EP1365110B1 - Process and apparatus for operating a steam power plant, especially in a partial load range - Google Patents
Process and apparatus for operating a steam power plant, especially in a partial load range Download PDFInfo
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- EP1365110B1 EP1365110B1 EP02011279A EP02011279A EP1365110B1 EP 1365110 B1 EP1365110 B1 EP 1365110B1 EP 02011279 A EP02011279 A EP 02011279A EP 02011279 A EP02011279 A EP 02011279A EP 1365110 B1 EP1365110 B1 EP 1365110B1
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- steam
- carrying component
- pressure
- stage
- turbine
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title description 4
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000013178 mathematical model Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011089 mechanical engineering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004422 calculation algorithm Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009795 derivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002277 temperature effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D17/00—Regulating or controlling by varying flow
- F01D17/02—Arrangement of sensing elements
- F01D17/08—Arrangement of sensing elements responsive to condition of working-fluid, e.g. pressure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D19/00—Starting of machines or engines; Regulating, controlling, or safety means in connection therewith
- F01D19/02—Starting of machines or engines; Regulating, controlling, or safety means in connection therewith dependent on temperature of component parts, e.g. of turbine-casing
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
- F01K13/02—Controlling, e.g. stopping or starting
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2270/00—Control
- F05D2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
- F05D2270/301—Pressure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2270/00—Control
- F05D2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
- F05D2270/303—Temperature
Definitions
- Systems for generating electrical energy, in particular steam power plants, are usually designed for operation with a specific power, the rated power, so that optimum operating conditions of the numerous system components result during operation of the system with this power, for example with regard to wear, occurring frictional forces and losses, noise, emissions and efficiency.
- the said problem occurs in particular in large-scale power plants, which are designed as steam power plants and which are equipped with a steam boiler, which is operated in natural or forced circulation.
- the power plants mentioned usually include thick-walled drums for vapor deposition.
- the material of the Dampfabscheidreme drum at a too rapid load change due to the occurring temperature gradients is compromised, so far such power plants are designed to operate in solid-pressure driving to avoid pressure and / or temperature fluctuations, which is exposed to the Dampfabscheidetrommel.
- Such known from the prior art power plants are therefore operated in the partial load range by means of throttling the turbine valves and / or by only a partial admission of a first turbine stage with operating steam, so that thereby the pressure conditions in the partial load range are comparable to the pressure conditions in the nominal load range and so desired fixed pressure driving results.
- the invention is therefore based on the object, an improved method and an apparatus for operating a steam power plant, in particular in the partial load range to specify.
- the invention is based on the consideration that, especially in the partial load range, a constant throttling of the turbine valves and the associated loss of efficiency can be avoided if care is taken that in particular the voltages which are set in the material of the steam-carrying component, not too large be used, but at the same time the upper mechanical load limit of the material of the steam-carrying component is used.
- the method according to the invention u.a. on a too large safety distance of the actual prevailing in the material of the steam-carrying component mechanical stresses of the maximum allowable mechanical stresses, thereby avoiding in particular a too large loss of efficiency.
- the internal and external temperature of the steam-carrying component can be achieved to achieve the success of the invention, the spatial temperature distribution of the steam-carrying component and then the comparison voltage, which is a size for the currently present mechanical stresses in the material (material) of the steam-carrying component is.
- the material limit stress can be determined, which describes an upper mechanical load limit of the steam-carrying component.
- Mechanical engineering and / or materials science there are a number of methods for determining such a material limit stress, usually the material used and the spatial configuration of the considered, under mechanical stress, component play a role.
- the maximum permissible vapor pressure is determined, which may prevail in the current operating state maximum in the steam-carrying component, without fear of excessive stress and / or damage must become.
- the upper load limit material limit tension
- a corresponding maximum vapor pressure is determined, so that there is no risk of damage to the vapor-carrying component when the vapor-carrying component is exposed to this maximum vapor pressure.
- This maximum allowable vapor pressure is then, for example, by means of a control device e.g. adjusted by means of a turbine regulator, wherein at least the steam valve is actuated accordingly.
- the inventive described in step 4 of the method according to the invention. Throttling the at least one steam valve temporarily compared to the prior art, where a throttling is provided during the entire operating time of the power plant in the partial load range.
- the throttling of the turbine valves is temporary and is reduced in accordance with the compensating temperatures which are detected by the measurements in step 1.
