voltage supply, the anode or the cathode are inserted in a vacuum-tight manner.
  • This type of X-ray tubes is also referred to in the prior art as two-pole X-ray tubes.
  • X-ray tubes In addition to the desired generation of X-rays, there are other physical effects, such as field emission, secondary electron emission and photo effect. These effects interfere with the function of the X-ray tube and can lead to impairment of the material and thus to premature fatigue of the parts.
  • Secondary electron emission in particular is known for the impairment of X-ray tube operation. In secondary electron emission, when the electron beam strikes the anode, undesired secondary electrons are formed in addition to the X-rays, which move on the inside of the X-ray tube along paths in accordance with the field lines.
  • shielding electrodes can be used, for example, in pairs, and are usually arranged coaxially at a certain distance in a rotationally symmetrical shape of the X-ray tube in order to optimally prevent the spreading of the secondary electrons. As has been shown, however, such devices can no longer be used at very high voltages. In addition, the material and manufacturing costs for such constructions are greater than for X-ray tubes with only insulators.
  • a conical ceramic insulator is used in these solutions to reduce the attack surface.
  • the ceramic insulator has an essentially constant wall thickness and is coated, for example, with a vulcanized rubber layer.
  • the electrical field inside the vacuum space also includes the surfaces of the insulators.
  • the field detects an electron hitting the insulators or a scattering electron triggered by an impinging electron Accelerated towards the anode. A single electron will hardly cause any interference.
  • the anode-side insulator like the cathode-side insulator, is designed as a truncated cone projecting into the interior, then an electron striking the insulator (for example, an electron from the metal piston) is also accelerated towards the anode. However, on the anode side, it moves along the surface of the insulator because there is no electrical field pointing away from the insulator surface. After passing through a certain distance, such an electron has enough energy to release further electrons, which in turn release electrons, so that an electron avalanche running on the surface of the insulator leads to a considerable disturbance, possibly also gas breakouts or even a breakdown of the isolator. The higher the voltage, the more significant this effect becomes.
  • the high-voltage vacuum tubes are intended, among other things, for use as X-ray tubes for screening luggage and / or transport containers, etc. and are intended to meet the industrial requirements there.
  • an anode and a cathode are arranged opposite one another in a vacuum-sealed interior, in that the vacuum-sealed interior is enclosed by a cylindrical metal housing, and in that the anode and / or the cathode is formed by means of an annular Insulators are electrically insulated, the ring-shaped insulator comprising a cylindrical part and having a single, curved shape in the direction of the vacuumized interior, the curvature in the direction of the vacuumized interior comprising a front region which is inclined with respect to the axis of symmetry of the annular insulator and two side regions, the inclined front region of the annular insulator of the anode is inclined toward the disk center of the annular insulator, and wherein the inclined front region of the annular insulator of the cathode is away from the disk center of the annular insulator is.
  • the insulator (s) can either be designed only on the cathode side or only on the anode side or on both sides, ie on the anode side and on the cathode side.
  • One side area of an insulator is inclined towards the respective negative electrode and runs over a larger area in its vicinity.
  • the wall of the cylindrical metal housing forms the negative electrode with respect to the insulator
  • the metallic outer wall of the cathode forms the negative electrode with respect to the insulator.
  • the connection point between the respective negative electrode and the corresponding isolator is referred to as a negative triple point.
  • the high voltage vacuum tube can be used as an X-ray tube, for example.
  • the above-mentioned embodiment has the advantage that an extraordinarily high stability of the tube is achieved during operation due to the resulting electrical field, without the insulator breaking through on the anode and / or cathode side, gas breakouts and / or other disturbances.
  • the tube can be operated at much higher voltages and a smaller or more compact design than conventional tubes.
  • the mass of the tube and the voltage at the isolator are directly related to each other.
  • the smaller the design the greater the dielectric strength of the insulator on the electrode.
  • the advantages of a smaller and more compact design for such tubes are obvious. Smaller and more compact tubes are cheaper to manufacture, less heavy and easier to use. This applies in particular to possibly necessary lead shields etc.
