EP1431203A1 - Fermeture à glissière, bande de fermeture à glissière et sachet refermable - Google Patents

Fermeture à glissière, bande de fermeture à glissière et sachet refermable Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1431203A1
EP1431203A1 EP03028168A EP03028168A EP1431203A1 EP 1431203 A1 EP1431203 A1 EP 1431203A1 EP 03028168 A EP03028168 A EP 03028168A EP 03028168 A EP03028168 A EP 03028168A EP 1431203 A1 EP1431203 A1 EP 1431203A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
groove
pressure lock
flags
lock according
pressure
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP03028168A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1431203B1 (fr
Inventor
Dr.Karl Heinz Siegel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ASF Verwaltungs GmbH
Original Assignee
ASF Verwaltungs GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE20305187U external-priority patent/DE20305187U1/de
Application filed by ASF Verwaltungs GmbH filed Critical ASF Verwaltungs GmbH
Publication of EP1431203A1 publication Critical patent/EP1431203A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1431203B1 publication Critical patent/EP1431203B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D33/00—Details of, or accessories for, sacks or bags
    • B65D33/16—End- or aperture-closing arrangements or devices
    • B65D33/25—Riveting; Dovetailing; Screwing; using press buttons or slide fasteners
    • B65D33/2508—Riveting; Dovetailing; Screwing; using press buttons or slide fasteners using slide fasteners with interlocking members having a substantially uniform section throughout the length of the fastener; Sliders therefor
    • B65D33/2541—Riveting; Dovetailing; Screwing; using press buttons or slide fasteners using slide fasteners with interlocking members having a substantially uniform section throughout the length of the fastener; Sliders therefor characterised by the slide fastener, e.g. adapted to interlock with a sheet between the interlocking members having sections of particular shape
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D33/00—Details of, or accessories for, sacks or bags
    • B65D33/16—End- or aperture-closing arrangements or devices
    • B65D33/25—Riveting; Dovetailing; Screwing; using press buttons or slide fasteners
    • B65D33/2508—Riveting; Dovetailing; Screwing; using press buttons or slide fasteners using slide fasteners with interlocking members having a substantially uniform section throughout the length of the fastener; Sliders therefor
    • B65D33/2516—Riveting; Dovetailing; Screwing; using press buttons or slide fasteners using slide fasteners with interlocking members having a substantially uniform section throughout the length of the fastener; Sliders therefor comprising tamper-indicating means, e.g. located within the fastener
    • B65D33/2533—Riveting; Dovetailing; Screwing; using press buttons or slide fasteners using slide fasteners with interlocking members having a substantially uniform section throughout the length of the fastener; Sliders therefor comprising tamper-indicating means, e.g. located within the fastener the slide fastener being located between the product compartment and the tamper indicating means
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A44—HABERDASHERY; JEWELLERY
    • A44B—BUTTONS, PINS, BUCKLES, SLIDE FASTENERS, OR THE LIKE
    • A44B19/00—Slide fasteners
    • A44B19/10—Slide fasteners with a one-piece interlocking member on each stringer tape
    • A44B19/16—Interlocking member having uniform section throughout the length of the stringer

