Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
  • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
  • C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
  • C01B3/065—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents from a hydride
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

• This invention relates to a hydrogen generation system and more particularly relates to a chemical hydride hydrogen generation system in combination with a fuel cell system.
• Hydrogen has been recognized as an environmentally friendly clean fuel of the future since it has various applications in power generation systems.
• hydrogen can be used as a fuel for fuel cells, especially proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which use hydrogen and air to produce electricity, generating only water as a by-product.
• Fuel cells are being developed to replace traditional electricity generators because they produce clean, environmentally friendly energy.
• these fuel cells require external supply and storage devices for hydrogen.
• Extensive efforts have been made to develop a safe and efficient way to store hydrogen, especially in mobile applications.
• Conventional hydrogen storage technologies include liquid hydrogen, compressed gas cylinders, dehydrogenation of compounds, chemical adsorption into metal alloys and chemical storage as hydrides. However, each of these systems is either hazardous or bulky.
• the borohydride, NaBH 4 acts as both the hydrogen carrier and the storage medium. Ruthenium, Cobalt, Platinum or alloys thereof can be used as a catalyst in this reaction. It is to be noted that this reaction occurs without a catalyst in an acidic environment and only slightly under alkali conditions. This means the chemical hydride solution can be stored and has a shelf life under alkali conditions. This reaction is efficient on a weight basis since half of the hydrogen produced comes from NaBH and the other half comes from H 2 0. Borohydride is a relatively cheap material, usually used in wastewater processing, pharmaceutical synthesis, etc. Borohydride is also easier and safer to handle and transport than highly pressurized hydrogen or cryogenic hydrogen. As a result, there are some advantages to use borohydride as a method of storing hydrogen as a fuel for fuel cells.
• One type of hydrogen generation system comprises a closed vessel for containing chemical hydride and a mechanical stirring mechanism disposed within the vessel for stirring the chemical hydride within the vessel. Water is injected into the vessel to react with chemical hydride and generated hydrogen is removed from the vessel through an outlet.
• the stirring mechanism means is used to ensure sufficient contact between the hydride and water while preventing the clumping of the hydride. Since the hydride is in solid phase in this system, the stirring mechanism is indispensable. However, in such systems the stirring mechanism consumes energy, increases the overall system weight and reduces system efficiency. Further, the noise generated in the stirring operation is undesirable. In addition, the reaction rate is low, making the fuel unresponsive, useless or very hard to control. The system also tends to be large and cumbersome.
• Another type of hydrogen generation system employs a chemical hydride solution.
• an aqueous chemical hydride solution is introduced to a catalyst bed to generate hydrogen.
• the byproduct borate in the above equation, NaB0 2 is less soluble then the reactant borohydride, namely NaBH 4 .
• NaB0 2 is only approximately 20% soluble. This means that in order to generate hydrogen in a liquid phased system, and thereby reduce the problems associated with the aforementioned solid phased systems, the concentration of borohydride in the solution can only be about 20% which is much lower than borohydride's solubility in water. Therefore the achievable hydrogen density of the system is considerably limited.
• a further deficiency of the aforementioned examples is that neither system is capable of responding in real time to the fuel (hydrogen) needs of the fuel cell. This ability is referred to as load following ability.
• one aspect of the present invention provides a chemical hydride hydrogen generation system, comprising: a storage means for storing a chemical hydride solution; a reactor containing a catalyst; a first supplying means for supplying the chemical hydride solution from the said storage means to the said reactor so that the chemical hydride solution reacts to generate hydrogen in the presence of the catalyst; wherein the system further includes a second supplying means for continuously supplying the solvent of the said solution to the chemical hydride solution during the reaction.
• the chemical hydride solution can be a borohydride hydride water solution.
• the solute of the solution can be in the form of MB x H y , in which M is a metal.
• the solute can be NaBH , LiBH4, KBH 4 , RbH .
• the solute can be NH3BH3.
• the chemical hydride solution is a water solution in which the solute is NaBH and less than 5% LiBH 4 .
• the chemical hydride solution further includes a freezing point depressing agent.
• the freezing point depressing agent is preferably glycerol and concentration of glycerol is no higher than 5%.
• the solution preferably further includes alkaline additives. More preferably, the alkaline additive is selected from LiOH, KOH, and NaOH. More preferably, the alkaline additive is 0.1% NaOH.
