EP1442808B1 - Matrice de laminage - Google Patents

Matrice de laminage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1442808B1
EP1442808B1 EP04009469A EP04009469A EP1442808B1 EP 1442808 B1 EP1442808 B1 EP 1442808B1 EP 04009469 A EP04009469 A EP 04009469A EP 04009469 A EP04009469 A EP 04009469A EP 1442808 B1 EP1442808 B1 EP 1442808B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
rolling
accordance
racks
rack
guide
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP04009469A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1442808A3 (fr
EP1442808A2 (fr
Inventor
Bernd Kreissig
Otto Brüntrup
Lothar Dr. Ophey
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
MAG IAS GmbH Eislingen
Original Assignee
Ex Cell O GmbH
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Publication date
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Application filed by Ex Cell O GmbH filed Critical Ex Cell O GmbH
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Publication of EP1442808A3 publication Critical patent/EP1442808A3/fr
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21H—MAKING PARTICULAR METAL OBJECTS BY ROLLING, e.g. SCREWS, WHEELS, RINGS, BARRELS, BALLS
    • B21H5/00—Making gear wheels, racks, spline shafts or worms
    • B21H5/02—Making gear wheels, racks, spline shafts or worms with cylindrical outline, e.g. by means of die rolls
    • B21H5/027—Making gear wheels, racks, spline shafts or worms with cylindrical outline, e.g. by means of die rolls by rolling using reciprocating flat dies, e.g. racks
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21H—MAKING PARTICULAR METAL OBJECTS BY ROLLING, e.g. SCREWS, WHEELS, RINGS, BARRELS, BALLS
    • B21H3/00—Making helical bodies or bodies having parts of helical shape
    • B21H3/02—Making helical bodies or bodies having parts of helical shape external screw-threads ; Making dies for thread rolling
    • B21H3/06—Making by means of profiled members other than rolls, e.g. reciprocating flat dies or jaws, moved longitudinally or curvilinearly with respect to each other
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21H—MAKING PARTICULAR METAL OBJECTS BY ROLLING, e.g. SCREWS, WHEELS, RINGS, BARRELS, BALLS
    • B21H7/00—Making articles not provided for in the preceding groups, e.g. agricultural tools, dinner forks, knives, spoons
    • B21H7/14—Making articles not provided for in the preceding groups, e.g. agricultural tools, dinner forks, knives, spoons knurled articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21H—MAKING PARTICULAR METAL OBJECTS BY ROLLING, e.g. SCREWS, WHEELS, RINGS, BARRELS, BALLS
    • B21H7/00—Making articles not provided for in the preceding groups, e.g. agricultural tools, dinner forks, knives, spoons
    • B21H7/18—Making articles not provided for in the preceding groups, e.g. agricultural tools, dinner forks, knives, spoons grooved pins; Rolling grooves, e.g. oil grooves, in articles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a rolling bar for non-cutting cold forming of profiles by cold rolling, the use of corresponding rolling rods in a cold rolling machine and a method for cold rolling a workpiece with corresponding rolling rods.
  • the cross rolling machine comprises at least one transverse roll bar, which has a wedge-shaped profile.
  • the workpiece to be machined is clamped rotatably between two tips or other quick-release devices, this workpiece clamping device is usually associated with a feed axis.
  • This workpiece clamping device is usually associated with a feed axis.
  • the desired profiling of the workpiece via two synchronously counter-rotating rolling rods, which impinge simultaneously on the workpiece and this initially by frictional engagement and later by positive engagement in rotation. In doing so, the material is introduced into the free spaces of the tool, i. displaced by the rolling rods.
  • the height of the ground profile of the rolling rod increases in the forming area, so that each tooth of the rolling rod is pressed slightly deeper into the workpiece, as the preceding. Once the full tread depth has been reached, a calibration zone and a relaxation zone can follow, along which the geometry and surface quality of the workpiece are optimized.
  • This non-cutting cold forming of profiles is about thirty times faster than the machining of the profiles.
  • Cold rolled workpieces also offer higher strength, better surface finish and high accuracy.
  • the rolling rod For dimensional corrections on the workpiece, it may be necessary to deliver the rolling rod in the radial direction (relative to the workpiece) in order to form the predetermined tread depth. This delivery is done manually via adjusting screws, over which the radial position of the rolling rods is adjustable relative to the workpiece. For this readjustment of the rolling process must be interrupted, so that the productivity of the system is reduced.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a rolling rod and a method for cold rolling, through which the downtime during production are reduced.