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a snap fastener, in particular a snap fastener tape, preferably made of plastic. It also relates to a reclosable bag, in particular a resealable packaging bag, or a resealable one Packaging or any other resealable container, preferably made of plastic, with a snap fastener or a snap fastener tape.
  • snap fasteners and snap fastener tapes are known. Acting it is mostly snap fastener tapes that are endlessly extruded and consist of two strands. The two strands are mostly with two or more Equipped hooks that interlock. Another type of snap fastener tapes a strand has a hooked groove while the other strand engages with an arrowhead-like hook in the groove. A such a known embodiment is shown in FIG. 1 shown. Also the one-piece production of the pressure closures or the pressure closure tapes with the bags or packaging are known.
  • closures are attached to the so-called Grip flap opened by pulling open and by pressing or streaking closed with thumb and forefinger.
  • the known closures have the disadvantage, however, that the groove and hook tip or hooks and double hooks for interlocking exactly one above the other must come to lie and then be pressed together with some resistance must, which is usually very difficult for the user and often does not succeed. It The bags or packaging then remain open and the contents spoil or dusty or is exposed to other negative environmental influences.
  • the object of the invention is for a pressure lock or pressure seal tape or with a resealable bag or a resealable bag Packaging to create an easy reclosure option.
  • the pressure lock or the pressure lock tape are preferably made of plastic manufactured. They comprise at least one groove part and a groove part at least one engagement part having an engagement element.
  • the groove part points funnel-shaped webs. Due to the funnel-shaped expansion of the groove part be ensured that the engagement element when closing the pressure lock can safely get into the groove, especially when the engagement element and the groove are initially not positioned correctly with respect to one another are.
  • the groove part and / or the engagement part are preferably made of plastic, especially made of polyethylene or polypropylene.
  • plastic especially made of polyethylene or polypropylene.
  • the whole Snap fastener or the entire snap fastener tape made of plastic, in particular one of the plastics mentioned.
  • the groove is preferably dimensioned so large that the engagement element can easily slip into the groove.
  • the groove part has inwardly pointing projections.
  • This Protrusions can form part of the groove. You can at the top Be provided end of the groove or form the upper end of the groove.
  • the groove is large enough to engage the engagement element easy to slip into the groove.
  • the opposite ends of the projections a certain distance from each other. This distance is preferably such that a easy slipping of the engagement element into the groove is made possible.
  • the projections can be elongated, hook-shaped and / or tapered his.
  • the engagement element can be arrow-shaped.
  • the engagement element can be symmetrical. However, it is also possible that Form engagement element asymmetrically. It is preferably the inside of the container facing flank of the preferably arrow-shaped engagement element longer than the flank facing the container opening. In corresponding In this way, the groove or its inward-facing projections can be asymmetrical be trained. Preferably the inward projection is is longer on the side of the groove facing the interior of the container than the opposite projection. Due to the asymmetrical design of the Engagement element and / or the groove can in particular unintentional opening of the container can be prevented better from the inside.
  • the engagement element can be rounded at its outer end. If that's the Groove facing, outer end of the engagement element is rounded, the penetration the engagement element in the groove facilitated.
  • the engagement element is spherical or designed approximately spherical.
  • the engagement part and / or the groove part can have stiffeners, these Stiffeners can be directed inwards and / or outwards.
  • stiffeners on both sides of the groove part or the engaging part are present, preferably at the same distance from each other.
  • the groove part in the area of the base of the groove has a thickness that slightly deflects the Bridges allowed.
  • the thickness of the base of the groove is preferably such that that the webs are sufficiently easy to deflect on the one hand and on the other one have sufficient closing force.
  • the groove part and / or the engagement part can be connected with one or more flags his.
  • the flags can be present on that side of the pressure lock, which faces the container opening. You can form grip tabs there. Instead or in addition, on the side of the pressure lock, flags facing the inside of the container. These flags can form fastening flags.
  • the groove part and / or the engagement part can be in one piece with the flags.
  • the Flags can be connected to the base of the groove part. However, it is also possible that the flags are connected to the groove part at another location, preferably in the area of the projections.
  • Another advantageous development is characterized in that one or several flags are co-extruded with the snap fastener.
  • the resealable bag according to the invention or the bag according to the invention reclosable packaging preferably made of plastic, preferably made of polyethylene or polypropylene, is by an inventive Snap fastener or a snap fastener tape according to the invention.
  • the reclosable bag or reclosable packaging and the snap fastener or the snap fastener tape can be in one piece.
  • Figure 2 shows a resealable bag 1 made of plastic with a Snap fastener tape 2 made of plastic.
  • first bag wall (back wall) 3 is a groove part 4 connected, which has a groove 5.
  • second bag wall (Front wall) 6 an engagement part 7 is connected, which has an engagement element 8.
  • the engagement element 8 is arrow-shaped.
  • the tip of the arrow is the Groove 5 facing. It is rounded.
  • Lateral surfaces 9, 10 adjoin them at an angle of approximately 45 °, the angle also being greater or smaller can, similar to the previously known embodiment, which is shown in Fig. 1.
  • the groove part 4 has funnel-shaped webs 11, 12.
  • the funnel-shaped webs 11, 12 point obliquely upwards from the base 13 of the groove 5. Your starting points from the base 13 are spaced apart.
  • the angle between the webs 11, 12 is about 60 °. It is preferably in the range between 30 ° and 90 °.
  • the Crosspieces 11, 12 form a funnel-shaped extension towards the engagement element 8.
  • the groove part 4 further comprises inwardly facing projections 14, 15.
  • the projections 14, 15 each point inward from the webs 11, 12. Your starting point lies slightly above the middle of the webs 11, 12. They close with the webs an angle of about 45 °, which angle can also be larger or smaller can and is preferably in the range between 30 ° and 60 °.
  • the projections 14, 15 run slightly towards the base 13 of the groove 5. they form a barb for the engagement element 8.
  • the groove part 4 and the engagement part 7 are connected with flags 16, 17, 30, 31, and connected in one piece.
  • the flags 16, 31 are with the base 13 of the groove part 4 connected, namely connected in one piece.
  • the flags 17, 30 are with the engagement part 7 connected in one piece.