• the system further includes a flow control means that operatively stops said first supplying means when the hydrogen pressure in the said reactor reaches a first value and activates the said first supplying means when the hydrogen pressure in the said reactor reaches a second value lower than the first value. More preferably, the system further includes a heat exchanging means for the said reactor that selectively removes heat from the said reactor during normal operation and heats up the said reactor when the system works under low temperature.
• an energy system comprising: a fuel cell for generating electricity and water from hydrogen and an oxidant; a chemical hydride hydrogen generation system, comprising: a storage means for storing a chemical hydride solution; a reactor containing a catalyst; a first supplying means for supplying the chemical hydride solution from the said storage means to the said reactor so that the chemical hydride solution reacts to generate hydrogen in the presence of the catalyst; a means for supplying hydrogen generated in the said reactor to the said fuel cell in a controlled manner; and a means for recovering the water generated in the said fuel cell and supplying the said water to the chemical hydride solution during the reaction.
• the said means for recovering the water generated in the said fuel cell includes a gas-liquid separator. More preferably, the said system further includes a switch means that selectively allows the excess hydrogen leaving the fuel cell after reaction to be circulated back to the said fuel cell in the first mode and allows the hydrogen to be supplied to the said catalytic burner from the said fuel cell in the second mode. More preferably, the said system further includes a first control means that operatively switches the switch means between the first and second modes.
• the said means for supplying hydrogen generated in the said reactor to the said fuel cell further includes a filtering means between the said reactor and the said fuel cell for purifying the hydrogen generated in the said reactor before the hydrogen is supplied to the fuel cell.
• the system further includes a second control means that operatively stops the said first supplying means when the hydrogen pressure in the said reactor reaches a first value and activates the said first supplying means when the hydrogen pressure in the said reactor reaches a second value lower than the first value.
• the system further includes a heat exchanging means for the said reactor that selectively removes heat from the said reactor during normal operation and heats up the said reactor when the system works under low temperature.
• the chemical hydride solution used in the said energy system can be a borohydride water solution.
• the solute of the solution can be in the form of MB x Hy, in which M is a metal.
• the solute can be NaBH 4 , LiBH 4 , KBH 4 or RbH 4 .
• the solute can be NH 3 BH 3 .
• the chemical hydride solution is a water solution in which the solute is NaBH and less than 5% LiBH 4 .
• the chemical hydride solution further includes a freezing point depressing agent.
• the freezing point depressing agent is preferably glycerol and concentration of glycerol is no higher than 5%.
• the solution preferably further includes alkaline additives. More preferably, the alkaline additive is selected from LiOH, KOH, and NaOH. More preferably, the alkaline additive is 0.1% NaOH.
• the chemical hydride hydrogen generation system provides a safe, clean, efficient and reliable hydrogen generation system and an energy system in which the hydrogen generation system and the fuel cell system operate synergistically.
• the hydrogen generation system is safe in that low pressure hydrogen is generated and used in the fuel cell instead of highly pressurized hydrogen.
• the system is also environmentally safe in that the reaction products are harmless detergent base chemicals. When novel borohydride solution is used, the system can operate at as low as -22°C temperature.
• the pressure control means employed in the system enables the system to follow the load of fuel cell stack as well as meet peak performance requirements.
• the system of the present invention further enhances the energy density.
• the chemical hydride hydrogen generation system according to the present invention has achieved energy densities of 1.2 KWh/L and 0.8 KWh/kg, which is comparable, if not advantageous to fuel cell systems currently available. Hydrogen recycled through a filtration system could also allow for higher system efficiency as well as an increased chemical hydride energy density.
• Figure 1 is a schematic view of the first embodiment of the chemical hydride hydrogen generation system according to the present invention.
• Figure 2 is a schematic view of the second embodiment of the chemical hydride hydrogen generation system according to the present invention
• Figure 3 is a diagram showing the hydrogen flow of the hydrogen generation system according to the present invention during operation
• Figure 4 is a diagram showing the relation of freezing point of the chemical hydride solution according to the present invention with the concentration of freezing point depressing agent in the solution;
• Figure 5 is a diagram showing the relation of chemical hydride solution temperature according to the present invention with the concentration of freezing point depressing agent in the solution;
• Figure 6 is a diagram showing the comparison of two different chemical hydride solutions.
• the chemical hydride power generation system combines a hydrogen generation system and a fuel cell system.
• the hydrogen generation system includes a chemical hydride storage tank 5 and a reactor 20.
• the fuel cell includes a fuel cell stack 3 and some peripherals, namely a coolant storage tank 4, a heat exchanger 14 and a gas-liquid separator 16.
