EP1484635A1 - Bildanzeigeeinheit - Google Patents
Bildanzeigeeinheit Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1484635A1 EP1484635A1 EP03703271A EP03703271A EP1484635A1 EP 1484635 A1 EP1484635 A1 EP 1484635A1 EP 03703271 A EP03703271 A EP 03703271A EP 03703271 A EP03703271 A EP 03703271A EP 1484635 A1 EP1484635 A1 EP 1484635A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- image display
- particles
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- display device
- electric field
- Prior art date
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- CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M methylene blue Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C3N=C21 CXKWCBBOMKCUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an image display device comprising an image display panel enables to repeatedly display or eliminate images accompanied by flight and movement of particles utilizing Coulomb's force and so on.
- image display devices substitutable for liquid crystal display (LCD)
- image display devices with the use of technology such as an electrophoresis method, an electro-chromic method, a thermal method, dichroic-particles-rotary method are proposed.
- an image display device comprising an image display panel, in which two or more groups of particles having different colors and different charge characteristics are sealed between two substrates, at least one of two substrates being transparent, and, in which the particles, to which an electrostatic field produced by a pair of electrodes provided on respective substrates is applied, are made to fly and move so as to display an image by means of Coulomb's force.
- the image display device mentioned above has a display memory property (keeping display even after power OFF).
- a display memory property keeping display even after power OFF.
- it is necessary to form one image by alternately changing an electric field direction Ea (polarity) in which particles A are flown toward a display substrate and an electric field direction Eb in which particles B having different colors and different charge characteristics as those of the particles A are flown toward the display substrate.
- Fig. 15 it is thought one method wherein the image is formed in such a manner that an image deleting step is performed prior to an image forming step (the image is formed only by the particles A or the particles B) and then the image forming step is performed by using the electric field direction different from the electric field direction using at the image deleting step.
- the image deleting step is performed at a front line of a frame time, a portion wherein the image is formed first in the frame time (line) and a portion wherein the image is formed last in the frame time (line) have a different time duration from one image deleting step to the next image deleting step. Therefore, there is a drawback such that density unevenness occurs in the image and a display quality is extremely deteriorated.
- the image display device mentioned above has a display memory property (keeping display even after power OFF).
- a display memory property keeping display even after power OFF.
- it is necessary to form one image by alternately changing an electric field direction Ea (polarity) in which particles A are flown toward a display substrate and an electric field direction Eb in which particles B having different colors and different charge characteristics as those of the particles A are flown toward the display substrate.
- the halftone image display according to the method mentioned above has a drawback such that the image memory property cannot be obtained.
- the image display device mentioned above has a display memory property (keeping display even after power OFF).
- it is necessary to form one image by alternately changing an electric field direction Ea (polarity) in which particles A are flown toward a display substrate and an electric field direction Eb in which particles B having different colors and different charge characteristics as those of the particles A are flown toward the display substrate.
- Ea electric field direction
- Eb electric field direction
- the halftone image display is performed by displaying repeatedly the particle A / particle B at a frequency where flickering is not detected by a human eye and changing a ratio thereof.
- the halftone image display according to the method mentioned above has a drawback such that the image memory property cannot be obtained.
- the image display device mentioned above has a display memory property (keeping display even after power OFF).
- Ea electric field direction
- Eb electric field direction
- the halftone image display according to the method mentioned above has a drawback such that a driving circuit of image display elements becomes complicated.
- Tasks to be solved by a fifth aspect of the invention are as follows. That is, the image display device mentioned above is assumed to perform a binary display from a microscopic view, but the halftone display due to respective pixels is accomplished by maintaining an intermediate state such that particle characteristics are intentionally deviated and a part of particles which are easily flown is only moved.
- the halftone image display according to the method mentioned above has a drawback such that an excellent reproducibility of the halftone image display cannot be performed since resistivity and so on of ITO transparent electrode is deviated, an electrode surface is contaminated by a particle component, and a threshold voltage when the particles are moved from the electrode surface due to a throw off force larger than an adhesion force. Therefore, especially in the case of performing the matrix drive that needs a precipitous threshold, the number of gray scales that can be displayed is limited.
- An object of the first aspect of the invention is to provide an image display device of dry type having rapid response, simple and inexpensive construction, and excellent stability, which can reduce density unevenness and maintain a display quality.
- an image display device which comprises an image display panel, in which two or more groups of particles having different colors and different charge characteristics are sealed between two substrates, at least one of two substrates being transparent, and, in which the particles, to which an electrostatic field produced by a pair of electrodes provided on one or both substrates is applied, are made to fly and move so as to display an image
- the image display device has an image (to be displayed) forming process comprising an image forming process for forming the image by applying an electric field pattern between the electrodes, the electric field pattern serving to fly particles A to the substrate at an image display side; and an image forming process for forming the image by applying an inversion (negative) electric field pattern with respect to the electric field pattern, the inversion electric field pattern serving to fly particles B having different colors and different charge characteristics with respect to those of the particles A to the substrate at an image display side; so that an image deleting process prior to forming the image to be displayed is eliminated.
- a novel image display device is constructed by arranging image display elements in a matrix manner, which can fly and move the particles by means of Coulomb's force and so on when an electrostatic field is directly applied to the particles, it is possible to obtain an image display device which can realize rapid response, simple and inexpensive construction, and excellent stability. Moreover, since the image deleting process prior to forming the image to be displayed is eliminated, it is possible to reduce density unevenness and maintain the display quality.
- the image is formed by switching a direction of the electric field to be applied sequentially during an image forming process of a portion where the display is rewritable at once (normally one line), and, that, in a matrix display, the image is first formed by applying an electric field having a same direction to a plurality of portions where the display is rewritable at once (normally one line), and then the image of the same portion as the previous process is formed by switching a direction of the electric field to be applied.
- An object of the second aspect of the invention is to provide an image display device of dry type having a rapid response, simple and inexpensive construction, and excellent stability, which can utilize a display memory property and display an excellent halftone image.
