EP1395780A1 - Systeme de chauffage a panneau rayonnant en plaque - Google Patents
Systeme de chauffage a panneau rayonnant en plaqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP1395780A1 EP1395780A1 EP02741450A EP02741450A EP1395780A1 EP 1395780 A1 EP1395780 A1 EP 1395780A1 EP 02741450 A EP02741450 A EP 02741450A EP 02741450 A EP02741450 A EP 02741450A EP 1395780 A1 EP1395780 A1 EP 1395780A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- heating
- fluid
- lower plates
- supporting elements
- heating system
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D3/00—Hot-water central heating systems
- F24D3/12—Tube and panel arrangements for ceiling, wall, or underfloor heating
- F24D3/14—Tube and panel arrangements for ceiling, wall, or underfloor heating incorporated in a ceiling, wall or floor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D3/00—Hot-water central heating systems
- F24D3/12—Tube and panel arrangements for ceiling, wall, or underfloor heating
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a heating system that uses plate- shaped heating panels. More particularly, the present invention relates to a heating system using plate-shaped heating panels, in which the heating panels have formed cavities between upper and lower plates and heating is performed by the flow of a heating fluid through the cavities.
- a heating system used in house has traditionally been structured such that pipes are laid in a foam concrete layer, which is provided on a concrete slab floor.
- a heating fluid such as hot water is supplied through the pipes to obtain a heating effect.
- assembly-type heating systems which include plate-shaped heating panels that may be connected to each other and that include a cavity formed therein for the flow of fluid.
- the heating panel structure is easier to construct and repair, and provides for a better heating efficiency since there is no loss of heat through concrete.
- U.S. Patent No. 5,080,166 discloses a plate-shaped heating element.
- the heating element includes a plurality of spacing elements, which are provided between an upper plate and a lower plate and which withstand the forces acting on the heating element when used for floor heating.
- the spacing elements are provided in a preferred, specific arrangement.
- the heating fluid does not freely flow through these corners where the fluid connections are not formed such that a temperature reduces in these areas.
- bubbles may be generated in the heating element by turbulence in the corners such that the smooth flow of the heating fluid does not occur.
- the present invention provides a heating system including heating panels, each including a substantially rectangular upper plate and lower plate mounted opposing one another with a cavity therebetween, a plurality of supporting elements for connecting the upper and lower plates and each having a predetermined area and a spacing with adjacent supporting elements, and a pair of fluid connections each provided at each of two diametrically opposing corners of the upper and lower plates; and connecting elements for interconnecting the fluid connection of adjacent heating panels to allow for the continuous flow of heating fluid through a plurality of the heating panels.
- the supporting elements are uniformly arranged in a first direction that is parallel to a long side of the upper and lower plates, and in a second direction that is parallel to a short side of the upper and lower plates, thereby defining first and second cavity lines according to the first and second directions, and the heating system further includes at least one dispersion element at one point of the first and second cavity lines opposing the corresponding fluid connection, the dispersion element dispersing the heating fluid.
- the supporting elements are uniformly arranged with a center axis of the fluid connections at a predetermined distance from the same, and comprise a first supporting element closest to one of the fluid connections.
- the dispersion element is located where the heating fluid is dispersed by the first supporting element.
- the dispersion element includes a first dispersion element located at one point of the first cavity line such that it is first encountered by the fluid re-directed in the first direction after the fluid strikes the first supporting element, and a second dispersion element located at one point of the second cavity line such that it is first encountered by the fluid re-directed in the second direction after the fluid strikes the first supporting element.
- each of the supporting elements and the dispersion elements is realized through a pair of concave areas, which are provided at corresponding areas of the upper and lower plates and are indented such that these areas of the upper and lower plates come into contact to thereby form the corresponding supporting element or dispersion element.
- FIG. 1 is an assembled plan view of a heating system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a connecting member of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a heating panel according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a partially enlarged view of the heating panel of FIG. 3, used to describe a supporting element
- FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 3;
- FIG. 6 is a partially enlarged view of the heating panel of FIG. 3, used to describe dispersion elements;
- FIG. 7 is a partially enlarged view of the heating panel of FIG. 3, used to describe distribution of a heating fluid;
- FIG. 8 is a plan view of a heating panel according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 9 is a partially enlarged view of the heating panel of FIG. 8, used to describe a guide channel
- FIGs. 10 and 11 are plan views of heating panels, each according to additional preferred embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a side view of a heating panel that includes an insulation layer.