  • the special shape of the insulators means that a critical part of the tube, namely the negative triple point at which, as mentioned, the negative metal electrode, the ceramic and the vacuum collide, and primarily favors the emission of electrons, is electrically shielded. This suppresses the electron emission.
  • This triple point is located on the cathode side in the soldering connection between the insulator and the high-voltage supply in the center of the insulator. On the anode side, however, the triple point lies in the soldering connection between the outer circumference of the insulator and the cylindrical metal housing.
  • the shielding is done by forced charging of the ceramic in the vicinity of the negative triple point by emitted electrons.
  • the shape of the insulator initially creates a very high field in the area of the triple point, which is sufficient to release electrons from the metal even at lower voltages (eg during a start phase of tube operation). These electrons charge the ceramic to such an extent that the electric field in this area is reduced in such a way that the electron emission comes to a standstill.
  • the special shape of the insulator prevents the electrons from reaching the positive counterelectrode via the ceramic or the vacuum. This stabilizes the condition.
  • the inclined front also ensures that Electrons that are released from the negative metallic electrode at a high voltage outside the above-mentioned area reach the positive electrode directly through the vacuum and are not accelerated onto the ceramic surface. An avalanche-like multiplication of the free electrons and thus a violent flashover by secondary electrons over the ceramic surface is prevented.
  • the non-trivial shape of the isolator can significantly increase the dielectric strength and the service life of the vacuum tube.
  • the curvature is essentially characterized by angles ⁇ , ⁇ and y of a shortened side area, an elevated side area and the front area, the angle ⁇ between the axial direction of the annular insulator and the elevated side area being between 10 ° and 25 ° and wherein the angle ⁇ of the front region to the perpendicular to the axial direction of the annular insulator is between 10 ° and 25 °, the angle v between the shortened side region to the axial direction of the annular insulator is between 10 ° and 25 °.
  • the three areas can each have a tangential transition radius of 1 to 7 mm.
  • the annular insulator between the raised side region and the front region inclined with respect to the perpendicular to the axis direction of the annular insulator comprises a fourth region, which points essentially perpendicularly to the axis of the annular insulator in the direction of the vacuum-sealed interior and which faces the inflated side region and the front region has a tangential transition radius of 1 to 7 mm.
  • This variant has the same advantages as the previous variant. In particular, it can be used to operate high-voltage vacuum tubes with voltages of more than 200 kV on the insulator without interference or failures caused by secondary electrons.
  • the raised side area protrudes at least twice as far as the shortened side area into the vacuum-sealed interior.
  • the raised side region has a tapering outlet against the axial direction of the annular insulator and / or the shortened side region has a tapered outlet against the axial direction of the annular insulator.
  • the ring-shaped insulator consists essentially of an insulating ceramic material.
  • the ceramic material can e.g. consist of at least 95% AI2O3. This variant has the advantage that the ceramic material is particularly suitable as an insulator in the very high electrical fields with regard to its stability against voltage or breakdown.
  • the cathode on the outer wall comprises an electropolished and / or mechanically polished metal cylinder against the annular insulator. This has among other things the advantage that the dielectric strength can be increased and breakdowns can be prevented.
  • the high-voltage vacuum tube 1 comprises a power supply device, by means of which Operating voltages of at least 200 kV can be applied to the isolator.
  • This design variant has the advantage, among other things, that it can provide the required performance for special industrial applications, such as for example the screening of transport containers at customs and airports.
  • the invention also relates to a system for carrying out this method.
  • Figure 1 shows a block diagram which schematically shows a cross section of an X-ray tube of the prior art.
  • the ring-shaped insulator 10 is stepped 101 against the cylindrical metal housing 1 and against the electrode 2 in order to reduce the generation of secondary electrons.
  • Figure 2 shows a block diagram which schematically shows a cross section of another embodiment of an X-ray tube of the prior art.
  • the ring-shaped insulator 11 shows an elevation 110 with a depression 111 toward the cylindrical metal housing 1 at the transition to the metal housing 1.
  • FIG. 3 shows a block diagram which schematically shows a cross section of another embodiment of an X-ray tube of the prior art.
  • the ring-shaped insulator 12 shows an elevation 120 with a depression 121 towards the cylindrical metal housing 1 at the transition to the metal housing 1.
  • the metal housing 1 is bulged 122 radially outwards at the level of the elevation 120.