- a steam power plant which comprises a thick-walled boiler
- Gleit horrinum are operated in Gleit horrinum stricture with fully open turbine valves and / or with a full admission to the steam turbine;
- in particular permanent efficiency losses during a partial load operation as well as a special and complex design of the turbine with a control device for partial admission are avoided.
- the method according to the invention should also encompass those methods in which the variables ascertained in steps 2 to 5 are not determined "on-line" during operation of the steam-driven system, but rather, for example, on the basis of the respective geometry of the steam-carrying component. beforehand stored in the form of parameterized family of curves (using at least the internal pressure, the inside and the outside temperature as parameters) and then, during operation, the actuating action on the steam valve based on the current parameter values for at least the internal pressure, the inside and the outside temperature is derived from the above-mentioned family of curves.
- the steam-carrying component is a Dampfabscheidreme drum.
- the advantages of the method according to the invention are particularly useful, since Dampfabscheidetrommeln, especially of power plants high performance, are made thick-walled, resulting in a load change to particularly large mechanical stresses due to the resulting temperature differences in the thick walls of the Dampfabscheidetrommel.
- These voltages are avoided by means of the method according to the invention, in particular at the beginning of a load change process, that a large throttling of the at least one steam valve is adjusted, which is automatically withdrawn in the following with the reducing voltages due to the compensating temperatures.
- the steam turbine has at least two turbine stages, in particular a high-pressure stage and a low-pressure stage.
- Such steam turbines are used in particular in power plants larger power to exploit the energy contained in the operating steam of the steam turbine as well as possible.
- the steam turbine of the steam power plant comprises at least two actuators for supplying steam to the turbine.
- the limit steam pressure set point is now established by means of the adjustment of both valves, so that a better control behavior of the steam turbine with regard to the set limit steam pressure setpoint is achieved compared to the setting of only one valve.
- the limiting vapor pressure desired value is determined by means of a simulation calculation.
- a mathematical model of at least the steam-carrying component can be stored in a computer, by means of which the comparison stress in the material (material) of the steam-carrying component and its time profile is calculated from the variables of the internal pressure, the inside and outside temperature measured in step 1 , which results from the pressure load, the temperature difference and possibly the actual spatial distribution of the mechanical stress in the material of the steam-carrying component.
- a simulation can be realized, for example, by means of a digital method, wherein the variables mentioned are read in and processed in a time step method.
- the limiting vapor pressure desired value can be determined, for example by means of the mentioned mathematical model of the steam-carrying component, which is usually fed to a turbine controller which adjusts the turbine valve or valves according to a control algorithm.
- the required limit steam pressure setpoint and its time profile can be determined, for example, in the simulation calculation, starting from the measured internal pressure of the steam-carrying component, this actual value of the internal pressure is incrementally increased purely mathematically until the resulting (first theoretical) comparison voltage reaches the value of the material limit voltage or at least comes close.
- the thus determined limit steam pressure setpoint can then be adjusted so that no damage to the steam-carrying component has to be feared.
- the internal temperature may e.g. by direct measurement by means of a sensor or indirectly by derivation from other physical quantities (for example boiling state and pressure of the filling medium of the steam-carrying component).
- the steam-carrying component is a Dampfabscheidreme drum.
- the steam turbine has at least two turbine stages, in particular a high-pressure and a low-pressure stage.
- the steam turbine is advantageously further acted upon by means of at least one stage valve with steam, by means of the tap valve at least one turbine stage, in particular the low-pressure stage, steam is supplied and wherein the at least one stage valve in connection with the steam valve by means of the control stage is adjustable.
- the limit steam pressure set point is determined by means of a simulation calculation.
- the figure shows a steam power plant 1, which comprises a steam turbine 5 and at least one steam-carrying component 7.
- the latter is formed in the present embodiment as Dampfabscheidreme drum.
- the generation of live steam for the steam turbine 5 is indicated by a heating surface H, by means of which a flow medium is heated by the action of hot gas, for example, and can be supplied as live steam to the steam turbine 5.
- the steam turbine 5 has two turbine stages of different operating pressure, namely a high-pressure stage HD and a low-pressure stage ND.
- the steam turbine 5 operating steam, in particular live steam supplied.
- the steam turbine 5 of the steam power plant 1 is coupled via a shaft to a generator G.
- the steam-carrying component 7 is exposed to a magnitude large temperature gradient and is possibly endangered by an effect of the mechanical stresses occurring.