  • the rolling rod according to the invention which is used in particular for the production of cover toothings or spiral toothings, has a profiling which extends with a constant profile over substantially the entire effective surface of the rolling rod. Their production is thereby simpler than in the conventional rolling rods with increasing profile depth in the rolling direction.
  • a tread depth is substantially consistent along a range.
  • Calibration and relaxation zones can be formed at end sections.
  • the calibration and relaxation zones may be formed by ramps.
  • the area extending between the ramps can be designed essentially with the same profile depth.
  • profiling ramps can be formed with low tread depth.
  • the ramps may be short ramps.
  • the length of the ramps is substantially less than the length with constant profiling.
  • a rolling rod according to the invention is made of hardened and ground cold work steel.
  • the rolling rods according to the invention can be advantageously used in a cold rolling machine with an infeed device with an integrated feed drive, via which the rolling rods can be adjusted during the rolling process in the direction of engagement. That is, each rolling rod is associated with a feed axis, which allows an adjustment of the rolling rods in approximately radial direction with respect to the workpiece to be machined.
  • this feed device thus the tread depth can be changed during the rolling process, so that, for example, the desired Endprofiliefe not - as required in the prior art - during a feed movement of the rolling rods, but during several Walzstangenh Claus can be formed, in which the rolling rods are readjusted in the radial direction. This makes it possible to minimize the length of the rolling rod, so that the dimensions of the cold rolling machine remain relatively low.
  • the rolling rods can be carried out essentially with a constant tread depth, see above that their production is much easier than in the conventional rolling rods with increasing profile depth in the rolling direction.
  • the calibration and relaxation zones described above can be formed by means of small ramps at the end sections of the rolling rods, wherein the region of the rolling rods extending between the ramps is formed essentially with the same profile depth.
  • each of the two rolling rods is assigned in each case a guide carriage, which is displaceable along inclined guides.
  • These two inclined guides are employed in a V-shaped manner with respect to one another, so that the radial distance between the rolling rod and the workpiece can be changed by displacing the guide carriage along the associated inclined guide.
  • the feed movement is carried out by moving the roll bar along the wedge-shaped inclined guides, so that by adjusting the rolling rods without tool change a variation of the number of teeth, the rolling of even and odd numbers of teeth, a positioned rollers and the quality optimization of the profile by division correction possible is.
  • each guide carriage is assigned its own feed drive, for example a planetary spindle drive.
  • feed drive for example a planetary spindle drive.
  • suitable drives such as rack drives, ball screw drives or hydraulic drives can be used.
  • the construction of the cold rolling machine can be further simplified if the free end portions of the sliding along the slanted guide rails are connected via a console on which the drives are stored for the rolling rod device.
  • the inventive concept can be used particularly advantageously in cold rolling machines, the rolling rods are driven in the vertical direction, so that the footprint of the machine according to the invention is minimal.
  • the height can be minimized by driving the rolling rods in the horizontal direction.
  • the workpiece can be driven via the rolling rods transmitted forces or via its own rotary drive, which is synchronized with the drive of the rolling rods.
  • the forming area of the workpiece is subjected to ultrasound.
  • ultrasound the flow limit is lowered during the forming process, so that the forming forces are reduced compared to conventional solutions.
  • the guide rails supporting the inclined guides are advantageously supported on two spaced support legs of a machine bed, these two support legs are connected to increase the rigidity over cross straps.
  • FIG. 1 shows a section through a cold rolling machine 1, in which two rolling rods 2, 4 in the vertical direction (with respect to the footprint) are arranged, while a workpiece, not shown, the bearing headstock 6 (only indicated in FIG FIG. 1 ) in the horizontal direction, that is arranged parallel to the support surface.