- an image display device which comprises an image display panel, in which two or more groups of particles having different colors and different charge characteristics are sealed between two substrates, at least one of two substrates being transparent, and, in which the particles, to which an electrostatic field produced by a pair of electrodes provided on one or both substrates is applied, are made to fly and move so as to display an image, is characterized in that, on the occasion when the image to be displayed is formed, a display state such that two or more groups of particles are mixed with a predetermined ratio is obtained by adjusting, in response to a display density, at least one of strength, applying time and applying number of the electric field applied between the electrodes.
- a novel image display device is constructed by arranging image display elements in a matrix manner, which can fly and move the particles by means of Coulomb's force and so on when an electrostatic field is directly applied to the particles, it is possible to obtain an image display device which can realize rapid response, simple and inexpensive construction, and excellent stability.
- a display state such that two or more groups of particles are mixed with a predetermined ratio is obtained by adjusting, in response to a display density, at least one of strength, applying time and applying number of the electric field applied between the electrodes, it is possible to utilize a display memory property and display an excellent halftone image.
- a reset electric field for resetting states of two or more groups of particles is applied prior to the electric field applying process for obtaining the display state such that two or more groups of particles are mixed with a predetermined ratio.
- a reset electric field for resetting states of two or more groups of particles is applied prior to the halftone image display.
- the reset electric field is a pulse electric field.
- the reset electric field sufficient for flying all the particles is applied in a pulsate state, it is possible to obtain a desired reset state in a short time period.
- An object of the third aspect of the invention is to provide an image display device of dry type having a rapid response, simple and inexpensive construction, and excellent stability, which can utilize a display memory property and display an excellent halftone image.
- an image display device which comprises an image display panel, in which two or more groups of particles having different colors and different charge characteristics are sealed between two substrates, at least one of two substrates being transparent, and, in which the particles, to which an electrostatic field produced by a pair of electrodes provided on one or both substrates is applied, are made to fly and move so as to display an image, is characterized in that one pixel is segmentalized to a plurality of sub-pixels, and a halftone image is displayed by a display pattern of the sub-pixels.
- a novel image display device is constructed by arranging image display elements in a matrix manner, which can fly and move the particles by means of Coulomb's force and so on when an electrostatic field is directly applied to the particles, it is possible to obtain an image display device which can realize rapid response, simple and inexpensive construction, and excellent stability.
- the halftone image display is not performed by repeating particles A/particles B, it is possible to utilize a display memory property and display an excellent halftone image.
- the present invention can be preferably applied to the case such that the plural sub-pixels have different size with each other and to the case such that all the plural sub-pixels have same size.
- a size of the sub-pixel is segmentalized to be a two's power and that a size of the sub-pixel is determined on the basis of ⁇ correction coefficient due to a visual sensitivity.
- one frame is segmentalized to a plurality of sub-frames, and a halftone image is displayed by also a display pattern deviation of the sub-pixels.
- a halftone image display due to the sub-pixels and a halftone image display due to the sub-frames are both utilized, it is possible to indicate more number of gray levels as compared with the case such that the halftone image display is performed by utilizing either one of the cases mentioned above.
- An object of the fourth aspect of the invention is to provide an image display device of dry type having a rapid response, simple and inexpensive construction, and excellent stability, which can utilize a display memory property and display an excellent halftone image.
- an image display device which comprises an image display panel, in which two or more groups of particles having different colors and different charge characteristics are sealed between two substrates, at least one of two substrates being transparent, and, in which the particles, to which an electrostatic field produced by a pair of electrodes provided on one or both substrates is applied, are made to fly and move so as to display an image, is characterized in that a sub-frame having a length smaller than that of one frame is formed, and a halftone image is displayed by a display pattern formed by at least one sub-frames.
- a novel image display device is constructed by arranging image display elements in a matrix manner, which can fly and move the particles by means of Coulomb's force and so on when an electrostatic field is directly applied to the particles, it is possible to obtain an image display device which can realize rapid response, simple and inexpensive construction, and excellent stability.
- a method for displaying a halftone image use is made of the method such that a sub-frame having a length smaller than that of one frame is formed, and a halftone image is displayed by a display pattern formed by at least one sub-frames, in stead of a method such that a display area ratio of particles A / particles B is adjusted. Therefore, it is possible to display a halftone image without complicating a drive circuit of image display elements.
- the sub-frames have a different length with each other. In this case, since it is possible to obtain more gray levels even if using a driving clock with lower frequency, the image display unit can be made compact and inexpensive.
- respective lengths of plural sub-frames is a length obtained by multiplying a unit length and a two's power. In this case, it is possible to obtain more gray levels even if using a rough dividing number.
- respective lengths of plural sub-frames is determined on the basis of ⁇ correction coefficient due to a visual sensitivity. In this case, it is possible to prevent an image distortion at a high-density display portion and to realize the image display unit having excellent representation power.
- one pixel is segmentalized to a plurality of sub-pixels, and a halftone image is displayed by a display pattern formed by at least one of plural sub-pixels.
- a halftone image is displayed by a display pattern formed by at least one of plural sub-pixels.
- an image display device which comprises an image display panel, in which two or more groups of particles having different colors and different charge characteristics are sealed between two substrates, at least one of two substrates being transparent, and, in which the particles, to which an electrostatic field produced by a pair of electrodes provided on one or both substrates is applied, are made to fly and move so as to display an image, is characterized in that at least one of voltage value, waveform, applying time and applying number of the voltage applied between the electrodes is adjusted in response to a gray level of respective pixels forming the image to be displayed, in such a manner that an integral value of a fly/move current generating at a fly/move motion of particles becomes a predetermined target value.
- the image display device comprises a fly/move current deleting portion for deleting the fly/move current, an integrator for integrating the fly/move current, and a comparator for comparing the integral value of the fly/move current and a gray level indicating voltage corresponding to the gray level.
- a fly/move current deleting portion for deleting the fly/move current
- an integrator for integrating the fly/move current
- a comparator for comparing the integral value of the fly/move current and a gray level indicating voltage corresponding to the gray level.