- a device 2 according to the invention is provided.
- This comprises a pressure sensor SPi arranged in the interior of the steam-carrying component 7, as well as a temperature sensor STi likewise arranged in its interior and a temperature sensor STa arranged in the outer region of the steam-carrying component 7.
- the internal pressure prevailing in the interior of the steam-carrying component, the internal temperature, and the temperature in the outer region of the steam-carrying component 7 are measured. These measurements allow a conclusion on the mechanical load of the material of the steam-carrying component 7 in a current operating state.
- the measured values measured by said sensors are transmitted to a computer C, which comprises a computing stage RS1, a comparison stage CS and a control stage RS2.
- a spatial temperature distribution of the steam-carrying component and a comparison voltage Vs is calculated from the above measured values, which is a parameter for the mechanical load of the steam-carrying component 7 in the current operating state.
- the comparison voltage Vs determined by the computing stage RS1 and a material limit voltage Mgs are transferred to the comparison stage CS.
- the material limit voltage Mgs is a parameter for a maximum allowable mechanical load of the material (material) of the steam-carrying component 7 by mechanical stresses. Quantitative values for such material limit stresses of the various materials used for steam-carrying components can be determined in particular from the literature on material science and / or mechanical engineering.
- a comparison of the comparison voltage Vs carried out by the comparison stage CS with the material limit voltage Mgs shows that the comparison voltage Vs in a current operating state is greater than the material limit voltage Mgs, that is to say, for example, a mechanical overload and / or early material fatigue of the steam-carrying component 7 is expected must, so mentioned said comparison result abuts a calculation algorithm stored in the control stage RS2, by means of which from the currently present operating characteristics of the steam-carrying component 7, in particular from their measured internal pressure, their measured internal temperature and their measured outside temperature, a limit steam pressure setpoint Gd is determined.
- the limit steam pressure set point Gd is a measure of how high the steam pressure acting on the steam-carrying component 7 in a current operating situation may be maximum, without having to fear overloading and / or damaging the steam-carrying component 7.
- the limiting vapor pressure desired value Gd can be determined, for example, in a simulation calculation.
- the limit steam pressure set point Gd is set by adjusting the steam valve 10 as well as a possibly existing stage valve 12 by means of the control stage RS2 until the calculated limit steam pressure setpoint value Gd is approximately reached.
- the current value for the limit steam pressure setpoint value Gd is dependent on the current operating state of the steam power plant, so that the value for the limit steam pressure setpoint value Gd., In particular when the transitional processes with a load change (for example, the decay of the temperature difference in the material of the steam-carrying component 7 during / after a load change) gradually increased.
- the invention can be outlined as follows:
- a device 2 according to the invention serves to carry out the method according to the invention.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Control Of Turbines (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Anlagen zum Erzeugen von elektrischer Energie, insbesondere Dampfkraftwerke, werden üblicherweise für einen Betrieb mit einer bestimmten Leistung, der Nennleistung, ausgelegt, so dass sich beim Betrieb der Anlage mit dieser Leistung optimale Betriebsbedingungen der zahlreichen Anlagenkomponenten ergeben, beispielsweise im Hinblick auf Verschleiß, auftretende Reibungskräfte und -Verluste, Geräuschentwicklung, Abgasverhalten und Wirkungsgrad.Systems for generating electrical energy, in particular steam power plants, are usually designed for operation with a specific power, the rated power, so that optimum operating conditions of the numerous system components result during operation of the system with this power, for example with regard to wear, occurring frictional forces and losses, noise, emissions and efficiency.