- FIG. 1 is an assembled plan view of a heating system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a connecting member of FIG. 1.
- the heating system includes a plurality of heating panels 2, which have internal spaces, that is, cavities (not shown) through which heating fluid flows, and a plurality of connecting elements 4 for interconnecting the heating panels 2 into an integral unit and in such a manner to form fluid paths between the heating panels 2.
- Each of the heating panels 2 is preferably made of thermoplastic material, which is easier to produce and form than the conventional metal pipe structure.
- the heating panels 2 are made into a plate shape such that heating fluid flowing within the heating panels 2 heats a larger area of a floor (or a wall or ceiling) . In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the heating panels 2 are rectangular having long sides and short sides.
- a fluid connection 6 is provided at each of two diametrically opposing corners. The supply and exhaust of heating fluid occurs through the fluid connections 6.
- the heating panels 2 are arranged in a continuous pattern and with the fluid connections 6 of adjacent heating panels 2 merging at a common area. Connecting elements 4 interconnect two fluid connections 6 of adjacent heating panels 2.
- each of the connecting elements 4 includes a center connecting pipe 8 and a pair of elbows 10, each elbow 10 being mounted to opposite sides of the connecting pipe 8.
- An inner diameter of the elbows 10 is slightly larger than an outer diameter of the connecting pipe 8 and of the fluid connections 6 of the heating panels 2, and the elbows 10 are forced over a predetermined distance of the connecting pipe 8 and the fluid connections 6.
- the elbows 10 are made of the same thermoplastic material as the heating panels 2 such that during assembly of the heating system, the elbows 10 are integrally assembled to the heating panels 2 through a thermal fusing process in a state covering the fluid connections 6.
- heating fluid supplied through an entrance of the heating system sequentially passes through a plurality of the heating panels 2 by the connecting elements 4, then is exhausted through an exit.
- Flow directions of the heating fluid are as shown by the dotted line arrows in FIG. 2.
- each of the heating panels 2 controls the smooth flow of heating fluid, while not neglecting thermal efficiency characteristics, so that there is no accumulation of the heating fluid at certain areas. By achieving this, an even distribution of heat over the heating panels 2 is maintained.
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a heating panel according to a first preferred embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a partially enlarged view of the heating panel of FIG. 3
- FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along line A-A of FIG. 3.
- the heating panel 2 includes an upper plate 14 and a lower plate 16 that are mounted opposing one another to define internal cavities 12, a plurality of supporting elements 18 that have a predetermined area and are spaced at predetermined intervals, and a pair of fluid connections 6.
- Each of the supporting elements 18 is preferably realized through a pair of concave areas 20. That is, the concave areas 20 making up each pair are provided at corresponding areas of the upper plate 14 and the lower plate 16 and are indented such that these areas of the upper plate 14 and the lower plate 16 come into contact to thereby form the corresponding supporting element 18.
- the supporting elements 18 prevent the deformation of the upper and lower plates 14 and 16 by external forces, and result in forming the plurality of the cavities 12, through which heating fluid flows. That is, the cavities 12 are formed between the supporting members 18. As a result, heating fluid supplied through either of the fluid connections 6 flows through the cavities 12 between the upper and lower plates 14 and 16 to thereby transmit heat to outside the upper plate 14 as shown by the dotted line arrows of FIG. 5.
- the supporting elements 18 also provide resistance to the flow of the heating fluid so that the heating fluid is distributed evenly within the heating panel 2.
- the flow of heating fluid supplied to the heating panel 2 is greatly affected by dimensions of the supporting elements 18, how far apart the supporting elements 18 are spaced, and the manner in which the supporting elements 18 are arranged.
- the supporting elements 18 are formed by the concave areas 20 that are substantially cylindrical with a predetermined diameter, and the supporting elements 18 are aligned at predetermined intervals in both horizontal direction (x direction in FIG. 3) and vertical direction (y direction in FIG. 3).
- intervals D1 and D2 between the supporting elements 18 respectively in the horizontal and vertical directions, and diameter D of the concave areas 20 forming the supporting elements 18 are all identical.