  • the workpiece is rotatably mounted in this headstock 6, wherein via an NC drive, not shown, for example, for feeding or removal of the workpiece from the processing area, before or after the rolling, a shift in the axial direction (perpendicular to the plane) is possible.
  • the design of the headstock with a quill and a rear centering differs essentially not from conventional solutions, so that reference is made to the above-mentioned prospectus of the applicant with regard to further details for the sake of simplicity.
  • the control of the cold rolling machine 1 is according to FIG. 2 housed in laterally arranged cabinets 7.
  • This extremely compact design with minimal footprint makes it possible to carry out the cold rolling machine 1 as a so-called hook machine, which is practically pre-assembled and delivered as a functional unit.
  • the illustrated cold rolling machine 1 has a base made of mineral cast, the two upwards (see FIG. 1 ) projecting support legs 10, 12 has. These each have a stepped recess with an in FIG. 1 visible horizontal support surface 14 and a vertical support surface ( FIG. 2 ) 16, on which one of the two support legs 10, 12 overstretching bridge structure 18 is supported. This is in FIG. 2 shown cut and contains essentially the guides and drives for the reciprocating movement of the rolling rods 2, 4th
  • the bridge structure 18 carrying the rolling rods 2, 4 has in each case one supporting body 20, 22 attached to the supporting legs 10, 12, which essentially consists of a cast-supporting structure 24, which is designed with a mineral casting filling.
  • FIG. 2 can be removed, the two support bodies 20, 22 via a rear transverse tab 26 and a front transverse flap 28 are connected to each other, which extend beyond the area between the two support legs 10, 12.
  • the end portions of the front cross-bar 28 are secured to the bearing surfaces of the support legs 10 and 12 formed by the horizontal support surface 14 and the vertical support surface 16.
  • Both transverse straps 26, 28 each have a recess 30, 32, through which the workpiece with the associated clamping devices of the headstock 6 (indicated in FIG FIG. 2 ) can be feasible in the editing area.
  • FIG. 2 can be removed, are formed at the opposite end faces of the two support bodies 20, 22 and the cast-support structure 24 oblique track guides 34, 36 in the form of flat track guides made of plastic, characterized by low friction, high accuracy, long life and optimal damping behavior distinguished.
  • oblique track guides 34, 36 in the form of flat track guides made of plastic, characterized by low friction, high accuracy, long life and optimal damping behavior distinguished.
  • a guide carriage 38, 40 guided which is designed in the contact area with the two support members 20, 22 with guide legs which engage around the inclined track guide 34, 36.
  • the determination of the guide carriage 38, 40 in the transverse direction takes place via a counter guide 42, which engage behind the side surfaces of the flat track guide 36.
  • each flat track guide 34, 36 may be, for example, 3 °.
  • NC drive 44 which can be embodied, for example, as a planetary spindle drive with servomotor 50.
  • a spindle nut 46 is rotatably supported in the support body 22 and 24, while the planetary spindle 48 is mounted in a console of the guide carriage 38 and 40 and connected via a toothed belt with the servo motor 50.
  • the planetary spindle 48 is rotated by the fixed spindle nut 46 and transmitted as axial displacement on the guide carriage 38, 40, so that they are displaced along the inclined track guides 34 and 36 respectively.
  • the end faces of the guide carriage 38, 40 remote from the inclined track guides 34, 36 run parallel to the feed axis of the two rolling rods 2, 4, so that the guide slides, 38, 40, in the representation according to FIG. 1 have an approximately wedge-shaped cross-section.
  • the rolling rods 2, 4 facing end surfaces of the guide carriage 38, 40 are also formed as guides 52, 54 along which slides 56, 58 are guided, on which the rolling rods 2, 4 are fixed.
  • the guides 52, 54 are also executed again as a cast flat rail guides and correspond in terms of structure substantially the inclined guides 34, 36. D. h., The carriages 56, 58 dive with their end face in a U-shaped recess of the associated guide carriage 38, 40, wherein this recess is designed as a sliding guide.
  • FIG. 1 via the two support legs 10, 12 also extending end portions of the two guide slides 38, 40 each have a bracket 62, in each of which an NC drive 64, 66 is mounted.
  • a planetary spindle 48 is (here via a toothed belt 68) ( FIG. 2 ) connected to a servomotor 50 and rotatably mounted in the bracket 62.
  • the cooperating with the planetary spindle 48 spindle nut 46 is rotatably mounted in a respective carriage 56, 58, so that upon rotation of the planetary spindle 48, the spindle nut 46 and the associated carriage 56 and 58 along the guide 52 and 54 is moved.