  • FIG. 4 shows a block diagram which schematically shows a cross section of an X-ray tube similar to that in FIG. 1 of the prior art.
  • the annular insulator 14 is against the cylindrical Metal housing 1, as well as simply stepped against the electrode 2 in order to reduce the generation of secondary electrons.
  • the annular insulator 14 on the side of the anode 3 and the cathode 4 is identical.
  • An electron aperture 5 is located between anode 3 and cathode 4 in order to further reduce any scattered electrons.
  • FIG. 5 shows a block diagram which schematically shows a cross section of a further embodiment of an X-ray tube of the prior art.
  • the insulator 15 is conically applied to the wall of the holder of the electrode 2 (anode or cathode).
  • the cylindrical metal housing 1 tapers towards the electrode.
  • Such designs are no longer suitable for high voltages, since they become unstable against secondary electrons at high voltages.
  • FIG. 6 shows a block diagram which schematically shows a cross section of an embodiment of an X-ray tube according to the invention.
  • the annular insulator is shaped like a hunchback with the characterizing angles ⁇ , ⁇ and y.
  • the anode-side insulator 22 has a front surface 31 inclined towards the anode 3, while the cathode-side insulator 21 has a front surface 31 pointing towards the cylindrical metal housing.
  • FIG. 7 shows a block diagram, which schematically shows a cross section of an inventive annular insulator 21 on the cathode side.
  • the insulator is shaped like a hunchback with the characterizing angles ⁇ , ⁇ and y.
  • FIG. 8 shows a block diagram which schematically shows a cross section of an annular insulator 21 on the anode side according to the invention.
  • the insulator is shaped like a hunchback with the characterizing angles ⁇ , ⁇ and y.
  • FIG. 9 shows a block diagram which schematically shows the course of the equipotential lines 40 on the side of the anode 3 when the operating voltage is applied.
  • the hump shape of the insulator 22 influences the course of the field lines 40 to such an extent that on the cylindrical side Metal housing on the lower part of the surface 33 a field increase takes place, which triggers electrons from the cylindrical metal housing. These electrons charge the ceramic in such a way that an almost field-free space is created in this lower part.
  • FIG. 10 shows a block diagram which schematically shows the course of the equipotential lines 40 on the cathode 4 side when the operating voltage is applied.
  • the hump shape of the insulator 21 is mirrored on the anode side to the cathode side insulator.
  • the hump shape of the insulator 21 influences the course of the field lines 40 to such an extent that on the side of the cathode 4 on the lower part of the surface 33 there is a field increase which triggers electrons from the metal electrode. These electrons charge the ceramic in such a way that an almost field-free space is created in this lower part
  • FIG. 6, FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 illustrate a high-voltage vacuum tube and a method for a high-voltage vacuum tube, as can be used in the implementation of the invention.
  • the same reference numbers in the figures denote the same elements.
  • an anode 3 and a cathode 4 are arranged opposite one another in a vacuum-sealed interior space 6.
  • the vacuumized interior 6 is enclosed by a cylindrical metal housing 1.
  • the cylindrical metal housing 1 can have a minimum wall thickness of 2 mm, for example. It is also conceivable that the cylindrical metal housing 1 is electropolished and / or mechanically polished against the vacuumized interior 6.
  • the anode 3 and / or the cathode 4 are electrically insulated by means of an annular insulator 21/22.
  • FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 show a more detailed illustration of the ring-shaped insulator 21/22 in a cut-up, FIG. 7 showing the ring-shaped insulator 21 on the cathode side and FIG. 8 the ring-shaped insulator 22 on the anode side.
  • the ring-shaped insulator 21/22 can essentially consist, for example, of an insulating ceramic material.
  • ceramic material made of at least 95% Al2O3 is conceivable as ceramic material.
  • a single or multiple layer of an alloy can be sintered onto the ceramic.
  • the alloy can comprise, for example, a MoMnNi alloy.
  • the arithmetic The average roughness (Ra) of the ring-shaped ceramic insulator can be around 1.6 ⁇ m, for example. However, it is also possible for the annular ceramic insulator to be smooth or mechanically polished. For example, a pressing pressure of at least 1000 bar can be used to produce such an annular insulator 21/22.
  • the ring-shaped insulator 21/22 comprises a cylindrical part 23/24 and is designed to be simply curved in the shape of a hump in the direction of the vacuum-sealed interior 6.
  • the curvature in the direction of the vacuum-sealed interior space 6 comprises an inclined front area 31 and two side areas 30/33.
  • the inclined front region 31 of the annular insulator 22 of the anode 3 is inclined toward the axis through the disk center 7 of the insulator 22, while the inclined front region 31 of the annular insulator 21 of the cathode 4 is inclined away from the axis through the disk center 7 of the annular insulator 21 ,
