EP1520058A1 - Stahllegierung - Google Patents
StahllegierungInfo
- Publication number
- EP1520058A1 EP1520058A1 EP03729791A EP03729791A EP1520058A1 EP 1520058 A1 EP1520058 A1 EP 1520058A1 EP 03729791 A EP03729791 A EP 03729791A EP 03729791 A EP03729791 A EP 03729791A EP 1520058 A1 EP1520058 A1 EP 1520058A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- percent
- weight
- weight percent
- steel
- steel alloy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 50
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 22
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 22
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005261 decarburization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- -1 halide ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910004709 CaSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010011416 Croup infectious Diseases 0.000 description 1
- MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ferrous sulfide Chemical class [Fe]=S MBMLMWLHJBBADN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YTAHJIFKAKIKAV-XNMGPUDCSA-N [(1R)-3-morpholin-4-yl-1-phenylpropyl] N-[(3S)-2-oxo-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-3-yl]carbamate Chemical compound O=C1[C@H](N=C(C2=C(N1)C=CC=C2)C1=CC=CC=C1)NC(O[C@H](CCN1CCOCC1)C1=CC=CC=C1)=O YTAHJIFKAKIKAV-XNMGPUDCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVTSZOCINPYFDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].[Ar] Chemical compound [O].[Ar] VVTSZOCINPYFDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052586 apatite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZOMNIUBKTOKEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-L dimercury dichloride Chemical class Cl[Hg][Hg]Cl ZOMNIUBKTOKEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011796 hollow space material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VAKIVKMUBMZANL-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron phosphide Chemical compound P.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] VAKIVKMUBMZANL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005415 magnetization Effects 0.000 description 1
- VCTOKJRTAUILIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);sulfide Chemical group [S-2].[Mn+2] VCTOKJRTAUILIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005088 metallography Methods 0.000 description 1
- UNASZPQZIFZUSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidyneniobium Chemical compound [Nb]#C UNASZPQZIFZUSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;fluoride;triphosphate Chemical compound [F-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000161 steel melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemanganese Chemical compound [Mn]=S CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000004243 sweat Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000003856 thermoforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011573 trace mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
- C22C33/0278—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5%
- C22C33/0285—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5% with Cr, Co, or Ni having a minimum content higher than 5%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of high-alloy stainless steels used in the drilling industry.
- the polishability of a steel is the most important component of the design, in particular of the watch case. This means that the steel supplier has to offer a material that must be highly polished. This requirement is only met to a limited extent by the austenitic steels used in the watch industry today. Special metallurgical measures are therefore necessary to achieve this goal.
- the polishability of a steel is decisively influenced by the grain size. Coarse-grained steels cause a so-called "orange peel" during polishing, which is completely unacceptable for polished surfaces. The reason for this is the different properties of the randomly arranged in the different directions. ten grains (crystals). If the grain size measured according to ASTM E112 falls below the value 4 (> 80 ⁇ m), the human eye can recognize the differently worn crystal surfaces as punctiform surfaces and the image of an "orange peel" is created.
- austenitic steels can be controlled in their chemical and mechanical properties by alloying with metallic elements such as nickel or manganese and the austenite can also be stabilized.
- Nickel is an austenite former and improves corrosion resistance. However, it is an expensive alloying element, which is why the steelworks always puts the Ni content at the lowest possible standard limit.
- Chrome has a passivating effect on the steel and is therefore the main alloying element for stainless steels.
- chrome is a ferrite former.
- Molybdenum increases the corrosion resistance and the resistance to pitting corrosion in the presence of halide ions.
- it is a ferrite former.
- Nitrogen is a strong austenite former and is used instead of nickel for austenite stabilization. It improves corrosion resistance. Since the yield point and the tendency to hardening are increased by the addition of N, the N content is usually limited to 0.2%. N additives are said to significantly delay the onset of M 2 3C ⁇ excretion (PR Levey, PR, van Bennekom, A., Corrosion 51, 911-921 (1995)).
- Copper is alloyed in austenitic steels to improve corrosion resistance, cold compressibility and machinability. Since copper only has a slight influence on austenite stabilization, it is therefore normally not used for austenite stabilization. Cu contents> 1.5% can form low-melting phases at the grain boundaries and cause problems during hot forming.