- Figs. 1a to 1c are schematic views respectively showing one embodiment of the image display element of the image display panel used for the image display device according to the invention and its display driving method.
- numeral 1 is a transparent substrate
- numeral 2 is an opposed substrate
- numeral 3 is a display electrode (transparent electrode)
- numeral 4 is an opposed electrode
- numeral 5 is a negatively chargeable particle
- numeral 6 is a positively chargeable particle
- numeral 7 is a partition wall.
- Fig. 1a shows a state such that the negatively chargeable particles 5 and the positively chargeable particles 6 are arranged between opposed substrates (transparent substrate 1 and opposed substrate 2).
- a voltage is applied in such a manner that a side of the display electrode 3 becomes low potential and a side of the opposed electrode 4 becomes high potential, as shown in Fig. 1b, the positively chargeable particles 6 fly and move to the side of the display electrode 3 and the negatively chargeable particles 5 fly and move to the side of the opposed electrode 4 by means of Coulomb's force.
- a display face viewed from a side of the transparent substrate 1 looks like a color of the positively chargeable particles 6.
- the negatively chargeable particles 5 fly and move to the side of the display electrode 3 and the positively chargeable particles 6 fly and move to the side of the opposed electrode 4 by means of Coulomb's force.
- the display face viewed from the side of the transparent substrate 1 looks like a color of the negatively chargeable particles 5.
- the display states shown in Figs. 1b and 1c are repeatedly changeable only by reversing the potentials of a power source, and thus it is possible to change colors on the display face reversibly by reversing the potentials of the power source as mentioned above.
- the colors of the particles can be arbitrarily selected. For example, when the negatively chargeable particles 5 are white color and the positively chargeable particles 6 are black color, or, when the negatively chargeable particles 5 are black color and the positively chargeable particles 5 are white color, a reversible image display between white color and black color can be performed. In this method, since the particles are once adhered to the electrode by means of an imaging force, a display image can be maintained for a long time after a voltage apply is stopped, thereby showing an excellent memory property.
- the response speed of the image display is extremely fast and the response speed of shorter than 1 msec may be possible.
- it is stable with respect to a temperature variation and can be used in a wide temperature range from a low temperature to a high temperature. Further, it is not affected by an angle of visual field and has a high reflection coefficient. Therefore, it is easily viewable and has low electric power consumption. Furthermore, it has an excellent memory property and thus it is not necessary to use an electric power when the image is to be maintained.
- the image display device comprises the image display panel in which the image display element mentioned above is arranged in a matrix manner.
- Figs. 2a and 2b to Figs. 4a and 4b show such one embodiment respectively.
- the example shown in Figs. 2a and 2b can be applied to first aspect, third aspect and fourth aspect of the invention explained later, the example shown in Figs. 3a and 3b can be applied to a second aspect of the invention explained later, and the example shown in Figs. 4a and 4b can be applied to a fifth aspect of the invention explained later.
- 3 ⁇ 3 matrix is shown for convenience of explanation.
- the number of the electrodes is n, it is possible to construct an arbitrary n ⁇ n matrix.
- display electrodes 3-1 to 3-3 arranged substantially in parallel with each other and opposed electrodes 4-1 to 4-3 arranged substantially in parallel with each other are provided respectively on the transparent substrate 1 and the opposed substrate 2 in such a manner that they are intersected with each other.
- Serial switches SW3-1-1 and SW3-1-2; serial switches SW3-2-1 and SW3-2-2; and serial switches SW3-3-1 and SW3-3-2 are respectively connected to the display electrodes 3-1 to 3-3.
- serial switches SW4-1-1 and SW4-1-2; serial switches SW4-2-1 and SW4-2-2; and serial switches SW4-3-2 and SW4-3-2 are respectively connected to the opposed electrodes 4-1 to 4-3.
- the 3 ⁇ 3 image display elements are constructed by isolating them by means of the partition walls 7, but the partition walls 7 are not an essential member and may be eliminated.
- the operation of the matrix electrode constructed by the display electrodes 3-1 to 3-3 and the opposed electrodes 4-1 to 4-3 mentioned above is performed in such a manner that, in accordance with the image to be displayed, open/close operations of respective switches SW are controlled by means of a sequencer not shown and the 3 ⁇ 3 image display elements are displayed in sequence. This operation is the same as that of the known one.
- display electrodes 3-1 to 3-3 arranged substantially in parallel with each other and opposed electrodes 4-1 to 4-3 arranged substantially in parallel with each other are provided respectively on the transparent substrate 1 and the opposed substrate 2 in such a manner that they are intersected with each other.
- Voltage selection devices 13 are respectively connected to the display electrodes 3-1 to 3-3. In the same way, voltage selection devices 13 are respectively connected to the opposed electrodes 4-1 to 4-3.
- Respective voltage selection devices 13 connected to the display electrode side serves to apply one of voltages selected from a group of a high voltage obtained from a high voltage generation circuit 8, a low voltage obtained from a low voltage generation circuit 9, a reset voltage obtained from a reset voltage generation circuit 11, and an inversion reset voltage obtained from an inverter 12 to the display electrodes 3-1 to 3-3.
- respective voltage selection devices 13 connected to the opposed electrode side serves to apply one of voltages selected from a group of the reset voltage obtained from the reset voltage generation circuit 11, and a plurality of gray level voltages (for example, the same number as that of the desired gray levels) obtained from a gray level voltage generation circuit 14 to the opposed electrodes 4-1 to 4-3. All the voltage selection devices 13 construct a matrix drive circuit 10.
- the 3 ⁇ 3 image display elements are constructed by isolating them by means of the partition walls 7, but the partition wall 7 is not an essential member and may be eliminated.
- an operation such that the 3 ⁇ 3 image display elements are displayed respectively one by one is performed by controlling an operation of respective voltage selection devices 13 by means of a controlling of a sequencer (not shown) corresponding to the image to be displayed.