  • the planetary spindle 48 passes through an inner bore of the associated carriage 56, 58.
  • the two NC drives 64, 66 are driven in such a way that the two rolling rods 2, 4 are offset in the counter-synchronized movements.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of a rolling rod 2, as in the cold rolling machine 1 according to FIG. 1 can be used.
  • This rolling rod 2 is conventionally made of hardened and ground cold work steel and carries a profiling 70 whose tread depth S is substantially constant along a region T. At the two end portions of the profiling 70 ramps 72 are formed whose length U is substantially less than the length T with constant profiling 70. Due to the substantially constant profiling leaves the in FIG. 3 shown rolling rod much easier to produce than conventional rolling rods, where the tread depth in the range T is variable. Also the regrinding of in FIG. 3 shown rolling rod is due to the substantially constant tread depth much easier than in the conventional solutions.
  • FIG. 1 shows the basic position of the cold rolling machine 1, in which the carriage 58 is in its upper and the carriage 56 in its lower end position.
  • the two guide slides 38, 40 are moved via the NC drives 44 into their upper end position, so that the distance between the rolling rods 2, 4 is maximum (minimum profile depth).
  • the workpiece is brought over the headstock 6 in its processing position between the two rolling rods 2, 4.
  • both NC drives 64, 66 are driven synchronously and in opposite directions, so that the two rolling rods 2, 4 accumulate in opposite directions on the workpiece and these offset by frictional and positive engagement in rotation, said by the engagement between the workpiece and the two rolling rods 2, 4 the forming process takes place.
  • the tread depth can be adjusted by a synchronous displacement of the two guide slides 38, 40 along the inclined surfaces 34, 36, wherein the maximum tread depth during a stroke of the rolling rods 2, 4 or during several successive strokes (also in reverse operation) is formed.
  • suitable inclination of the inclined guide 34, 36 and corresponding stroke of the NC drives for example, a tread depth of up to about 5 mm can be produced.
  • the rolling process is constantly monitored, so that the rolling process by variable speed profiles for both the advance of the guide carriage 34, 36 and the carriage 56, 58 can be optimized.
  • the mineral casting substructure 8 and the mineral cast-filled support body 20, 22 cause a much better attenuation than conventional constructions.
  • the cast mineral substructure makes it possible to integrate all the supply elements, with virtually no additional processing required after casting the substructure.
  • the substructure may be formed in a conventional manner by a welded or cast construction in deviation from the above-described embodiment.
  • the adjustability of the guide carriages 38, 40 also makes it possible to perform a division correction during the rolling process, so that the rolling quality compared to conventional solutions with rolling rods considerably is improved.
  • roller guides for example roller shoes or flat cage guides, which, however, are less favorable than the molded guideways both in terms of load capacities and costs.
  • the workpiece is driven by engagement with the rolling rods 2, 4.
  • the workpiece can be assigned its own rotary drive, which is synchronized with the NC drives 64, 66 of the rolling rods, so that the stroke of the rolling rods 2, 4 is synchronized with the rotation of the workpiece to be rolled.
  • the forming forces can be reduced when the rolled portion of the workpiece is subjected to ultrasound.
  • a suitable ultrasonic head can be integrated into the cold rolling machine.
  • Another possibility is to superimpose the rotational movement of the workpiece during the rolling process with ultrasonic vibrations. This could for example take place in that the above-described rotary drive for the workpiece generates a rotational movement which is superimposed with high-frequency ultrasonic vibrations of low amplitude.
  • the forming forces can be reduced during the rolling process, so that an increase in the process speed is made possible. Due to the reduction in the flow limit, materials that are difficult to form can also be cold-rolled using conventional methods.
  • a cold rolling machine in which the rolling rods are preferably arranged in the vertical direction and are adjustable via a feed device during the rolling process in the radial direction with respect to the workpiece to be machined.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metal Rolling (AREA)
  • Transmission Devices (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)