- Carbon as an admixture promotes the hardness of the steel and is a very strong austenite former, reduced but on the other hand, due to the carbide formation, the corrosion resistance, the machinability and polishability of the steel.
- the two-dimensional structure diagram of chrome-nickel steels allows a rough estimate of which structure (austenite, ⁇ -ferrite, martensite or mixtures thereof) is dependent on the Cr content (plotted on the x-axis in the diagram) and the Ni content (on the diagram plotted on the y axis).
- This structure diagram can be expanded by taking additional elements into account; however, the additional elements are only taken into account summarily and in the form of additional nickel or chrome equivalents.
- the Schaeffler diagram AL Schaeffler: MS Thesis, Univ. Of Wisconsin, June 1944; AL Schaeffler, The Welding Journal 26/10, 601-620 (1947); AL Schaeffler, Metal Progress vol.
- a rudimentary estimate of the resistance of a Cr / Mo steel to pitting corrosion can also be obtained from a two-dimensional diagram (Grafen, H., Chem. Ing. Techn. 54, p. 108-119 (1982)).
- This diagram shows the dependence of the current density potential Curves of certain limit potential for the start of pitting corrosion (Y axis) against the Cr content (X axis) are plotted.
- the molybdenum content is taken into account in the form of chromium equivalents (ibid,. And Lorenz, K., Medawar, G., Thyssen Research 1, p. 97-108 (1969)).
- An approximately linear correlation between the limit potential and the Cr (Mo) content is observed.
- this diagram does not take any other alloying elements into account, and it does not allow any conclusions to be drawn about the ferrite content, the machinability and polishability of such a steel.
- Table 1 gives an overview of five previously known concrete steels (indicated by their material numbers) and their contents of important alloying elements in percentages by weight. These are the steels that are normally used in the watch industry. In addition to the material 1.4435, which is standardized as Swiss watch steel, the less corrosion-resistant 1.4404 is occasionally used. Steels 1.4439 and 1.4539 are higher alloyed and have better pitting resistance, especially in media containing chlorine. Due to the additional higher requirements for polishability, they are remelted and are therefore only used for the higher price segment.
- the object of the present invention is to create a ⁇ -ferrite-free steel in which the risk of polishing errors is minimized, which is comparable to steel No. 1.4435 has mechanical properties and shows improved corrosion resistance with regard to pitting and crevice corrosion.
- FIG. 1 shows microscopic differential interference contrast recordings (magnified 50 times) according to Nomarski of a ground and polished surface a) of a previously known alloy No. 1.4435, which due to the surface error caused by the visible, vertically running ferrite lines to reject the relevant one Alloy batch led by the watch industry, and b) of a steel alloy according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 shows a) the position sketch of the sample area of 200 mm 2 (hatched) used in Example 2 for determining the area fraction ⁇ -ferrite within a rolled sheet, the thick arrow indicating the rolling direction; and b) a microscopic photograph of that section of this sample surface with the highest proportion ⁇ -ferrite.
- the term “high-alloy” has the meaning customary in the art, ie it denotes a steel in which the alloy elements are present in a total of 5 percent by weight or more.
- the metallic alloy elements manganese, chromium, molybdenum, nickel and copper can be added to the alloys according to the invention by adding suitable amounts of the pure elements to a pig iron or to a raw steel by conventional methods.
- manganese is present in at most 2.00 percent by weight, preferably in 1.00 to 1.50 percent by weight and particularly preferably in about 1.8 percent by weight, based on the finished alloy.
- chromium is present in at least 17.0 and less than 19.0 percent by weight, based on the finished alloy.
- the term "less than 19.0 percent by weight” can mean “up to 18.9 percent by weight” here, although contents which are even closer to 19 percent by weight are also possible.
- the chromium content is preferably 17.1 to 17.6 percent by weight and particularly preferably approximately 17.5 percent by weight, based on the finished alloy.
- molybdenum is present in more than 2.5 percent by weight and in at most 3.0 percent by weight, based on the finished alloy.
- the term "more than 2.50 percent by weight” here may mean “at least 2.55 percent by weight", although contents which are closer to 2.50 percent by weight are also possible.