- This operation is basically same as that of the known one.
- an operation for displaying a halftone image (gray level display) and a particle state reset operation prior to the halftone image display are performed (these operations will be explained later in detail).
- the display electrodes (scan electrodes) 3-1 to 3-3 arranged substantially in parallel with each other and the opposed electrodes (data electrodes) 4-1 to 4-3 arranged substantially in parallel with each other are provided respectively on the transparent substrate 1 and the opposed substrate 2 in such a manner that they are intersected with each other.
- a row driver circuit 26 is connected to the display electrodes 3-1 to 3-3 respectively.
- a frame buffer 20 is connected to the opposed electrodes 4-1 to 4-3 respectively through a column driver circuit 27.
- respective column driver circuit 27 comprises voltage generation circuit 21, current/voltage conversion circuit 22, inversion current detector 23, integrator 24 and comparator 25.
- the column driver circuit 27 constructs a simple and inexpensive adjusting circuit for adjusting a voltage value of the gray level voltage applied between the electrodes.
- the row driver circuit 26 connected to the display electrode side has a function for generating a scan signal for scanning successively the display electrodes 3-1 to 3-3.
- the frame buffer 20 connected to the opposed electrode side has a function for outputting a gray level indication voltage on the selected opposed electrode to the column driver circuit 27.
- the column driver circuit 27 has a function for outputting a gray level voltage corresponding to the input gray level indication voltage to the opposed electrode and a function for correcting a fly/move current as mentioned below. All the row driver circuit 26, the column driver circuit 27, and the frame buffer 20 construct a matrix drive circuit.
- the 3 ⁇ 3 image display elements are constructed by isolating them by means of the partition walls 7, but the partition wall 7 is not an essential member and may be eliminated.
- an operation such that the 3 ⁇ 3 image display elements are displayed respectively one by one is performed by controlling operations of the row driver circuit 26, the column driver circuit 27 and the frame buffer 20 by means of a controlling of a sequencer (not shown) corresponding to the image to be displayed.
- This operation is basically same as that of the known one.
- an operation for displaying a halftone image (gray level display) and a particle state reset operation prior to the halftone image display are performed (these operations will be explained later in detail).
- the operation of the matrix electrode constructed by the display electrodes 3-1 to 3-3 and the opposed electrodes 4-1 to 4-3 mentioned above is performed in such a manner that, in accordance with the image to be displayed, open/close operations of respective switches SW are controlled by means of a sequencer not shown and the 3 ⁇ 3 image display elements are displayed in sequence. This operation is the same as that of the known one.
- the electroconductive material include cationic polyelectrolyte such as benzyltrimethylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium perchlorate, and so on, anionic polyelectrolyte such as polystyrenesulfonate, polyacrylate, and so on, or electroconductive fine powders of zinc oxide, tin oxide, or indium oxide.
- the thickness of the electrode may be suitable unless the electroconductivity is absent or any hindrance exists in optical transparency, and it is preferable to be 3 to 1000 nm, more preferable to be 5 to 400 nm.
- the foregoing transparent electrode materials can be employed as the opposed electrode, however, non-transparent electrode materials such as aluminum, silver, nickel, copper, and gold can be also employed.
- the substrate used in the image display device according to the invention will be explained.
- the substrate at least one substrate must be transparent substrate capable of recognizing the displaying color from outside of the display panel, and a material with large transmission factor of visible light and with excellent heat resistance is preferable.
- the presence of flexibility as the image display device is selected appropriately by the usage, for example, the flexible materials are selected for the usage as an electronic paper and so on, and materials having no flexibility are selected for the usage as display units for portable devices such as cellular phones, PDAs, and notebook personal computers.
- the substrate material examples include polymer sheets such as polyethylene terephthalate, polymer sulfone, polyethylene, or polycarbonate, and inorganic sheets such as glass, quartz or so.
- the thickness of the substrate is preferably 2 to 5000 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 to 1000 ⁇ m. When the thickness is too thin, it becomes difficult to maintain strength and distance uniformity between the substrates, and when the thickness is too thick, vividness and contrast as a display capability degrade, and in particular, flexibility in the case of using for an electron paper deteriorates.
- partition walls 7 around each display element.
- the partition walls may be formed in two parallel directions.
- unnecessary particle movement in the direction parallel with the substrate is prevented.
- durability repeatability and memory retention are assisted.
- the distance between the substrates is made uniform as reinforcing the strength of an image display panel.
- the particles used in the image display device according to the invention will be explained.
- any of colored particles negatively or positively chargeable having capability of flying and moving by Coulomb's force are employable, spherical particles with light specific gravity are particularly preferable.
- the average particle diameter is preferable to be 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m, particularly to be 1 to 30 ⁇ m.
- charge density of the particles will be so large that an imaging force to an electrode and a substrate becomes too strong; resulting in poor following ability at the inversion of its electric field, although the memory characteristic is favorable.
- the particle diameter exceeds the range, the following ability is favorable, however, the memory characteristic will degrade.
- the method for charging the particles negatively or positively is not particularly limited, a corona discharge method, an electrode injection-charge method, a friction charge method and so on are employable. It is preferable that the absolute value of the difference between the surface charge densities of the particles, which are measured by a blow-off method using carriers, is not less than 5 ⁇ C/m 2 and not larger than 150 ⁇ C/m 2 .
- the absolute value of the surface charge density is less than this range, response speed to the change of an electric field will be late, and the memory property degrades.
- the absolute value of the surface charge density exceeds this range, image force for the electrode or the substrate will be so strong that the memory property will be favorable, but following ability will be poor in the case where the electric field is inverted.
- the blow-off method a mixture of the particles and the carriers are placed into a cylindrical container with nets at both ends, and high-pressure gas is blown from the one end to separate the particles and the carriers, and then only the particles are blown off from the mesh of the net.
- charge amount of reverse blown polarity remains on the carriers with the same charge amount of the particles carried away out of the container.