• the present invention is described by using NaBH 4 as an example of the chemical hydride used in the hydrogen generation system.
• Chemical hydride is stored in the storage tank 5 in the form of solution.
• the hydride is supplied to the reactor 20 through the line 22 by means of a pump 26.
• the reactor 20 contains a catalyst for the reaction. Therefore, the hydride reacts within the reactor 20 and hydrogen is generated.
• the generated hydrogen flows out through a hydrogen outlet of the top of the reactor 20 and is supplied to an anode inlet of the fuel cell stack 3 via a hydrogen line 11.
• the hydrogen reacts on the anode of the fuel cell stack 3 and the unreacted hydrogen leaves the fuel cell stack 3 through the anode outlet 10 thereof.
• the unreacted hydride in the form of solution, together with the by-product NaB0 2 returns to the storage tank 5 through line 6.
• oxidant typically air is introduced through an air inlet 7 into the cathode of the fuel cell stack 3.
• the oxygen in the air reacts at the cathode of the fuel cell stack 3 and generates water as a product.
• the unreacted air leaves the fuel cell stack 3 through the cathode outlet thereof and flows out through a discharged airline 17 as shown in figure 1.
• the by-product of the hydrogen generation reaction in this embodiment NaB0 2
• NaB0 2 is less soluble then the reactant NaBH 4 .
• NaBO 2 is only approximately 20% soluble. Therefore, as the hydrogen generation reaction continues, the concentration of NaBO 2 in the hydride solution stored in the storage tanks increases until it reaches the solubility of the NaB0 2 . If the reaction continues, NaB0 2 in solid phase will occur in the storage tank and may be supplied to the reactor 20, resulting in clogging of the hydrogen generation system. Thus, the reaction degrades and not enough hydrogen will be supplied to the fuel cell stack 3.
• the initial concentration of the hydride in the solution has to be reduced to as low as 20% which is much lower than the borohydride solubility in water, 40%. Consequently, the achievable hydrogen storage density of the system is considerably limited.
• this problem is overcome by continuously introducing water into the hydride tank 5. As the hydrogen generation continues, the increase of NaBO 2 concentration in the solution is counteracted by the increase of solvent, i.e. water. Therefore, the initial concentration of the hydride can be higher than that is allowed in conventional systems, which results in higher hydrogen density of the system.
• the operation of continuously introducing water into the hydride tank 5 is achieved by recycling of the water entrapped in the fuel cell exhaust and supplying the water to the hydride solution.
• water is generated on the cathode of the fuel cell stack 3 and is exhausted from the fuel cell stack 3 together with the unreacted air.
• the exhaust mixture of air and water then flows to a gas-liquid separator 16 in which air and water are separated. Therefore, the water is recovered.
• the recovered water is then introduced through a recovered water line 12 into the chemical hydride solution in the storage tank 5.
• the hydrogen generation system utilizes the readily available water in its vicinity, resulting in increased system efficiency.
• recovery of the exhaust water can enable the initial concentration of the hydride to be increased by at least 50%, as is demonstrated in the following tables.
• Table 1 and table 2 respectively show the composition of
• NaBH 4 , water and NaBO 2 in the solution during hydrogen generation reaction for a conventional solution and for a solution in accordance with the present invention, in which the water is added as the reaction progresses.
• the initial concentration of NaBH 4 in both tables is 40%, that is to say, 400g NaBH in 1 L water.
• the conventional solution begins to clog when there is 300g of N aBH 4 left in the solution. This is because the concentration of NaBH 4 is close to the initial 20% level, and exceeds this when the level of NaBH 4 has fallen to 250g.
• the solution of the present invention (Table 2) only begins to clog when 250g of NaBH 4 is left in the solution.
• the table indicates that the critical 20% level for NaBH 2 is exceeded just before the amount of NaBH falls to 250g.lt is clear that the present invention considerably increases the hydrogen generation capacity of NaBH4 water solution.
• the data shows that, by adding exhausted water, one can reduce the concentration of NaBO 2 effectively enabling the NaBH 4 level to be reduced further before clogging occurs.
• Table 1 shows, as expected due to utilization of H 2 O to generated hydrogen, that the amount of H 2 O reduces by over one third at the end of the experiment.
• Table 2 shows, due to the addition of the exhaust water, that the total volume of water increases to close to 1400 g. and is at 1142.90 grams of at iteration 3. This would require the tank 5 to have a larger volume.