- FIGS. 6 and 7 are partially enlarged view of the heating panel of FIG. 3.
- hatching is employed in the drawings with respect to the supporting elements 18 and the dispersion elements 22 and 24.
- Each of the dispersion elements 22 and 24 is preferably realized through a pair of concave areas 20 as the supporting elements 18. As the supporting elements 18 are uniformly aligned in the horizontal and vertical directions at predetermined intervals, the cavities 1 are continuously formed in the horizontal and vertical directions opposing the fluid connections 6.
- a first dispersion element 22 is located opposing the fluid connection 6 and at one point of a first cavity line extending in the horizontal direction, a center of the first cavity line being shown in line D; and a second dispersion element 24 is located opposing the fluid connection 6 and at one point of a second cavity line extending in the vertical direction, a center of the second cavity line being shown in line E.
- a center of the first dispersion element 22 is not aligned with other supporting elements 18 in the horizontal direction, and a center of the second dispersion element 24 is not aligned with other supporting elements 18 in the vertical direction.
- the first dispersion element 22 blocks the first cavity line (D line in the drawings) from extending directly to the fluid connection 6, and the second dispersion element 24 blocks the second cavity line (E line in the drawing) from the extending directly to the fluid connection 6 to thereby disperse the heating fluid accumulated at these cavities.
- the supporting elements 18 are uniformly arranged along horizontal and vertical direction (x and y directions) of the heating panel
- first and second dispersion elements 22 and 24 are provided at locations where the flow of the heating fluid is separated by the first supporting element 26.
- first dispersion element 22 is positioned at one point of the first cavity line (D line in the drawing) such that it is first encountered by the fluid re-directed in the horizontal direction after the fluid strikes the first supporting element 26.
- the second dispersion element 24 is positioned at one point of the second cavity line (E line in the drawing) such that it is first encountered by the fluid re-directed in the vertical direction after the fluid strikes the first supporting element 26.
- a line tangent to both the first supporting element 26 and the first dispersion element 22 (dotted line B in the drawing) is parallel to the horizontal direction
- a line tangent to both the first supporting element 26 and the second dispersion element 24 (dotted line C in the drawing) is parallel to the vertical direction.
- the fluid directed in the horizontal direction is again re-directed upward and downward (in the drawing) by the first dispersion element 22 to go around this element such that the flow of fluid along the horizontal direction is dispersed.
- the fluid directed in the vertical direction after striking the first supporting element 26 is again re-directed leftward and rightward (in the drawing) by the second dispersion element 24 to go around this element such that the flow of fluid along the vertical direction is dispersed.
- the flow of fluid separated by the first and second dispersion elements 22 and 24 is repeatedly separated by the supporting elements 18, which are arranged along the horizontal and vertical direction.
- the flow of heating fluid is diverged by the first supporting element 26 then again dispersed in the horizontal and vertical directions by the first and second dispersion elements 22 and 24, respectively. Therefore, the heating fluid supplied through the fluid connection 6 is more evenly distributed within the heating panel 2.
- the first and second dispersion elements are positioned at the locating of the first and second dispersion elements
- the heating panel 2 of the present invention may also include guide channels at the remaining two corners where the fluid connections 6 are not formed.
- FIG. 8 is a plan view of a heating panel according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 9 is a partially enlarged view of the heating panel of FIG. 8.
- a heating panel 2' includes first and second guide channels 28 and 30 at corner areas where fluid connections 6 are not formed.
- Each of the first and second guide channels 28 and 30 is realized through a pair of concave areas that are provided at corresponding locations of an upper plate 14 and a lower plate 16, in which the concave areas are indented such that these areas come into contact to thereby form the corresponding guide channels 28 and 30.
- the first and second guide channels 28 and 30 are at a predetermined distance from the corners of the heating panel 2', and have predetermined width and length in the horizontal and vertical directions.
- the guide channels 28 and 30 have a width W that is substantially identical to a diameter D of the supporting elements 18, and a length L in the horizontal and vertical directions comparable to the amount of space 3—5 supporting elements 18 utilize (i.e., a length L that is approximately
- the first and second guide channels 28 and 30 reduce resistance to heating fluid in the comers of the heating panel 2' where they are provided, thereby increasing the flow speed of the heating fluid.