- the molybdenum content is more preferably 2.60 to 2.80% by weight. cent and particularly preferably about 2.6 percent by weight, based on the alloy.
- nickel is present in 12.5 to 15.0 percent by weight, more preferably in 13.0 to 13.5 percent by weight and particularly preferably in about 13.0 percent by weight, based on the alloy.
- copper is present in 0.50 to 1.50 percent by weight, preferably in 0.50 to 1.00 percent by weight and more preferably in about 0.75 percent by weight, based on the alloy.
- Nitrogen can be added by melting the steel alloy in a nitrogen atmosphere (nitriding) or by adding high-nitrogen master alloys.
- the nitrogen solubility in an austenitic steel is increased by adding Cr, Mn and Mo.
- a maximum solubility of N up to a content of about 0.5 percent by weight of the finished alloy is possible.
- the melting can be achieved with a lower nitrogen pressure and / or with shorter melting times.
- the minimum nitrogen content preferred according to the invention can also be 0.12 percent by weight, based on the alloy, and the maximum content is preferably at most 0.20 percent by weight. It is particularly preferably about 0.15 percent by weight.
- carbon is noticeably present as an admixture in the pig iron itself (4 to 4.5%) and can then, as is customary in the art, be reduced practically as desired by adding oxygen or suitable amounts of iron oxides to the steel melt (conversion of the carbon to carbon monoxide).
- it can preferably be present in at most 0.03 percent by weight and more preferably in highest 0.01 percent by weight, based on the alloy.
- Sulfur originates from the smelting process (iron ore contains iron sulfides) and is mainly present in pig iron as manganese sulfide. It can be present in the alloys according to the invention preferably in amounts of at most 0.03 percent by weight, based on the alloy. A typical content can be about 0.02 to 0.03 percent by weight based on the alloy. With the highest demands on polishability and corrosion resistance, however, it can also be present in an amount of at most 0.005 percent by weight, based on the alloy. Sulfur desulfurization can be achieved with sulfur, for example, mixtures of CaO and metallic magnesium.
- the sulfur content can also be increased to about 0.02 to about 0.03 percent by weight (so-called IMA grades).
- IMA grades a special melt metallurgy with addition of CaSi powder is applied preferably, the in though converts the hard aluminum oxide-E 'in relatively soft mixed oxides of the type CaSiAl and finely divided manganese sulfides forms through which the tension in the mechanical processing broken and thus the service life of the tools is extended.
- the corrosion resistance is only slightly reduced by the regulated addition of sulfur.
- Phosphorus originally comes from apatite or other phosphate-containing minerals that were present in iron ore.
- phosphate can be reduced to iron phosphide (mainly Fe 2 P) and as such can be found in pig iron or later steel.
- the preferably low phosphorus content according to the invention of at most 0.045 percent by weight, particularly preferably at most 0.02 percent by weight, based on the alloy, can be reduced in the production of the alloys according to the invention as is customary in the art, for example by adding CaO when smelting the ore , whereby the minerals containing phosphate are separated in the slag.
- the aluminum content according to the invention of at most 0.01 percent by weight, preferably at most 0.005 percent by weight, based on the alloy, can be achieved if the deoxidation required in the melting process is not with aluminum but with silicon or in the AOD or VOD process (see below) he follows.
- the silicon content according to the invention is at most 1.00 percent by weight, based on the alloy.
- Silicon can be present as SiO 2 (for example from the above deoxidation) in the alloy, for example in amounts of about 0.2 to about 0.8 percent by weight.
- the silicon content is preferably about 0.20 to 0.50 percent by weight, based on the alloy. Its content can be reduced to the amounts preferred according to the invention, for example, by mechanically moving or shaking the molten steel under a protective gas. As a result, the Si0 2 coagulates and increases due to the lower density on the slag surface.
- Carbon, silicon and phosphorus are preferably removed at the same time as is customary in the art by freshening with the addition of gaseous oxygen (conversion into oxides) and addition of CaO. Excess oxygen can then be removed as usual by carrying out the freshening in the form of VOD (Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization) or AOD (Argon Oxygen Decarburization) (removal of the excess oxygen by degassing in vacuo or by blowing out with argon).