- TB-200 As a blow-off powder charge amount measuring instrument, TB-200 produced by Toshiba Chemical Co., Ltd. was used. Two kinds of positively chargeable and negatively chargeable resin were employed as the carriers, and charge density per unit area (unit: ⁇ C/m 2 ) was measured in each case. Namely, F963-2535 available from Powder TEC Co., Ltd. was employed as a positive chargeable carrier (the carrier whose opponent is positively charged and itself tends to be negative) and F921-2535 available from Powder TEC Co., Ltd. was employed as negatively chargeable carrier (the carrier whose opponent is negatively charged and itself tends to be positive). The surface charge density of the particles was obtained from the measured charge amount, the average particle diameter and specific gravity of the particles measured separately.
- the specific gravity was measured with the use of a hydrometer produced by Shimadzu Seisakusho Ltd. (brand name: Multi volume Density Meter H1305).
- insulating particles with the volume specific resistance of 1 ⁇ 10 10 ⁇ cm or greater are preferable, and in particular, insulating particles with the volume specific resistance of 1 ⁇ 10 12 ⁇ cm or greater are more preferable. Further, the particles with slow charge attenuation property evaluated by the measuring method below are more preferable.
- the foregoing surface potential is measured by means of an instrument (CRT2000 produced by QEA Inc.) as shown in Fig. 5.
- CRT2000 produced by QEA Inc.
- both end portions of a roll shaft being held with chuck 31, compact scorotron discharger 32 and surface potential meter 33 are spaced with predetermined interval to form a measurement unit.
- a method of measuring its surface potential is preferably adopted.
- measurement environment should be settled at the temperature of 25 ⁇ 3°C and the humidity of 55 ⁇ 5% RH.
- the particles may be formed by any materials.
- it is formed by resin, charge control agent, coloring agent, inorganic additive and so on, or, by coloring agent and so on only.
- the resin include urethane resin, urea resin, acrylic resin, polyester resin, acryl urethane resin, acryl urethane silicone resin, acryl urethane fluorocarbon polymers, acryl fluorocarbon polymers, silicone resin, acryl silicone resin, epoxy resin, polystyrene resin, styrene acrylic resin, polyolefin resin, butyral resin, vinylidene chloride resin, melamine resin, phenolic resin, fluorocarbon polymers, polycarbonate resin, polysulfon resin, polyether resin, and polyamide resin.
- acryl urethane resin for the purpose of controlling the attaching force with the substrate, acryl urethane resin, acryl silicone resin, acryl fluorocarbon polymers, acryl urethane silicone resin, acryl urethane fluorocarbon polymers, fluorocarbon polymers, silicone resin are particularly preferable. Two kinds or more of these may be mixed and used.
- Examples of the electric charge control agent include, but not particularly specified to, negative charge control agent such as salicylic acid metal complex, metal containing azo dye, oil-soluble dye of metal-containing (containing a metal ion or a metal atom), the fourth grade ammonium salt-based compound, calixarene compound, boron-containing compound (benzyl acid boron complex), and nitroimidazole derivative.
- negative charge control agent such as salicylic acid metal complex, metal containing azo dye, oil-soluble dye of metal-containing (containing a metal ion or a metal atom), the fourth grade ammonium salt-based compound, calixarene compound, boron-containing compound (benzyl acid boron complex), and nitroimidazole derivative.
- Examples of the positive charge control agent include nigrosine dye, triphenylmethane compound, the fourth grade ammonium salt compound, polyamine resin, imidazole derivatives, etc.
- metal oxides such as ultra-fine particles of silica, ultra-fine particles of titanium oxide, ultra-fine particles of alumina, and so on; nitrogen-containing circular compound such as pyridine, and so on, and these derivates or salts; and resins containing various organic pigments, fluorine, chlorine, nitrogen, etc. can be employed as the electric charge control agent.
- coloring agent various kinds of organic or inorganic pigments or dye as will be described below are employable.
- black pigments include carbon black, copper oxide, manganese dioxide, aniline black, and activate carbon.
- yellow pigments include chrome yellow, zinc chromate, cadmium yellow, yellow iron oxide, mineral first yellow, nickel titanium yellow, navel orange yellow, naphthol yellow S, hanzayellow G, hanzayellow 10G, benzidine yellow G, benzidine yellow GR, quinoline yellow lake, permanent yellow NCG, and tartrazinelake.
- orange pigments examples include red chrome yellow, molybdenum orange, permanent orange GTR, pyrazolone orange, Balkan orange, indusren brilliant orange RK, benzidine orange G, and Indusren brilliant orange GK
- red pigments examples include red oxide, cadmium red, diachylon, mercury sulfide, cadmium, permanent red 4R, lithol red, pyrazolone red, watching red, calcium salt, lake red D, brilliant carmine 6B, eosin lake, rhodamine lake B, alizarin lake, and brilliant carmine 3B.
- Examples of purple pigments include manganese purple, first violet B, and methyl violet lake.
- Examples of blue pigments include Berlin blue, cobalt blue, alkali blue lake, Victoria blue lake, phthalocyanine blue, metal-free phthalocyanine blue, partially chlorinated phthalocyanine blue, first sky blue, and Indusren blue BC.
- Examples of green pigments include chrome green, chromium oxide, pigment green B, Malachite green lake, and final yellow green G.
- examples of white pigments include zinc white, titanium oxide, antimony white, and zinc sulphide.
- extenders examples include baryta powder, barium carbonate, clay, silica, white carbon, talc, and alumina white. Furthermore, there are Nigrosine, Methylene Blue, rose bengal, quinoline yellow, and ultramarine blue as various dyes such as basic dye, acidic dye, dispersion dye, direct dye, etc. These coloring agents may be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds thereof. Particularly, carbon black is preferable as the black coloring agent, and titanium oxide is preferable as the white coloring agent.
- plural of the foregoing display element are dispose in a matrix form, and images can be displayed.
- one display element makes one pixel.
- three kinds of display elements i.e., one group of display elements each having color plate of R (red), G (green) and B (blue) respectively and each having particles of black composes a set of disposed elements preferably resulting in the reversible image display panel having the sets of the elements.