• the initial amount of NaBH4 is increased by 50g, that is 1/6 more than that in conventional systems.
• the increase of water happens only as the reaction continues.
• the amount of water is only increased by approximately 1/10, which means the recovery of water still has the effect of increasing the energy density of the overall system.
• cooling tubes can be provided within the reactor 20 in which a cooling fluid flows through.
• the coolant for the hydrogen generation reaction can be water or other commonly used coolants for the fuel cell stack 3. Coolant enters the reactor 20 via a coolant inlet thereof from the coolant line 13a, flows through the coolant tubes in the reactor 20 and leaves the reactor 20 via a coolant outlet, taking away the heat generated in the reactor 20. Then the coolant returns to a coolant storage tank 4 a the coolant line 13b and is circulated to the fuel cell stack 3.
• a heat exchanger 14 is provided in the coolant line 13 before or after the coolant reaches the fuel cell stack 3 to maintain the coolant at a low temperature. Then the coolant flows through the fuel cell stack 3 and then into the reactor 20 and continues to circulate in the coolant loop.
• the heat exchanger 14 can in principle be located at any location in the coolant lamp.
• the fuel cell stack 3 In operation, the fuel cell stack 3 generates electricity while consuming the hydrogen supplied from the reactor 20.
• a pressure sensor 18 is provided at the hydrogen outlet of the reactor 20.
• the pressure sensor 18 is in connection with a switch 24 in hydride supply line 22 and controls the operation of the same, and the switch 24 controls the pump 26 pumping the solution from the tank 5 to the reactor 20.
• the hydrogen is generated and supplied to the fuel cell stack 3.
• the pressure of hydrogen in the reactor 20 increases until it reaches a certain value when the pressure sensor 18 activates the switch 24 to shut down the pump, and hence cut the hydride supply to the reactor 20. Therefore the reaction in the reactor 20 stops. Then the fuel cell stack 3 continue to consume the hydrogen, resulting in the pressure drop of hydrogen in the reactor 20 until it reaches a certain value when the pressure sensor 18 controls the switch 24 to start the pump 26 and hence the hydride solution is supplied to the reactor 20 and in turn hydrogen is generated to meet the demand of the fuel cell stack 3.
• the system of the present invention has the capability to follow the load as well as meet peak performance requirements.
• FIG. 3 illustrates the hydrogen flow of the present system during operation at a constant rate, employing the said pressure sensor 18 and the switch 24. As illustrated, the hydrogen flow is stable throughout the operation. It is to be understood that the drop of the hydrogen flow in the curve indicates the process of system shutdown. [For instantaneous shutdown, is there any need to provide a vent on release valve for residual hydrogen, present and generated after shutdown?]
• the fuel cell and the hydrogen generation system may work under low temperature.
• borohydride water solution freezes at about 0°C.
• the solution can be a borohydride water solution with glycerol and sodium hydroxide.
• Figure 4 shows the relation of freezing point of the solution with the concentration of the glycerol
• the addition of glycerol considerably lowers the freezing point of the solution.
• the solution is stable and can still operate at as low as - 22°C with 1% of glycerol.
• Figure 5 shows the effects of various concentrations of glycerol on the freezing point of the solution.
• the sudden increase in the solution temperature indicates that the solution starts to freeze since the crystalization process is exothermic.
• concentration of glycerol increases, even lower freezing points can be obtained and an approximately -35°C freezing point is achieved with 16% glycerol.
• solubility of the borohydride hence the hydrogen density of the overall hydrogen generation system decreases with the increase in the concentration of glycerol.
• concentration of glycerol is preferably lower than 5% and the best compromise between the freezing point and hydrogen density of the solution is 1% glycerol. 1 % of glycerol does not noticeably compromise the borohydride solubility but achieves a freezing point of -22°C.
• the coolant in the present invention can also be used to heat the system.
• another heat exchanger may be added in the coolant line 13 between the fuel cell stack 3 and the reactor 20 so that the coolant can be further heated after it leaves the fuel cell stack 3.
• the heated coolant in turn heats the reactor 20 to facilitate the hydrogen generation reaction.
• the chemical hydride solution further includes alkaline additives, such as LiOH, KOH, NaOH to provide an alkaline condition which significantly slows the chemical hydride reaction, thereby lengthening the shelf life of the solution.
• NaOH is mostly used due to its relatively low mass and cost. A concentration of 0.1% NaOH is adequate in raising the PH enough to stablize the solution.