Bei bekannten Kraftwerksanlagen, wie zum Beispiel in
Das genannte Problem tritt insbesondere bei Kraftwerksanlagen großer Leistung auf, welche als Dampfkraftwerke ausgeführt sind und welche mit einem Dampfkessel ausgerüstet sind, welcher im Natur- oder Zwangsumlauf betrieben wird. Die genannten Kraftwerksanlagen umfassen in der Regel dickwandige Trommeln zur Dampfabscheidung. Dabei ist insbesondere das Material der Dampfabscheidetrommel bei einer zu schnellen Laständerung infolge der dabei auftretenden Temperaturgradienten gefährdet, so dass bisher derartige Kraftwerksanlagen zum Betrieb in Festdruck-Fahrweise ausgelegt sind, um Druckund/oder Temperaturschwankungen, welchen die Dampfabscheidetrommel ausgesetzt ist, zu vermeiden. Derartige aus dem Stand der Technik bekannte Kraftwerksanlagen werden daher im Teillastbereich mittels einer Androsselung der Turbinenventile und/oder durch eine nur teilweise Beaufschlagung einer ersten Turbinenstufe mit Betriebsdampf betrieben, so dass dadurch die Druckverhältnisse im Teillastbereich vergleichbar sind mit den Druckverhältnissen im Nennlastbereich und sich so die gewünschte Festdruck-Fahrweise ergibt.The said problem occurs in particular in large-scale power plants, which are designed as steam power plants and which are equipped with a steam boiler, which is operated in natural or forced circulation. The power plants mentioned usually include thick-walled drums for vapor deposition. In particular, the material of the Dampfabscheidreme drum at a too rapid load change due to the occurring temperature gradients is compromised, so far such power plants are designed to operate in solid-pressure driving to avoid pressure and / or temperature fluctuations, which is exposed to the Dampfabscheidetrommel. Such known from the prior art power plants are therefore operated in the partial load range by means of throttling the turbine valves and / or by only a partial admission of a first turbine stage with operating steam, so that thereby the pressure conditions in the partial load range are comparable to the pressure conditions in the nominal load range and so desired fixed pressure driving results.
Eine derartige Androsselung der Turbinenventile, welche während der gesamten Betriebszeit im Teillastbereich notwendig ist, bedingt einen nennenswerten Wirkungsgradverlust der Kraftwerksanlage verglichen mit dem erzielbaren Wirkungsgrad dieser Anlage im Nennlastbereich.Such throttling of the turbine valves, which is necessary during the entire operating time in the partial load range, causes a significant loss of efficiency of the power plant compared with the achievable efficiency of this system in the nominal load range.
Wenn die erste Turbinenstufe für einen Betrieb der Kraftwerksanlage im Teillastbereich nur mit einem Teil des Betriebsdampfes beaufschlagt wird (teilweise Beaufschlagung), so erfordert dies eine besondere und aufwendige Bauweise der Turbine, bei welcher dann eine Regeleinrichtung, beispielsweise ein Regelrad, vorhanden sein muss, um die Möglichkeit einer Teilbeaufschlagung zu realisieren. Eine derartige Bauweise der Turbine ist konstruktiv sehr aufwendig und oftmals betriebstechnisch anfällig.If the first turbine stage for operation of the power plant in the partial load range only a part of the operating steam is applied (partial admission), so this requires a special and expensive construction of the turbine, in which then a control device, such as a control wheel, must be present to to realize the possibility of a partial admission. Such a construction of the turbine is structurally very complex and often operationally vulnerable.
Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein verbessertes Verfahren sowie eine Vorrichtung zum Betrieb einer Dampfkraftanlage, insbesondere im Teillastbereich, anzugeben.The invention is therefore based on the object, an improved method and an apparatus for operating a steam power plant, in particular in the partial load range to specify.
Dabei sollen insbesondere die genannten Nachteile aus dem Stand der Technik überwunden werden, wie z.B. der dabei auftretende erhebliche Wirkungsgradverlust.In particular, the mentioned disadvantages of the prior art should be overcome, as e.g. the occurring considerable loss of efficiency.
Bezüglich des Verfahrens wird die Aufgabe erfindungsgemäß gelöst durch ein Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Dampfkraftanlage mit mindestens einer Dampfturbine, wobei die Dampfkraftanlage mindestens eine dampfführende Komponente aufweist und die Dampfturbine mittels mindestens eines Dampfventils mit Dampf, insbesondere mit Frischdampf, beaufschlagt wird, mit folgenden Schritten:
- 1. Während des Betriebs der Dampfkraftanlage werden mindestens ein Innendruck sowie mindestens eine Innen- und mindestens eine Außentemperatur der dampfführenden Komponente ermittelt.
- 2. Aus der mindestens einen Innen- und der mindestens einen Außentemperatur wird eine räumliche Verteilung der Temperatur der dampfführenden Komponente ermittelt.
- 3. Aus dem Innendruck, und der räumlichen Verteilung der Temperatur wird eine Vergleichsspannung ermittelt, welche die mechanische Spannung beschreibt, welcher die dampfführende Komponente im aktuellen Betriebszustand unterliegt.