  • the flags 16, 17 face the container opening and form grip tabs.
  • the flags 30, 31 face the interior of the container and form fastening flags.
  • the projections 14, 15 are elongated educated. They taper slightly, with the side surfaces each flat and the tips are rounded. The distance between the facing ends the projections 14, 15 is larger than the width of the engagement element 8 adjoining web 18, but smaller than the width of the engagement element 8. As a result it is ensured that the engagement element 8 slip easily into the groove 5 can and is then reliably held there.
  • the engagement element 8 is on its outer, the groove 5 facing end rounded. It essentially has one hemispherical surface. A conical surface is provided on the back, whose inclination corresponds essentially to that of the projections 14, 15. Due to this inclination in the direction of the central axis 29 towards the base 13 of the groove 5 runs through the inward-facing projections 14, 15 a kind of barb formed for the engagement element 8.
  • the base 13 of the groove 5 has a thickening 19 which faces away from the groove 5 Side of the flags 16, 31 is provided.
  • a corresponding thickening 20 is in the area of the engagement part 7 on the side facing away from the groove part 4
  • Flags 17, 30 are provided.
  • the web 18 has an approximately half height beginning extension 21 to the flags 17, 30 on.
  • the flags 17, 30 are with that end of the extension 21 that on the opposite of the engagement element 8 Side is connected in one piece.
  • the engaging part 2 also has stiffeners 22, 23, each of which is inward are directed towards the groove part 4 and are the same in each case from the central axis 29 are spaced.
  • the stiffeners 22, 23 are just outside the ends of the Projections 14, 15. They increase the stability of the engagement part 7.
  • the projections 14, 15 carried by the funnel-shaped webs 11, 12 enable a latching of the engaging element 8 in the groove 5 and prevent an independent Loosen this engagement element 8.
  • By deliberate spacing between the mutually facing ends of the projections 14, 15 and the web 18 of the Engagement part 7 enables easy closing.
  • the projections 14, 15 form the upper end of the groove 5.
  • the projections 14, 15 hook-shaped. They are shorter than in the embodiment according to FIG. 3.
  • the hook-shaped curvature takes place towards the base 13 of the groove 5, so that the groove 5 has a cross section approximating a circular shape.
  • the engaging member 7 has stiffeners 24, 25 facing outwards are directed, ie in the direction away from the groove part 4.
  • Your distance from the Center axis 29 is somewhat larger than the distance between the outer ends of the webs 11, 12, but slightly less than the spacing of the stiffeners 22, 23 in Fig. 3.
  • FIGS. 1 Furthermore are in the embodiment of FIGS.
  • stiffeners 26, 27 on the Outside of the groove part 4, which are spaced from one another, which is slightly less than the distance between the outer ends of the webs 11, 12, but greater than the width of the base 13.
  • the stiffeners 24, 25 provide stability of the engaging part 7 increased.
  • the stiffeners 26, 27 increase the stability of the groove part 4th
  • the base 13 of the groove 5 is thinner than in the embodiment according to FIGS. 4, 5 and 7 in the embodiment according to FIG. 3.
  • the base 13 has in the embodiment 4, 5 and 7 have a thickness which is a slight deflection of the funnel-shaped Bridges 11, 12 allows.
  • the funnel-shaped webs 11, 12 can thereby bend more easily outwards when inserting the engagement element 8. simultaneously sufficient clamping force is guaranteed.
  • Fig. 7 shows how even when the closure sides are not exactly one above the other the fastener tape closes effortlessly.
  • the engaging part 7 lies obliquely over the groove part 4.
  • the engaging element 8 When inserting the engagement element 8 into the groove 5, the engaging element 8 first reaches the outer one Area of one of the funnel-shaped webs 11, 12, in Fig. 7 with the outer area of the funnel-shaped web 12, in plant. It then becomes funnel-shaped itself widening web 12 directed obliquely inwards, in the case of FIG. 7 in the direction of Arrow 28 inclined obliquely towards groove 5 until the closed one shown in FIG. 5 Position is taken. Due to the funnel-shaped design of the webs 11, 12, the engagement element 8 is positively forced into the groove 5.
  • the projections 14, 15 are tapered educated. They are more pointed and shorter than in the other embodiments.
  • the engagement element 8 is almost spherical.
  • the web 18 is in the area the projections 14, 15 slimmer. It widens towards flags 17, 30 continuous and progressive.
  • Flags 16, 31 connected to the groove part in the region of the projections 14, 15. The The base 13 of the groove part 4 lies outside the plane of the flags 16, 31.
  • Fig. 8 shows an embodiment with a double profile. There are two here Engagement parts 2, 2 'and two groove parts 4, 4' side by side.
  • FIG. 9 shows an embodiment in which the arrow-shaped engagement element 8 is asymmetrical is trained.
  • the flank 32 facing the interior of the container is longer formed as the opposite flank facing the container opening 33.
  • the groove 5 is asymmetrical.
  • the width of the Groove 5 on the side of the flank 32 is larger than the width of the groove 5 on the side the flank 33.
  • the projection 14, which lies on that side of the groove 5, which faces the interior of the container longer than the opposite projection 15th
  • the flags 16, 31 with the groove part 4 connected in one piece, at a point approximately midway between the Base 13 of the groove part 4 and the projections 14, 15 is located.
  • the flags 16, 17, which form the grip tabs connected to each other by a U-shaped end piece 36.
  • perforations 37 are provided on both flags 16, 17, namely in the vicinity of the U-shaped end piece 36.
  • the adhesive 39 is preferably a resin-like peelable Material.
  • the adhesive 39 forms an originality assurance.
  • the U-shaped end piece 36 is first arranged along the lines Perforations 37 separated. The flags 16, 17, which form grip tabs, are gripped and pulled apart so that the connection through the Adhesive 39 is released.
  • the invention makes a resealable bag or a resealable bag Packaging with a simple and secure reclosure option created.
  • the packaging can be inexpensive and technically relative just be made.
  • the invention follows the basic idea that when closing of the pressure lock or the pressure lock packaging of the engagement part on the groove part is possible, in the embodiments shown, of which further modifications are possible.
  • a closure of the packaging over the pressure closure or the pressure closure band be provided, which is preferably easily removable, for example through a perforation.
  • another Tamper evident such as by an adhesive, preferably by a peelable resinous material.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Bag Frames (AREA)
  • Slide Fasteners (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)
  • Absorbent Articles And Supports Therefor (AREA)
  • Slide Fasteners, Snap Fasteners, And Hook Fasteners (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
EP03028168A 2002-12-17 2003-12-08 Fermeture à glissière, bande de fermeture à glissière et sachet refermable Expired - Lifetime EP1431203B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE20219567 2002-12-17
DE20219567U 2002-12-17
DE20305187U DE20305187U1 (de) 2002-12-17 2003-03-31 Druckverschluß, Druckverschlußband und wiederverschließbarer Beutel
DE20305187U 2003-03-31