  • the curvature can be characterized, for example, essentially by the angles ⁇ , ⁇ and y of a shortened side region 30, an elevated side region 33 and the front region 31.
  • the angle ⁇ between the axial direction 7 of the annular insulator 21/22 and the shortened side region 30 is preferably between 10 ° and 25 ° and the angle ⁇ of the front region 31 to the perpendicular 8 to the axis direction 7 of the annular insulator 21/22 is preferably between 10 ° and 25 °.
  • the angle Y between the raised side region to the axis direction 7 of the annular insulator 21/22 is preferably between 10 ° and 25 °.
  • the three areas 30/31/33 can each have a tangential transition radius R1 / R3 of, for example, 3 to 7 mm.
  • the elevated side region 33 projects, for example, at least twice as far as the shortened side region 30 into the vacuum-sealed interior space 6.
  • the front surface of the insulator is inclined in such a way that it cannot be hit by electrons from the negative electrode.
  • the negative triple point is located in the soldering connection between the insulator 21 and the high-voltage supply in the center of the ring-shaped insulator, ie the outer wall 411 of the cathode 4.
  • the negative triple point in the soldering connection lies between the outer circumference of the ring-shaped insulator Insulator 22 and the cylindrical metal housing 1.
  • the outer wall 311 of the anode is less critical with respect to the aforementioned electron effects.
  • the cathode 4 can on her Outer wall 411 against the annular insulator 21 comprises an electropolished and / or mechanically polished metal cylinder 412.
  • the non-trivial shape of the insulator 21/22 can significantly increase the dielectric strength and the service life of the vacuum tubes.
  • FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 show a possible course of the equipotential lines 40 on the side of the anode 3 or on the side of the cathode 4 when the operating voltage is applied.
  • the hump shape of the insulator 21/22 influences the course of the field lines to such an extent that an area of high field strength initially arises on the side of the raised area on the lower part of the surface 33.
  • the annular insulator 21/22 comprises a fourth region 32 between the raised region 33 and the front region 31 which is inclined with respect to the axis direction 7 of the annular insulator 21/22.
  • This fourth region 32 is essentially perpendicular 8 to the axis 7 of the annular insulator 21/22 in the direction of the vacuumized interior space 6.
  • the fourth area 32 can have, for example, a tangential transition radius R2 / R3 of 3 to 7 mm to the raised area 33 and to the front area 31.
  • the raised area 33 and / or the shortened area 30 has a tapering outlet against the axial direction 7 of the annular insulator 21/22.
  • the high-voltage vacuum tube 1 comprises a power supply device, by means of which operating voltages of at least 200 kV can be applied to the insulator, the high-voltage vacuum tube 1 can be used for special applications in industry, such as, for example, the screening of transport containers at customs and airports, etc. with the the power required there is particularly suitable.
  • the high-voltage vacuum tube 1 can be used in this application in particular as an X-ray tube.
  • the high-voltage vacuum tube 1 according to the invention is particularly suitable for use as an X-ray tube in any application. It is important to point out that a high-voltage vacuum tube 9 does not necessarily have to encompass the insulator 21/22 according to the invention on both sides, ie in the case of the anode 3 and the cathode 4. On the contrary, it is quite possible that the insulator 21/22 is only provided on one of the electrodes 3/4, while the other electrode 3/4 has a differently shaped insulator or none at all. Likewise, depending on the arrangement of the high-voltage vacuum tube 9, it may be useful to add, for example, an electron aperture 5 to reduce secondary electrons in the device.
  • the X-ray tube according to the invention is particularly suitable for use in a baggage screening device.
  • illumination devices for transport containers and / or transport containers, with their high demand for radiation power belong to the ideal fields of application for the high-voltage vacuum tubes or X-ray tubes according to the invention.
  • FIGs 1 to 4 schematically show examples of X-ray tubes of the prior art.
  • the annular insulators 10/11/12/14 are stepped 101 against the cylindrical metal housing 1 and / or against the electrode 2, with elevation 110/120 and / or single or multiple recesses 111/121/141 and / or bulges 122
  • the annular insulator 14 on the side of the anode 3 and the cathode 4 is identical in each case.
  • An electron aperture 5 can be located between anode 3 and cathode 4 in order to further reduce any scattered electrons.
  • Figure 5 shows a further embodiment of an X-ray tube of the prior art.
  • the insulator 15 is conically applied to the wall of the holder of the electrode 2 (anode or cathode).
  • the cylindrical metal housing 1 tapers towards the electrode. In particular, such designs are no longer suitable for high voltages, since they become unstable against secondary electrons at high voltages.