- the image display device is applicable to the image display unit for mobile equipments such as notebook personal computers, PDAs, cellular phones and so on; to the electric paper for electric book, electric newspaper and so on; to the bulletin boards such as signboards, posters, blackboards and so on; and to the image display unit for electric calculator, home electric application products, auto supplies and so on.
- the image is formed by switching a direction of the electric field to be applied sequentially during an image forming process of a portion where the display is rewritable at once (normally one line) on the 7 lines ⁇ 5 rows matrix display.
- patterns of 1 ⁇ n lines of the image "2" to be written next are assumed as P1 ⁇ Pn, in order to switch the direction of the electric field at every one line, firstly the pattern P1 is written by Ea on the first line and then the pattern Not(P1) is written by Eb on the first line. Secondary, the pattern P2 is written by Ea on the second line and the pattern Not(P2) is written by Eb on the second line.
- the writing pattern indicating the numeral "2" is formed for one whole image by Ea, and then the inverting writing pattern "2" that is a nega of the writing pattern "2" is formed for one whole image by the switched Eb.
- Ea a portion of the particles A for the previous image, which is supposed to be replaced by the particles B, remains. Therefore, it is recognized as the after image on the motion picture.
- the electric field switching frequency between Ea and Eb is extremely low as compared with the example shown in Fig. 6, it is possible to make a generation of electromagnetic noise due to a display element drive smaller, and thus it is possible to make a limit of frame operation speed due to a capacitance between the display element electrodes higher.
- Fig. 8a is a schematic view for explaining a method of applying a reset voltage for a particle state reset operation prior to a halftone image display in the image display device according to the second aspect of the invention
- Fig. 8b is a schematic view for explaining a method of applying an electric field for a halftone image display in the image display device according to the second aspect of the invention.
- a horizontally arranged rectangle corresponds to the display electrode 3
- a vertically arranged rectangle corresponds to the opposed electrode 4
- an intersecting portion between the horizontally arranged rectangle and the vertically arranged rectangle corresponds to the image display element.
- a voltage Vs is applied to the image display element on the uppermost line and leftmost row from the display electrode side and a voltage Vd1 is applied thereto from the opposed electrode side, the image display element shows a display state such that the particles A and the particles B are mixed with a mixing ratio corresponding to a magnitude of electric field (Vd1-Vs)/g, here, g : distance between electrodes (electric field intensity).
- Vd1-Vs magnitude of electric field
- a voltage Vs is applied to the image display element on the uppermost line and third row from leftmost one from the display electrode side and a voltage Vs2 is applied thereto from the opposed electrode side, the image display element shows a display state such that the particles A and the particles B are mixed with a mixing ratio corresponding to a magnitude of electric field (Vd2-Vs)/g, here, g : distance between electrodes (electric field intensity).
- Vd2-Vs magnitude of electric field
- a color of the particles A is black and a color of the particles B is white.
- the image display element shows a black color as is the same as the case in which a normal image forming electric field is applied.
- the mixing ratio of the particles A and the particles B is 0 : 100, the image display element show a white color as is the same as the case in which a normal image forming electric field is applied.
- the magnitude of electric field (Vd1-Vs)/g is set to be close to the magnitude of electric field for the black display, the image display element on the uppermost line and leftmost row shows a halftone image near black color.
- the image display element on the uppermost line and third row from leftmost one shows a halftone image near white color.
- the image display element to which 0 electric field is applied on at least one of electrodes, maintains its display color prior to the voltage application.
- the halftone image display is performed by adjusting the electric field intensity applied between the display electrode and the opposed electrode.
- the halftone image display of this example may be performed by adjusting an applying time period of electric field applied between the display electrode and the opposed electrode, or, by adjusting an applying number of electric field applied between the display electrode and the opposed electrode, or, by adjusting electric field intensity, electric field applying time period and electric field applying number at the same time.
- Fig. 9 is a schematic view for explaining a method of applying a reset voltage for a particle state reset operation prior to a halftone image display in the image display device according to the invention.
- a reset voltage applying period is arranged from an end of previous frame to a start of current frame.
- the reset voltage for generating an alternating electric field as a reset electric field is applied.
- the reset voltage is set to be a voltage value larger than that of an image forming voltage applied for the display for the particles A only, the display for the particles B only, and the halftone image display between the particles A and the particles B.
- a reset voltage application is performed by applying voltages having inversion phase (reset voltage and inversion reset voltage) to the display electrode and the opposed electrode.
- voltages having inversion phase reset voltage and inversion reset voltage
- the reason for applying the reset voltage mentioned above is as follows. That is, in the case that the halftone image display is performed by adjusting the applied electric field intensity as shown in Fig. 8b, if the mixing state between the particles A and the particles B is once reset, an actual mixing ratio between the particles A and the particles B is deviated from the desired mixing ratio due to an influence of the previous image prior to the halftone image display.
- the reset voltage is applied for eliminating this mixing ratio deviation. In this manner, if the mixing state between the particles A and the particles B is once reset prior to the halftone image display, it is possible to reduce the influence of the previous image prior to the halftone image display, and thus it is possible to realize the desired halftone image display with an excellent reproducibility.
- the alternating electric field is used as the reset electric field
- the particles A and the particles B are flown between the display electrode and the opposed electrode, and thus it is possible to realize a desired state such that an interaction between the particles and the electrode surfaces can be made minimum. Therefore, it is possible to realize the mixing state between the particles A and the particles B due to successive voltage applications with more excellent reproducibility.
- the alternating electric field is used as the reset electric field, but instead a pulse electric field may be used as the reset electric field.
- a pulse electric field may be used as the reset electric field.
- Figs. 10a to 10d are schematic views respectively showing one embodiment of sub-pixels in the third aspect of the image display device according to the invention.
- the embodiment shown in Figs. 10a to 10d shows the sub-pixels obtained by segmentalizing one pixel unevenly.