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1431203A1 true EP1431203A1 (fr) 2004-06-23
EP1431203B1 EP1431203B1 (fr) 2007-08-08

Family

ID=32395225

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03028168A Expired - Lifetime EP1431203B1 (fr) 2002-12-17 2003-12-08 Fermeture à glissière, bande de fermeture à glissière et sachet refermable

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1431203B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE369296T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE50307863D1 (fr)
DK (1) DK1431203T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2289230T3 (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1623644A2 (fr) * 2004-07-30 2006-02-08 ASF Verwaltungs GmbH Fermeture à glissière, bande de fermeture à glissière et sachet refermable
EP1669302A1 (fr) * 2004-12-07 2006-06-14 ASF Verwaltungs GmbH Fermeture éclair, bande de fermeture éclair et sachet refermable
WO2008082816A1 (fr) * 2006-12-29 2008-07-10 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Sac pouvant être refermé ayant une double fermeture
DE102010019837A1 (de) 2010-05-08 2011-11-10 Dietmar G. Turnau Abhörschutztasche für Drahtlos-Kommunikationsgerät als Mittel gegen Fremdmanipulation und Bespitzelung zur zeitweiligen Nutzung während vertraulicher Besprechungen
JP2012165863A (ja) * 2011-02-14 2012-09-06 Seisan Nipponsha:Kk 合成樹脂製チャックと合成樹脂製チャック付き袋体