- 4. Die Vergleichsspannung wird verglichen mit einer Materialgrenzspannung, welche eine obere Grenze für die mechanische Belastbarkeit der dampfführenden Komponente beschreibt, und
- 5. Falls die Vergleichsspannung größer ist als die Materialgrenzspannung, wird ein Grenzdampfdrucksollwert ermittelt, welcher einen maximal zulässigen Dampfdruck beschreibt, mittels welchem die dampfführende Komponente im aktuellen Betriebszustand ohne Schadensrisiko beaufschlagbar ist, und das mindestens eine Dampfventil derart eingestellt, dass der von der Dampfturbine an die dampfführende Komponente gelieferte Dampf mit einem Druck auf die dampfführende Komponente einwirkt, welcher etwa dem Grenzdampfdrucksollwert entspricht.
- 1. During operation of the steam power plant, at least one internal pressure and at least one interior and at least one outside temperature of the steam-carrying component are determined.
- 2. From the at least one interior and the at least one outside temperature, a spatial distribution of the temperature of the steam-carrying component is determined.
- 3. From the internal pressure, and the spatial distribution of the temperature, a comparison voltage is determined, which describes the mechanical stress, which is subject to the steam-carrying component in the current operating state.
- 4. The comparison voltage is compared with a material limit stress, which describes an upper limit for the mechanical strength of the steam-carrying component, and
- 5. If the comparison voltage is greater than the material limit voltage, a limit steam pressure set point is determined, which describes a maximum permissible vapor pressure, by means of which the steam-conducting component in the current operating state can be acted upon without risk of damage, and the at least one steam valve adjusted such that the steam supplied by the steam turbine to the steam-carrying component acts with a pressure on the steam-carrying component, which approximately corresponds to the limit steam pressure setpoint.
Die Erfindung geht dabei von der Überlegung aus, dass insbesondere im Teillastbereich eine ständige Androsselung der Turbinenventile und der damit verbundene Wirkungsgradverlust vermieden werden kann, wenn dafür Sorge getragen wird, dass insbesondere die Spannungen, welche sich im Material der dampfführenden Komponente einstellen, nicht zu groß werden, aber gleichzeitig die obere mechanische Belastungsgrenze des Materials der dampfführenden Komponente ausgenutzt wird. Beim erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren wird also u.a. auf einen zu großen Sicherheitsabstand der tatsächlich im Material der dampfführenden Komponente vorherrschenden mechanischen Spannungen von den maximal zulässigen mechanischen Spannungen verzichtet, um dadurch insbesondere einen zu großen Wirkungsgradverlust zu vermeiden.The invention is based on the consideration that, especially in the partial load range, a constant throttling of the turbine valves and the associated loss of efficiency can be avoided if care is taken that in particular the voltages which are set in the material of the steam-carrying component, not too large be used, but at the same time the upper mechanical load limit of the material of the steam-carrying component is used. In the method according to the invention u.a. on a too large safety distance of the actual prevailing in the material of the steam-carrying component mechanical stresses of the maximum allowable mechanical stresses, thereby avoiding in particular a too large loss of efficiency.
Aus den Messungen des Innendrucks, der Innen- und Außentemperatur der dampfführenden Komponente lässt sich zur Erreichung des erfindungsgemäßen Erfolgs die räumliche Temperaturverteilung der dampfführenden Komponente und anschließend die Vergleichsspannung ermitteln, welche eine Größe für die aktuell vorliegenden mechanischen Spannungen im Material (Werkstoff) der dampfführenden Komponente ist.From the measurements of the internal pressure, the internal and external temperature of the steam-carrying component can be achieved to achieve the success of the invention, the spatial temperature distribution of the steam-carrying component and then the comparison voltage, which is a size for the currently present mechanical stresses in the material (material) of the steam-carrying component is.
Ausgehend von dem Werkstoff, aus welchem die dampfführende Komponente hergestellt ist, und der Geometrie der dampfführenden Komponente ist die Materialgrenzspannung bestimmbar, welche eine obere mechanische Belastungsgrenze der dampfführenden Komponente beschreibt. In der einschlägigen Fachliteratur des Maschinenbaus und/oder der Werkstoffkunde finden sich eine Reihe von Methoden zur Bestimmung einer derartigen Materialgrenzspannung, wobei meist der verwendete Werkstoff sowie die räumliche Ausgestaltung des betrachteten, unter mechanischen Spannungen stehenden, Bauteils eine Rolle spielen.Starting from the material from which the steam-carrying component is made, and the geometry of the steam-carrying component, the material limit stress can be determined, which describes an upper mechanical load limit of the steam-carrying component. In the relevant specialist literature Mechanical engineering and / or materials science, there are a number of methods for determining such a material limit stress, usually the material used and the spatial configuration of the considered, under mechanical stress, component play a role.