- VOD Vauum Oxygen Decarburization
- AOD Aral Oxygen Decarburization
- the titanium content of at most 0.01 percent by weight, preferably 0.005 percent by weight, and of niobium at most 0.05 percent by weight, preferably at most 0.01 percent by weight, based on the alloy, can be adjusted by controlled use of scrap (avoidance of Ti - or Nb-containing scrap). As a further measure, Ti contamination in the lining of the converters used during the melting process can be avoided.
- the term “balance essentially iron” is intended to mean that the remaining percentages by weight of the alloy according to one of Claims 1 to 10, ie. the percentages by weight which are not contributed by elements mentioned in the corresponding claim come almost exclusively from iron (typically at least 90 percent by weight, preferably at least 95 percent by weight and particularly preferably at least 99 of the rest or more).
- the alloys according to the invention can be produced by customary processes. Reference is made, for example, to Chapter 2 in the section “Steels” of “Ulimann 1 s Encyklopadie der Technischen Chemie” 4th edition, Verlag Chemie, and to the literature cited therein.
- refreshments are preferably carried out in series using the AOD and VOD processes, the VOD freshening being able at the same time to serve for nitriding.
- heat treatments in the form of homogenization annealing at temperatures> 1100 ° C. are preferably carried out during the thermoforming process in order to avoid the selective enrichment of individual structural components and the associated formation of inhomogeneities and dentrites.
- the so-called "soaking" of the hot-rolled slabs or extended preheating times before hot-rolling are suitable for this.
- the grain size of less than 80 ⁇ m (measured according to ASTM E112), which is important for the polishability of the steel alloy according to the invention, can be achieved by carrying out a final heat treatment, for example in the form of solution annealing, with subsequent quenching in water or in the air.
- the temperature and holding time of this heat treatment are chosen to be as low as possible.
- the temperature of this heat treatment can typically be approximately 1030 ° C. to 1050 ° C. during a holding time, as is customary for solution annealing in the case of previously known austenitic stainless steels.
- the temperature of the Heat treatment can be selected a little lower with a longer holding time and a little higher with a shorter holding time.
- the low content of coarse-grained non-metallic inclusions which is important for polishability, is caused on the one hand by the low content of aluminum, titanium and niobium (no substantial formation of aluminum oxide, titanium oxide or titanium carbide and niobium carbide).
- the grain size of the alloys according to the invention can be significantly reduced by the electroslag remelting (ESR) process customary in industry.
- ESR electroslag remelting
- Embodiments of the steel alloy according to the invention in which maximum size indicators of the globular oxides (GO) of at most 8.4.9.4 are found according to method M of the DIN 50602 standard are preferred. This standard is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference.
- the tendency to form ⁇ -ferrite is reduced in the steel alloys according to the invention or is prevented entirely if the austenite is sufficiently stabilized.
- the chemical composition of the steel alloy according to the invention is sufficiently safe in the austenite area.
- the steel alloys according to the invention can preferably have a surface area fraction of at most 1%, preferably at most 0.5% ⁇ -ferrite.
- the sample area for this measurement can be removed in accordance with the provisions of the DIN 50602 standard, pages 2 and 3.
- the procedure for the actual determination of the area fraction ⁇ -ferrite on the test surface can be carried out as in Example 2 from the 2nd be described. The one after measuring this
- Ferrite can be viewed as an average for the sample area examined.
- the volume fraction of ⁇ -ferrite in a certain volume is the average value for all surface fractions ⁇ -ferrite in this volume, if one divides this volume into an infinite number of parallel surfaces that are infinitely close to each other and the surface-area on each of these surfaces Share ⁇ -ferrite total (not just the upper limit on each surface) would determine.
- the volume fraction of ⁇ -ferrite in the steel alloy according to the invention can be determined, for example, by its permeability number. The relationship between the permeability number and the volume fraction ⁇ -ferrite in any steel alloy is known, and the volume fraction ⁇ -ferrite can thus be determined from the permeability measurement.
- the Fischer Ferritescope FE8 (Helmut Fischer GmbH + Co., Sindelfingen, Germany) is a commercially available measuring device that determines the volume fraction of ⁇ -ferrite in this way.
- the steel alloys according to the invention can have a preferred volume content of ⁇ -ferrite of at most 0.2 percent by volume, as a result of which a magnetic effect is practically excluded.