Claims (21)

  1. Barre de laminage pour le formage à froid sans enlèvement de copeaux de profilés par laminage à froid, en particulier pour la fabrication de dentures, caractérisée par un profilage (70) qui s'étend en ayant un profilé constant pratiquement sur toute la surface active de la barre de laminage (2, 4).
  2. Barre de laminage selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'une profondeur de profilé (S), le long d'une zone (T), est pratiquement constante.
  3. Barre de laminage selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que des zones de calibrage sont réalisées sur des parties d'extrémités.
  4. Barre de laminage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que des zones de détente sont réalisées sur des parties d'extrémités.
  5. Barre de laminage selon la revendication 3 ou 4, caractérisée en ce que les zones de calibrage et de détente sont réalisées via de rampes (72).
  6. Barre de laminage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que des rampes (72) ayant une profondeur de profilé moins importante sont conformées au niveau des parties d'extrémités du profilage (70).
  7. Barre de laminage selon la revendication 6, caractérisée en ce que la zone (T) s'étendant entre les rampes (72) est réalisée pratiquement avec une profondeur de profilé constante.
  8. Barre de laminage selon la revendication 6 ou 7, caractérisée en ce que les rampes sont des rampes (72) courtes.
  9. Barre de laminage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 5 à 8, caractérisée en ce que la longueur (U) des rampes (72) est pratiquement moins importante que la longueur (T) ayant un profilage constant.
  10. Barre de laminage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée par une fabrication en acier pour travail à froid durci et meulé.
  11. Utilisation de barres de laminage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes pour une machine de laminage à froid comprenant deux barres de laminage (2, 4) profilées, entraînées en sens opposé, qui sont montées à chaque fois sur un guidage (52, 54) via un chariot (56, 58), et sont en prise avec une pièce d'usinage montée en rotation entre les barres de laminage (2, 4), et un dispositif d'avance (38, 40 ; 20, 22) comprenant au moins un entraînement d'avance (44), grâce auquel les barres de laminage (2, 4), pendant le processus de laminage, sont réglables dans le sens de prise.
  12. Utilisation de barres de laminage selon la revendication 11, où le dispositif d'avance pour chaque guidage (52, 54) a un chariot de guidage (38, 40) qui est monté en étant mobile sur un guidage oblique (34, 36), où les guidages obliques (34, 36) associés aux deux barres de laminage (2, 4) sont disposés en forme de V l'un par rapport à l'autre.
  13. Utilisation de barres de laminage selon la revendication 11 ou 12, où un entraînement d'avance (44), de préférence un entraînement à commande numérique, est associé à chaque chariot de guidage (38, 40).
  14. Utilisation de barres de laminage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 11 à 13, où les parties d'extrémités libres des chariots de guidage (38, 40) ont une console (62), sur laquelle sont montés les entraînements (64, 66) pour les barres de laminage (2, 4).
  15. Utilisation de barres de laminage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 11 à 14, où les guidages (52, 54) pour les barres de laminage (2, 4) sont disposés dans le sens vertical ou dans le sens horizontal.
  16. Utilisation de barres de laminage selon la revendication 12, où les guidages obliques (34, 36) sont disposés sur deux branches d'appui (10, 12) d'une infrastructure (8).
  17. Utilisation de barres de laminage selon la revendication 16, où les deux branches d'appui (10, 12) sont reliées entre elles par des éclisses transversales (26, 28).
  18. Utilisation de barres de laminage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 11 à 17, où un entraînement est associé à la pièce d'usinage, lequel entraînement est synchronisé avec l'entraînement des barres de laminage.
  19. Utilisation de barres de laminage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 11 à 18, comprenant un dispositif à ultrasons, au moyen duquel la zone laminée de la pièce d'usinage peut être sollicitée par des vibrations dans la plage d'ultrasons.
  20. Procédé de laminage à froid d'une pièce d'usinage qui est en prise active avec deux barres de laminage (2, 4) pouvant être entraînées en sens opposé, selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, où les barres de laminage (2, 4) sont réglées pendant le laminage dans le sens radial par rapport à la pièce d'usinage.
  21. Procédé selon la revendication 20, où la profondeur de profilé prédéterminée est conformée pendant plusieurs courses successives des barres de laminage.
EP04009469A 2000-06-09 2001-06-08 Matrice de laminage Expired - Lifetime EP1442808B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10028165A DE10028165A1 (de) 2000-06-09 2000-06-09 Kaltwalzmaschine
DE10028165 2000-06-09
EP01955205A EP1286794B2 (fr) 2000-06-09 2001-06-08 Machine de laminage a froid