Landscapes

  • X-Ray Techniques (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un tube à vide haute tension (9) comportant une anode (3) et une cathode (4). L'anode (3) et/ou la cathode (4) sont isolées électriquement par un isolateur annulaire (21/22). Ledit isolateur annulaire (21/22) se présente de manière cintrée simplement, en bosse, en direction de l'espace intérieur (6) dans lequel le vide a été effectué. La voussure dirigée vers l'espace intérieur (6) dans lequel le vide a été effectué comprend une zone frontale (31) inclinée et deux zones latérales (30/33). La zone frontale (31) inclinée de l'isolateur (22) de l'anode (3) est inclinée en direction du centre du disque (7) de l'isolateur (222), tandis que la zone frontale (31) inclinée de l'isolateur (21) de la cathode (4) est inclinée à partir du centre du disque (7) de l'isolateur (21).
EP02754109A 2002-09-09 2002-09-09 Tube a vide haute tension Expired - Lifetime EP1537594B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT02754109T ATE316690T1 (de) 2002-09-09 2002-09-09 Hochspannungs-vakuumröhre

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/CH2002/000494 WO2004023513A1 (fr) 2002-09-09 2002-09-09 Tube a vide haute tension

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1537594A1 true EP1537594A1 (fr) 2005-06-08
EP1537594B1 EP1537594B1 (fr) 2006-01-25

Family

ID=31954520

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP02754109A Expired - Lifetime EP1537594B1 (fr) 2002-09-09 2002-09-09 Tube a vide haute tension

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US7218707B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1537594B1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2002322968A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE50205708D1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2004023513A1 (fr)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN110168695A (zh) * 2016-11-02 2019-08-23 塔莱斯公司 基于氧化铝陶瓷的电绝缘体、用于制造该绝缘体的方法、以及包括该绝缘体的真空管

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US7783012B2 (en) * 2008-09-15 2010-08-24 General Electric Company Apparatus for a surface graded x-ray tube insulator and method of assembling same
DE102009017924B4 (de) 2009-04-16 2012-05-31 rtw RÖNTGEN-TECHNIK DR. WARRIKHOFF GmbH & Co. KG Isolator für Röntgenröhren und Verwendung von zweiphasigem Aluminium-Nitrid als Isolator für Röntgenröhren
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CN110168695A (zh) * 2016-11-02 2019-08-23 塔莱斯公司 基于氧化铝陶瓷的电绝缘体、用于制造该绝缘体的方法、以及包括该绝缘体的真空管
CN110168695B (zh) * 2016-11-02 2021-10-15 塔莱斯公司 基于氧化铝陶瓷的电绝缘体、其制造方法、以及真空管
US11538604B2 (en) 2016-11-02 2022-12-27 Thales Alumina-ceramic-based electrical insulator, method for producing the insulator, and vacuum tube comprising the insulator

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US7218707B2 (en) 2007-05-15
DE50205708D1 (de) 2006-04-13
AU2002322968A1 (en) 2004-03-29
WO2004023513A1 (fr) 2004-03-18
EP1537594B1 (fr) 2006-01-25
US20060165221A1 (en) 2006-07-27

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