- the alloys according to the invention can be reproducibly polished by means of the methods customary in the watchmaking industry to a surface quality, as shown in FIG. 1b, and would therefore be accepted as primary material in the watchmaking industry.
- the steel alloys according to the invention are slightly superior to the previously known watch steel No. 1.4435 in terms of resistance to pitting corrosion (E p 234 mV compared to 227 mV in the previously known 1.4435, see current density-potential curves of FIGS. 2a and 2b).
- the steel alloys according to the invention typically have the following mechanical properties from Table 2 (pretreatment of the sample and measurement specification as for steel No. 1.4435 mentioned at the beginning):
- the alloys according to the invention are therefore comparable to standard steel No. 1.4435.
- the alloys according to the invention have the same color, lying between chrome and silver gloss, which appeals to the customer's taste, as steel No. 1.4435.
- the steel alloys according to the invention have a nickel release measured from below according to the standard DIN EN 1811 0.5 ⁇ g per cm 2 and week and are therefore comparable in this respect to the previously known watch steels.
- the alloys according to the invention can be used in the watch industry for the production of components such as housings, casings, bracelets, etc. be used.
- component means both the component as it occurs in the finished watch and any blank or semi-finished product that may be produced by further processing with the optional use of other materials or semi-finished products made from the alloy according to the invention or other materials can be processed to the finished component.
- the steel alloy according to the invention is also outstandingly suitable for the powder-metallurgical manufacture of watch components according to the MIM (Metal Injection Molding) process, in particular because the nitrogen content required for austenite stabilization can be easily supplied in the compacting process (sintering) under a nitrogen atmosphere.
- MIM Metal Injection Molding
- the MIM process is known per se in the technology of watchmaking.
- a steel alloy which contains the required elements in the final quantities, but which is at most still deficient in nitrogen, is ground to powder and slurried with a liquid binder. This slurry is pressed, for example by means of an extruder, into a hollow mold, the hollow space of which has the shape of the part to be produced.
- the binder is then preferably evaporated off with a vacuum and the powder residue remaining in the hollow mold is sintered.
- a nitrogen atmosphere of suitable pressure was applied so that the alloy still absorbs nitrogen during the sintering.
- the choice of the suitable pressure nitrogen in order to achieve a nitrogen concentration in the finished component, which is according to the invention, can be determined by series of tests.
- a preferred general description of the manufacture of the steel alloy according to the invention can be as follows:
- Hot or cold rolling on quarto in 20-30 passes to desired final thicknesses of 3-12 mm thickness) solution annealing at 1030-1050 ° C :) quenching in water.
- Example 1 (typical production example of a sheet from the steel alloy according to the invention):
- step d) The procedure according to the preferred production description above was followed.
- the chemical analysis of step d) gave the following values (in percent by weight based on the alloy): Si 0.31; Mn 1.26; Cr 17.4; Mo 2.68; Ni 13.5; N 0.11; Cu 0.75; Ti ⁇ 0.001; AI 0.003; Nb 0.01; C 0.015; S 0.003; P 0.017; Rest essentially iron.
- Cold rolling was carried out in step i).
- the annealing temperature in step j) was 1030 ° C.
- the polishability test from step m) gave an image as in FIG. 1b). Examination of the mechanical properties of step n) gave the values in the right column of Table 2.
- test area of 200 mm 2 was cut out from a standard sheet of 7 x 1000 x 2000 mm, the position of this test area within the sheet according to FIG. 3a (hatched area).
- This removal instruction corresponds to the standard DIN 50602 in the case of rolled products.
- the polished surface was cleaned with a Mixture of 30 ml HC1, 30 ml HN0 3 and 30 ml H 2 0 etched at 40 ° C for 10 seconds, whereby the pre-existing on the ground surface portions of ⁇ -ferrite were colored dark.
- the steel alloys according to the invention showed surface fractions ⁇ -ferrite which (typically in 99% of cases) are below the detection limit of the measurement method of about 0.5 percent.
- an areal share of ⁇ 2.2% ⁇ -ferrite was found in a previously known steel alloy No. 1.4435 (see also FIG. 3b for the microscopic section with the highest amount ⁇ -ferrite of this known alloy, with horizontally running ferrite lines).