- one pixel (Fig. 10b) in the 20 ⁇ 20 dots matrix display shown in Fig. 10a is segmentalized into sub-pixels each having a different size.
- a method of segmentalizing one pixel unevenly as shown in Fig. 10c, use may be made of six sub-pixels each having a rectangular shape with a different area. Moreover, as shown in Fig. 10d, use may be made of six sub-pixels each having same width along a line direction and different width along a row direction, i.e. each having a different area.
- the uneven segmentalization shown in Fig. 10c is difficult on drive, and thus the uneven segmentalization shown in Fig. 10d is more useful.
- the halftone image display can be performed by appropriately driving the sub-pixels, and further it is possible to maintain the halftone image even after power OFF state.
- a drive circuit for driving the sub-pixels can be made smaller and realize a compact and inexpensive construction.
- the sizes of the sub-pixels are to be two's power i.e. 1, 2, 4, 8 ⁇ , it is possible to obtain a combination of sub-pixels total area by a smallest segmentalization number of the sub-pixels.
- the sub-pixels are segmentalized on the basis of ⁇ correction coefficient due to a visual sensitivity, it is possible to eliminate a distortion of the image at a high density display portion and to obtain the image display device with more excellent representational power.
- Fig. 11 is a schematic view showing another embodiment of the sub-pixels in the third aspect of the image display device according to the invention.
- the embodiment shown in Fig. 11 shows the sub-pixels obtained by segmentalizing one pixel evenly. Specifically, one pixel is segmentalized into 4x4 sub-pixels.
- the halftone image display can be performed by appropriately driving the sub-pixels, and also the halftone image can be maintained after power OFF. As shown in Fig.
- the sub-pixels are formed by segmentalizing one pixel evenly so as to indicate the same halftone image by a different sub-pixels patterns, it is possible to prevent a generation of a pseudo pattern (line) in the case of the unevenly segmentalized sub-pixels as shown in Fig. 12 at a portion where the pixels having same gray level are continued, and thus it is possible to obtain the image with a high quality.
- one frame is further segmentalized to a plurality of sub-frames, and the halftone image is displayed by a deviation of the display pattern of the sub-frames.
- the halftone image display due to the sub-pixels and the halftone image display due to the sub-frames can be utilized at the same time, and thus it is possible to display the image with more gray levels as compared with the halftone image display utilizing only one of sub-pixels and sub-frames.
- Fig. 13a is a schematic view showing the sub-frames used for the halftone image display in the image display device according to the invention.
- the sub-frame having a length smaller than that of one frame is formed, and the halftone image is displayed by a display pattern formed by at least one sub-frame.
- the sub-frame use is made of plural sub-frames SF1, SF2, SF3 having different length with each others.
- SF1 is the sub-frame having a length corresponding to one unit period (1 unit length)
- SF2 is the sub-frame having a length corresponding to two unit periods
- SF3 is the sub-frame having a length corresponding to four unit periods.
- the reason for setting respective sub-frame lengths to the length (time period) obtained by multiplying a unit length and a two's power as SF1 unit period ⁇ 2°
- SF2 unit period ⁇ 1'
- Fig. 13b is a schematic view showing various display patterns used for the halftone image display according to the invention.
- a color of the particles A is black and a color of the particles B is white.
- a period for displaying the particles A is shown by a hatched rectangle.
- P0 is the display pattern for displaying no particles A
- P1 is the display pattern for displaying the particles A in one unit period by utilizing the sub-frame SF1
- P2 is the display pattern for displaying the particles A in two unit periods by utilizing the sub-frame SF2
- P3 is the display pattern for displaying the particles A in three unit periods by utilizing the sub-frames SF1 and SF2
- P5 is the display pattern for displaying the particles A in five unit periods by utilizing the sub-frames SF1 and SF3
- P6 is the display pattern for displaying the particles A in six unit periods by utilizing the sub-frames SF2 and SF3
- P7 is the display pattern for displaying the particles A in seven unit periods by utilizing the sub-frames SF1, SF2 and SF3.
- the unit time period corresponds to 1/7 of one frame.
- the display pattern used for displaying the halftone image is not limited to the examples shown in Fig. 13b.
- the display pattern P5 consisting of plural sub-frames
- other combinations of the sub-frames may be utilized if the total unit period is five.
- the display patterns shown in Fig. 13b show the display pattern in which the display is performed from a start of the current frame and a predetermined unit period continues from this start point.
- the display may start from an arbitral point of the current frame.
- a plurality of sub-frames may be displayed discontinuously. In the embodiment shown in Figs.
- the display patterns P0 to P7 utilizing at least one sub-frames SF1, SF2 and SF3 each having a length smaller than that of one frame and a different length with each other.
- the display patterns P0 to P7 may be constructed by only one sub-frame SF1 having a length smaller than one frame if the number of SF1 it equal to the number of the predetermined unit period.
- the halftone image is displayed by utilizing the display patterns P0 to P7 consisting of at least one sub-frames SF1, SF2 and SF3 each having different length with each other, instead of displaying the halftone image by adjusting the display area ratio of particles A/particles B. Therefore, it is possible to display the halftone image without complicating the drive circuit of the image display element. Moreover, since a larger number of gray levels can be obtained with a lower drive clock frequency by utilizing the sub-frames SF1, SF2 and SF3 each having different length with each other, it is possible to obtain the image display device having a compact and inexpensive construction.
- the length of respective sub-frames SF1, SF2 and SF3 is set to a length obtained by multiplying a unit length and a two's power, it is possible to obtain a larger number of gray levels with an equal gradation by a rough segmentalization number.
- a length of respective sub-frames is determined to be a length obtained by multiplying a unit length and a two's power, but it may be determined on the basis of ⁇ correction coefficient due to a visual sensitivity. In this case, it is possible to prevent a distortion of the image at the high density display portion and to obtain the image display device with excellent representational power.
- the sub-frame having a length smaller than that of one frame is formed, and the halftone image formed by at least one sub-frame.