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP01955205.8 Division 2001-06-08
EP01955205A Division EP1286794B2 (fr) 2000-06-09 2001-06-08 Machine de laminage a froid

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1442808A2 EP1442808A2 (fr) 2004-08-04
EP1442808A3 EP1442808A3 (fr) 2004-09-29
EP1442808B1 true EP1442808B1 (fr) 2009-02-04

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EP04009469A Expired - Lifetime EP1442808B1 (fr) 2000-06-09 2001-06-08 Matrice de laminage
EP01955205A Expired - Lifetime EP1286794B2 (fr) 2000-06-09 2001-06-08 Machine de laminage a froid

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EP01955205A Expired - Lifetime EP1286794B2 (fr) 2000-06-09 2001-06-08 Machine de laminage a froid

Country Status (5)

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US (2) US7051565B2 (fr)
EP (2) EP1442808B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE276846T1 (fr)
DE (4) DE10028165A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2001094048A1 (fr)

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DE102017113382B3 (de) 2017-06-19 2018-10-18 Ffg Werke Gmbh Gewindewalzverfahren und Gewindewalzvorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Gewindes
DE102017116895A1 (de) 2017-07-26 2019-01-31 Mag Ias Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer Verzahnung an einem zylindrischen Werkstück
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1286794B2 (fr) 2009-12-30
US20040007034A1 (en) 2004-01-15
EP1286794B1 (fr) 2004-09-22
EP1286794A1 (fr) 2003-03-05
DE10028165A1 (de) 2001-12-13
US7353679B2 (en) 2008-04-08
DE20122205U1 (de) 2004-09-30
EP1442808A3 (fr) 2004-09-29
US7051565B2 (en) 2006-05-30
DE50114694D1 (de) 2009-03-19
EP1442808A2 (fr) 2004-08-04
DE50103775D1 (de) 2004-10-28
WO2001094048A1 (fr) 2001-12-13
ATE276846T1 (de) 2004-10-15
US20060162409A1 (en) 2006-07-27

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