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH11552002 | 2002-07-02 | ||
| CH115502 | 2002-07-02 | ||
| PCT/CH2003/000438 WO2004005571A1 (de) | 2002-07-02 | 2003-07-02 | Stahllegierung |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1520058A1 true EP1520058A1 (de) | 2005-04-06 |
| EP1520058B1 EP1520058B1 (de) | 2006-01-04 |
| EP1520058B9 EP1520058B9 (de) | 2006-05-03 |
Family
ID=30005577
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP03729791A Expired - Lifetime EP1520058B9 (de) | 2002-07-02 | 2003-07-02 | Stahllegierung |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1520058B9 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2005536631A (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE315113T1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2003240376A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE50302125D1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2004005571A1 (de) |
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| JP5423086B2 (ja) * | 2009-03-24 | 2014-02-19 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 金属粉末および焼結体 |
| CN104294179B (zh) * | 2014-10-27 | 2017-09-01 | 江门市佳久新材料科技有限公司 | 一种压缩机用平衡块及其制造方法 |
| KR102173302B1 (ko) * | 2018-11-12 | 2020-11-03 | 주식회사 포스코 | 비자성 오스테나이트계 스테인리스강 및 그 제조방법 |
| MX2023006635A (es) | 2020-12-10 | 2023-08-10 | Spm Oil & Gas Inc | Composiciones de acero mecanicamente resilientes y resistentes al desgaste y bombas de alta presión y componentes de bombas formados por las mismas. |
| CN115917015A (zh) | 2021-06-17 | 2023-04-04 | 康明斯公司 | 表现出高温强度、抗氧化性和导热性的增强组合的钢合金及其制造方法 |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3563729A (en) * | 1968-04-16 | 1971-02-16 | Crucible Inc | Free-machining corrosion-resistant stainless steel |
| CH642110A5 (en) * | 1979-10-30 | 1984-03-30 | Nippon Metal Ind | Austenitic rust-free machining steel |
| JPH068485B2 (ja) * | 1988-12-23 | 1994-02-02 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 耐食性の優れた煙突・煙道および脱硫装置用高合金ステンレス鋼 |
| JPH04276042A (ja) * | 1991-02-28 | 1992-10-01 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | オーステナイト系ステンレス鋼およびその製造方法 |
| JPH06322490A (ja) * | 1993-03-19 | 1994-11-22 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | 加工性および被削性に優れた高純度ガス用ステンレス鋼 |
| JPH07138713A (ja) * | 1993-11-15 | 1995-05-30 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | Fe基合金粉末及び高耐食性焼結体の製造方法 |
| JP3923163B2 (ja) * | 1998-01-26 | 2007-05-30 | 日新製鋼株式会社 | 廃棄物焼却炉 |
| EP0964071A1 (de) * | 1998-06-12 | 1999-12-15 | Asulab S.A. | Ferritischer rostfreier Stahl und Aussenteil für eine Uhr aus diesem Stahl |
| JP2000054081A (ja) * | 1998-08-10 | 2000-02-22 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | 表面光沢むらのないオーステナイト系ステンレス鋼板およびその製造方法 |
| JP2002038244A (ja) * | 2000-05-15 | 2002-02-06 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | 磁気記憶装置に用いるネジ用高硬度ステンレス鋼 |
-
2003
- 2003-07-02 AT AT03729791T patent/ATE315113T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-07-02 AU AU2003240376A patent/AU2003240376A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-07-02 EP EP03729791A patent/EP1520058B9/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-02 JP JP2004518349A patent/JP2005536631A/ja active Pending
- 2003-07-02 DE DE50302125T patent/DE50302125D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-07-02 WO PCT/CH2003/000438 patent/WO2004005571A1/de not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2004005571A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2003240376A1 (en) | 2004-01-23 |
| DE50302125D1 (de) | 2006-03-30 |
| WO2004005571A1 (de) | 2004-01-15 |
| EP1520058B9 (de) | 2006-05-03 |
| EP1520058B1 (de) | 2006-01-04 |
| JP2005536631A (ja) | 2005-12-02 |
| ATE315113T1 (de) | 2006-02-15 |
| HK1074647A1 (en) | 2005-11-18 |
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