- the method such that one pixel is segmentalized to a plurality of sub-pixels and the halftone image is displayed by the display pattern formed by at least one of plural sub-pixels.
- two kinds of the halftone image displaying methods are used, it is possible to extremely increase the feasible number of gray levels.
- Figs. 14a and 14b are schematic views respectively explaining the method of correcting the fly/move current when the halftone image display is performed in the image display device according to the fifth aspect of the invention.
- a voltage is applied between the electrodes of the image display panel of the image display device, a fly/move current due to a particle fly/move motion and also a charged current for charging capacitance between the electrodes are flown. Therefore, a current flowing when the voltage is applied between the electrodes is simply observed, and then an observed voltage calculated by summing the fly/move current and the charged current is obtained.
- the charged current is preliminarily obtained by a calculation utilizing an electrode distance, a gas charged between the electrodes, a dielectric constant of the particles and so on, it is possible to obtain the fly/move current from the observed current value by utilizing such calculation value.
- the calculation value is used as it is, it is not possible to correct a variation of a display density in the case that a variation of the charged current waveform is generated by a variation of a cell gap between the electrodes in the image display panel.
- a first current waveform (current waveform shown in left side of Fig. 14b) that is the charged current generating when a voltage A having a voltage value less than a particle fly/move threshold voltage
- a second current waveform (current waveform shown in right side of Fig. 14b) that is the observed current generating when a voltage B having a voltage value larger than the particle fly/move threshold voltage are observed, and the observed current waveform is corrected on the basis of the charged current waveform.
- the correction is performed on the basis of an integral value of the particle fly/move current.
- the halftone image display is realized by adjusting the voltage value applied between the electrodes.
- the voltage value mentioned above one or more objects of waveform, applied period and applied number of the voltage applied between the electrodes may be adjusted.
- the electrodes are arranged on the substrates (transparent substrate, opposed substrate).
- the term "arranged on the substrate” include the case such that "the electrode is arranged on the substrate directly” and the case such that "the electrode is arranged on the substrate with a space”.
- a novel image display device is constructed by arranging image display elements in a matrix manner, which can fly and move the particles by means of Coulomb's force and so on when an electrostatic field is directly applied to the particles, it is possible to obtain an image display device which can realize rapid response, simple and inexpensive construction, and excellent stability. Moreover, since the image deleting process prior to forming the image to be displayed is eliminated, it is possible to reduce density unevenness and maintain the display quality.
- a novel image display device is constructed by arranging image display elements in a matrix manner, which can fly and move the particles by means of Coulomb's force and so on when an electrostatic field is directly applied to the particles, it is possible to obtain an image display device which can realize rapid response, simple and inexpensive construction, and excellent stability.
- the halftone image display is not performed by repeating particles A/particles B, it is possible to utilize a display memory property and display an excellent halftone image.
- a novel image display device is constructed by arranging image display elements in a matrix manner, which can fly and move the particles by means of Coulomb's force and so on when an electrostatic field is directly applied to the particles, it is possible to obtain an image display device which can realize rapid response, simple and inexpensive construction, and excellent stability.
- a method for displaying a halftone image use is made of the method such that a sub-frame having a length smaller than that of one frame is formed, and a halftone image is displayed by a display pattern formed by at least one sub-frames, in stead of a method such that a display area ratio of particles A/ particles B is adjusted. Therefore, it is possible to display a halftone image without complicating a drive circuit of image display elements.
- a novel image display device is constructed by arranging image display elements in a matrix manner, which can fly and move the particles by means of Coulomb's force and so on when an electrostatic field is directly applied to the particles, it is possible to obtain an image display device which can realize rapid response, simple and inexpensive construction, and excellent stability.
- a method for displaying a halftone image use is made of the method such that at least one of voltage value, waveform, applying time and applying number of the voltage applied between the electrodes is adjusted in response to a gray level of respective pixels forming the image to be displayed, in such a manner that an integral value of a fly/move current generating at a fly/move motion of particles becomes a predetermined target value. Therefore, it is possible to display the halftone image with excellent reproducibility.
Applications Claiming Priority (21)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2002037725 | 2002-02-15 | ||
JP2002037725 | 2002-02-15 | ||
JP2002037729 | 2002-02-15 | ||
JP2002037729 | 2002-02-15 | ||
JP2002044803 | 2002-02-21 | ||
JP2002044803 | 2002-02-21 | ||
JP2002052024 | 2002-02-27 | ||
JP2002052024 | 2002-02-27 | ||
JP2002114608 | 2002-04-17 | ||
JP2002114608 | 2002-04-17 | ||
JP2002313821 | 2002-10-29 | ||
JP2002313808A JP2003307753A (ja) | 2002-02-15 | 2002-10-29 | 画像表示装置 |
JP2002313821A JP4397157B2 (ja) | 2002-02-15 | 2002-10-29 | 画像表示装置 |
JP2002313808 | 2002-10-29 | ||
JP2002316624A JP4518736B2 (ja) | 2002-04-17 | 2002-10-30 | 画像表示装置 |
JP2002316624 | 2002-10-30 | ||
JP2002316587 | 2002-10-30 | ||
JP2002316587A JP2003315848A (ja) | 2002-02-21 | 2002-10-30 | 画像表示装置 |
JP2002316594A JP2003322880A (ja) | 2002-02-27 | 2002-10-30 | 画像表示装置 |
JP2002316594 | 2002-10-30 | ||
PCT/JP2003/001341 WO2003069404A1 (fr) | 2002-02-15 | 2003-02-07 | Unite d'affichage d'images |
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EP1484635A4 EP1484635A4 (de) | 2008-02-20 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20060238488A1 (en) | 2006-10-26 |
WO2003069404A1 (fr) | 2003-08-21 |
KR100639547B1 (ko) | 2006-10-30 |
AU2003207186A1 (en) | 2003-09-04 |
KR20040111356A (ko) | 2004-12-31 |
EP1484635A4 (de) | 2008-02-20 |
US7705823B2 (en) | 2010-04-27 |
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