• LiBH 4 solution This lighter material has a much higher hydrogen density than NaBH 4 .
• the by-product of LiBH and water reaction, LiBO 2 only has a solubility of 5% and the reaction of LiBH4 with water is much slower than that of NaBH4 and water. This means an addition of less than 5% LiBH to the NaBH solution will increase the hydrogen density of the solution without causing precipitation of the said by-product and without significantly affecting its load following ability.
• Figure 6 shows the comparison of NaBH 4 solution and LiBH 4 - NaBH 4 solution. The generally lower reaction rate and slow rise in temperature indicate that the mixed solution is more stable than pure NaBH 4 .
• the chemical hydride hydrogen generation system combines a hydrogen generation system and a fuel cell system.
• the hydrogen generation system generally includes a chemical hydride storage tank 5 and a reactor 20.
• the fuel cell includes a fuel cell stack 3 and some peripherals, namely a coolant storage tank 4, a heat exchanger 14, a catalytic burner 2 and a water recovery unit 1.
• the present invention is also described using NaBH 4 as an example of the chemical hydride used in the hydrogen generation system.
• the hydrogen is generated in the reactor 20 in the same manner as that in the first embodiment. Likewise, the coolant loop is also identical to that in the first embodiment. Therefore, for simplicity and brevity, the description of the components will not be repeated.
• hydrogen enters the fuel cell stack 3 from the hydrogen outlet of the reactor 20.
• a filter 26 is provided in the hydrogen line 11 before the hydrogen enters the fuel cell stack 3 to remove fine aerosol particles in solution, catalyst and other particles (and this filter can be included in the first embodiment of Figure 1). As is known to those skilled in the art, a considerable portion of both air and hydrogen supplied to the fuel cell stack 3 does not react.
• a hydrogen recycle loop 15 and a catalytic burner 2 are provided in this embodiment.
• a valve 9 and a centrifugal pump 19 are provided respectively at the two ends of the hydrogen recycle loop 15.
• a centrifugal pump 19 is provided at the junction of the hydrogen recycle loop 15 and the hydrogen line 11 between the reactor 20 and fuel cell stack 3, and a valve 9 at the junction of the hydrogen recycle loop 15 and the hydrogen line 11 between the fuel cell stack 3 and the catalytic burner 2.
• the pump 19 When the fuel cell stack 3 is in operation, the pump 19 operates continuously, creating a negative pressure to ensure the hydrogen generated in the reactor 20 continuously flows from the reactor 20 to the fuel cell stack 3 via the hydrogen line 11. Excessive hydrogen flows through the anode outlet 10 of the fuel cell stack 3 to the valve 9.
• the said valve 9 is in a position that closes the hydrogen line 11 from the anode outlet 10 to the catalytic burner 2, thereby forcing the hydrogen to flow along the hydrogen recycle loop 15 and back to the fuel cell stack 3 for reaction by means of the pump 19.
• the valve 9 On a periodic basis, the valve 9 is turned to an open position so that the excess hydrogen flows to the catalytic burner 2.
• the exhaust of the fuel cell from the cathode thereof also flows into a catalytic burner 2 along the respective line 17 thereof after leaving the fuel cell stack 3.
• the hydrogen and the oxygen in the exhaust of the fuel cell react in the presence of an appropriate catalyst to form water in the known manner, i.e. 2H 2 + O 2 _ 2H 2 O.
• the mixture of water and unreacted exhaust of the fuel cell flows from the catalytic burner 2 into a water recovery unit 1 which may be a gas-liquid separator.
• the water is separated from the mixture and circulates to the hydride storage tank 5.
• an exhaust 8 is provided for venting residual gas into the environment from the water recovery unit 1.
• the opening of the valve 9 to let hydrogen flow to the catalytic burner 2 may be controlled by a controlling means, for example a timer (not shown).
• the opening of the valve 9 also prevents the fuel cell stack 3 from flooding due to the accumulation of water generated in the fuel cell reaction.
• the interval of opening valve 9 may be varied in various operation conditions and optimized by experiments.
• the present invention has been described in detail in two embodiments.
• the chemical hydride that can be utilized in this invention includes but not limited to borohydride such as NaBH4 and LiBH 4 , other types of chemical hydrides may also be used, such as B 2 H6, LiAIH 4, NH 3 BH 3 , etc.
• the fuel cell stack 3 in the present invention can be any type of fuel cell using pure hydrogen as a fuel.

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