- the first and second guide channels 28 and 30 also direct the heating fluid toward where the heating fluid is exhausted. Accordingly, the heating panel 2' including the first and second guide channels 28 and 30 prevents the accumulation of heating fluid in the corners and the generation of bubbles caused by turbulence. This enables a more even distribution of heat over the entire heating panel 2'. It is preferable that a ratio of long sides to short sides of the rectangular heating panel 2 is in the range of 1.5:1 to 3:1. Such dimensions are necessary for the following reason. Since center axes of the fluid connections
- a heating panel 2" may be multilateral, that is, hexagonal or octagonal. This allows the easier continuous arrangement of the heating panels 2" when assembling the heating system.
- an insulation layer 32 (e.g., a Styrofoam layer) is provided under the lower plate 16. This allows for the simpler laying of the heating panels 2 on the floor of a building, home, etc.
- the insulation layer 32 also minimizes heat loss of the heating panels 2, and compensates for a difference in height of the fluid connections 6 with respect to the upper and lower plates 14 and 16.
- heating fluid supplied to the heating panels is more evenly distributed to thereby obtain a more uniform distribution of heat over the entire area of the heating panels. Also, the heating fluid more smoothly flows within the heating panels and over an entire area of the same such that the efficiency of heat transmission is improved.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Steam Or Hot-Water Central Heating Systems (AREA)
- Domestic Hot-Water Supply Systems And Details Of Heating Systems (AREA)
- Instantaneous Water Boilers, Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses, And Control Of Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses (AREA)
Abstract
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR2001033918 | 2001-06-15 | ||
KR10-2001-0033918A KR100406921B1 (ko) | 2001-06-15 | 2001-06-15 | 온돌 패널을 이용한 조립식 난방 시스템 |
PCT/KR2002/001098 WO2002103244A1 (fr) | 2001-06-15 | 2002-06-11 | Systeme de chauffage a panneau rayonnant en plaque |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1395780A1 true EP1395780A1 (fr) | 2004-03-10 |
EP1395780A4 EP1395780A4 (fr) | 2010-03-17 |
Family
ID=19710882
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02741450A Withdrawn EP1395780A4 (fr) | 2001-06-15 | 2002-06-11 | Systeme de chauffage a panneau rayonnant en plaque |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1395780A4 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP3709428B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR100406921B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1198084C (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2242680C2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2002103244A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1639300B8 (fr) | 2003-06-23 | 2015-09-30 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Panneau chauffant pour un systeme de chauffage a structure flottante |
KR200361913Y1 (ko) | 2004-06-30 | 2004-09-14 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 접합부가 볼트로 체결된 난방용 패널 |
KR200361912Y1 (ko) | 2004-06-30 | 2004-09-14 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 접합부가 수지로 체결된 난방용 패널 |
KR100673784B1 (ko) | 2004-09-07 | 2007-01-24 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 유로가 균일한 난방용 패널의 제조방법 |
DE202009006001U1 (de) | 2009-04-24 | 2009-07-16 | Medvedev, Alexandr | Fußboden-Heizungssystem mit Rohrleitungen und Heizungsplatten |
RU2655234C2 (ru) * | 2014-08-12 | 2018-05-24 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "ПАНЕЛИ ЭФФИТЕРМ" | Способ формирования высокоэффективной пластиковой панели с целью использования ее для обогрева и охлаждения помещений |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2941806A1 (de) * | 1979-10-16 | 1981-05-14 | Ing.(grad.) Heinz 4390 Gladbeck Hölter | Fussbodenkollektor, vorzugsweise fuer heiz- und kuehlzwecke |