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1278930B (de) * 1961-11-27 1968-09-26 Seisan Nippon Sha Kk Aus einer Kunststoffolie gebildeter Beutel
FR1576377A (fr) * 1965-02-02 1969-08-01
US3780781A (en) * 1971-09-07 1973-12-25 Seisan Nipponsha Kk Openable bag
GB1532611A (en) * 1977-02-11 1978-11-15 Wf Rational Walter Fischer Sliding clasp fastener
US4672723A (en) * 1985-11-04 1987-06-16 Minigrip, Inc. Stabilized reclosable extruded plastic fasteners
US5558439A (en) * 1995-06-08 1996-09-24 Minigrip Inc. Wedge zipper
JP2000128191A (ja) * 1998-10-26 2000-05-09 Ishizaki Shizai Kk ジッパー付き袋、その開閉具及び開閉具を備えたジッパー付き袋
JP2000272633A (ja) * 1999-01-21 2000-10-03 Oji Yuka Synthetic Paper Co Ltd 袋状容器
WO2001060707A1 (fr) * 2000-02-16 2001-08-23 Supreme Plastics Holdings Limited Fermeture de sacs et analogue
US20030077008A1 (en) * 2001-10-23 2003-04-24 Plourde Eric Paul Easily alignable zipper for reclosable packaging

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1278930B (de) * 1961-11-27 1968-09-26 Seisan Nippon Sha Kk Aus einer Kunststoffolie gebildeter Beutel
FR1576377A (fr) * 1965-02-02 1969-08-01
US3780781A (en) * 1971-09-07 1973-12-25 Seisan Nipponsha Kk Openable bag
GB1532611A (en) * 1977-02-11 1978-11-15 Wf Rational Walter Fischer Sliding clasp fastener
US4672723A (en) * 1985-11-04 1987-06-16 Minigrip, Inc. Stabilized reclosable extruded plastic fasteners
US5558439A (en) * 1995-06-08 1996-09-24 Minigrip Inc. Wedge zipper
JP2000128191A (ja) * 1998-10-26 2000-05-09 Ishizaki Shizai Kk ジッパー付き袋、その開閉具及び開閉具を備えたジッパー付き袋
JP2000272633A (ja) * 1999-01-21 2000-10-03 Oji Yuka Synthetic Paper Co Ltd 袋状容器
WO2001060707A1 (fr) * 2000-02-16 2001-08-23 Supreme Plastics Holdings Limited Fermeture de sacs et analogue
US20030077008A1 (en) * 2001-10-23 2003-04-24 Plourde Eric Paul Easily alignable zipper for reclosable packaging

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 2000, no. 08 6 October 2000 (2000-10-06) *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 2000, no. 13 5 February 2001 (2001-02-05) *

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1623644A2 (fr) * 2004-07-30 2006-02-08 ASF Verwaltungs GmbH Fermeture à glissière, bande de fermeture à glissière et sachet refermable
EP1623644A3 (fr) * 2004-07-30 2007-03-14 ASF Verwaltungs GmbH Fermeture à glissière, bande de fermeture à glissière et sachet refermable
EP1669302A1 (fr) * 2004-12-07 2006-06-14 ASF Verwaltungs GmbH Fermeture éclair, bande de fermeture éclair et sachet refermable
WO2006061209A1 (fr) * 2004-12-07 2006-06-15 Asf Verwaltungs Gmbh Systeme de fermeture par compression, bande a systeme de fermeture par compression et sachet refermable
US7346964B2 (en) * 2004-12-07 2008-03-25 Asf Verwaitungs Gmbh Press-on closure, press-on closure tape and reclosable bag
WO2008082816A1 (fr) * 2006-12-29 2008-07-10 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Sac pouvant être refermé ayant une double fermeture
US7674040B2 (en) 2006-12-29 2010-03-09 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Reclosable bag having double closure
DE102010019837A1 (de) 2010-05-08 2011-11-10 Dietmar G. Turnau Abhörschutztasche für Drahtlos-Kommunikationsgerät als Mittel gegen Fremdmanipulation und Bespitzelung zur zeitweiligen Nutzung während vertraulicher Besprechungen
JP2012165863A (ja) * 2011-02-14 2012-09-06 Seisan Nipponsha:Kk 合成樹脂製チャックと合成樹脂製チャック付き袋体

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE369296T1 (de) 2007-08-15
EP1431203B1 (fr) 2007-08-08
DK1431203T3 (da) 2007-11-12
ES2289230T3 (es) 2008-02-01
DE50307863D1 (de) 2007-09-20

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