DE3404312A1 (de) * | 1984-02-08 | 1985-08-08 | geb. Hanssmann Isolde 5410 Höhr-Grenzhausen Wand | Flaechenheizelement |
DE3501575A1 (de) * | 1984-01-18 | 1985-09-12 | BIOMETOD Müszaki Fejlesztö Betéti Társulás, Keszthely, Szendrey | Einrichtung zur beheizung von treibhaeusern |
DE8507373U1 (de) * | 1985-03-13 | 1985-12-05 | eht Siegmund GmbH, 5340 Bad Honnef | Bauelement für Flächenheizungen |
FR2567255A1 (fr) * | 1984-07-05 | 1986-01-10 | Sueddeutsche Kuehler Behr | Corps de chauffe pour montage sur le plancher ou dans les panneaux lateraux d'un vehicule |
DE3609186A1 (de) * | 1985-03-01 | 1987-09-24 | Manfred Dipl Ing Weber | Waermetauscher |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5551949Y2 (fr) * | 1975-03-28 | 1980-12-03 | ||
JPS60176018U (ja) * | 1984-04-27 | 1985-11-21 | ナショナル住宅産業株式会社 | 暖房用のパネル |
JPS62213619A (ja) * | 1986-03-14 | 1987-09-19 | Sanden Corp | 床暖房用パネル |
US5080166A (en) | 1987-04-15 | 1992-01-14 | Itrag Ag | Plate-shaped heating element, in particular for floor heating |
KR100204304B1 (ko) * | 1992-04-22 | 1999-06-15 | 조민호 | 판상형 열전달장치 |
KR950006363A (ko) * | 1993-08-25 | 1995-03-20 | 신홍식 | 조립식온돌판 |
KR20000019721U (ko) * | 1999-04-19 | 2000-11-25 | 신두범 | 온수를 이용한 난방시스템에 적합한 조립식 온돌 |
KR200288905Y1 (ko) * | 2002-06-17 | 2002-09-11 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 온돌 패널을 이용한 난방 시스템 |
-
2001
- 2001-06-15 KR KR10-2001-0033918A patent/KR100406921B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2002
- 2002-06-11 WO PCT/KR2002/001098 patent/WO2002103244A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2002-06-11 RU RU2003101394/06A patent/RU2242680C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-06-11 CN CNB028021029A patent/CN1198084C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-06-11 EP EP02741450A patent/EP1395780A4/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-06-11 JP JP2003505522A patent/JP3709428B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2941806A1 (de) * | 1979-10-16 | 1981-05-14 | Ing.(grad.) Heinz 4390 Gladbeck Hölter | Fussbodenkollektor, vorzugsweise fuer heiz- und kuehlzwecke |
DE3501575A1 (de) * | 1984-01-18 | 1985-09-12 | BIOMETOD Müszaki Fejlesztö Betéti Társulás, Keszthely, Szendrey | Einrichtung zur beheizung von treibhaeusern |
DE3404312A1 (de) * | 1984-02-08 | 1985-08-08 | geb. Hanssmann Isolde 5410 Höhr-Grenzhausen Wand | Flaechenheizelement |
FR2567255A1 (fr) * | 1984-07-05 | 1986-01-10 | Sueddeutsche Kuehler Behr | Corps de chauffe pour montage sur le plancher ou dans les panneaux lateraux d'un vehicule |
DE3609186A1 (de) * | 1985-03-01 | 1987-09-24 | Manfred Dipl Ing Weber | Waermetauscher |
DE8507373U1 (de) * | 1985-03-13 | 1985-12-05 | eht Siegmund GmbH, 5340 Bad Honnef | Bauelement für Flächenheizungen |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of WO02103244A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1395780A4 (fr) | 2010-03-17 |
RU2242680C2 (ru) | 2004-12-20 |
KR100406921B1 (ko) | 2003-12-03 |
JP3709428B2 (ja) | 2005-10-26 |
CN1198084C (zh) | 2005-04-20 |
WO2002103244A1 (fr) | 2002-12-27 |
CN1463348A (zh) | 2003-12-24 |
KR20020095733A (ko) | 2002-12-28 |
JP2004522137A (ja) | 2004-07-22 |
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Inventor name: HAN, MIN-SOO Inventor name: JEONG, BYEONG-JOON Inventor name: KIM, MUN-SIK Inventor name: KIM, MIN-KI Inventor name: CHOI, JIN-YOUNG Inventor name: HWANG, SUNG-SOCK Inventor name: PARK, SEONG-CHAN Inventor name: LEE, SHI-HO |
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A4 | Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched |
Effective date: 20100211 |
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Ipc: F24D 3/14 20060101ALI20100205BHEP Ipc: F24D 3/12 20060101AFI20030107BHEP |
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