Wenn nun beim erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren festgestellt wird, dass die obere mechanische Belastungsgrenze der dampfführenden Komponente überschritten ist, so wird der maximal zulässige Dampfdruck ermittelt, welcher im aktuellen Betriebszustand maximal in der dampfführenden Komponente vorherrschen darf, ohne dass eine übermäßige Beanspruchung und/oder eine Beschädigung befürchtet werden muss. Es wird also ausgehend von der oberen Belastungsgrenze (Materialgrenzspannung) ein dazu korrespondierender maximaler Dampfdruck ermittelt, so dass bei einer Beaufschlagung der dampfführenden Komponente mit diesem maximalen Dampfdruck kein Schadensrisiko für die dampfführende Komponente besteht. Dieser maximal zulässige Dampfdruck wird dann beispielsweise mittels einer Regelungseinrichtung z.B. mittels eines Turbinenreglers, eingestellt, wobei mindestens das Dampfventil entsprechend betätigt wird.If it is determined in the method according to the invention that the upper mechanical load limit of the steam-carrying component is exceeded, the maximum permissible vapor pressure is determined, which may prevail in the current operating state maximum in the steam-carrying component, without fear of excessive stress and / or damage must become. Thus, starting from the upper load limit (material limit tension), a corresponding maximum vapor pressure is determined, so that there is no risk of damage to the vapor-carrying component when the vapor-carrying component is exposed to this maximum vapor pressure. This maximum allowable vapor pressure is then, for example, by means of a control device e.g. adjusted by means of a turbine regulator, wherein at least the steam valve is actuated accordingly.
Da beim erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren bevorzugt während des gesamten Betriebs der Dampfkraftanlage der Innendruck und die genannten Temperaturen der dampfführenden Komponente laufend, beispielsweise zyklisch, gemessen werden, ist die erfindungsgemäße, im Schritt 4 des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens beschriebene. Androsselung des mindestens einen Dampfventils vorübergehend im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik, wo eine Androsselung während der gesamten Betriebszeit der Kraftwerksanlage im Teillastbereich vorgesehen ist. Dies ist insbesondere deshalb möglich, da wegen der genannten laufenden Messungen in jedem aktuellen Betriebszustand die genannten Spannungsverhältnisse der dampfführenden Komponente bekannt sind, so dass, wenn sich während des Betriebs die Differenz zwischen der Materialgrenzspannung und der Vergleichspannung verringert, die Androsselung zurück genommen werden kann, da der sich bei einer Verringerung der genannten Differenz ergebende Grenzdampfdrucksollwert steigt, was die genannte Rücknahme der Androsselung des mindestens einen Dampfventils erlaubt.Since in the method according to the invention preferably during the entire operation of the steam power plant, the internal pressure and the said temperatures of the steam-carrying component continuously, for example cyclically, are measured, the inventive, described in step 4 of the method according to the invention. Throttling the at least one steam valve temporarily compared to the prior art, where a throttling is provided during the entire operating time of the power plant in the partial load range. This is possible in particular because, because of the above-mentioned current measurements, the said voltage ratios of the steam-carrying component are known in each current operating state, so that if the difference between the material limit voltage and the comparison voltage decreases during operation, the throttling can be withdrawn, there the limit steam pressure set point resulting from a reduction of said difference increases, which allows said reduction of the throttling of the at least one steam valve.
Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass beim erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren die Androsselung der Turbinenventile vorübergehend ist und entsprechend den sich ausgleichenden Temperaturen, welche von den Messungen im Schritt 1 erfasst sind, zurückgenommen wird.In summary, in the method according to the invention, the throttling of the turbine valves is temporary and is reduced in accordance with the compensating temperatures which are detected by the measurements in
Mittels des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens kann beispielsweise eine Dampfkraftanlage, welche einen dickwandigen Kessel umfasst, im Gleitdruckbetrieb mit vollständig geöffneten Turbinenventilen und/oder mit einer vollen Beaufschlagung der Dampfturbine betrieben werden; im Vergleich zu bekannten Verfahren aus dem Stand der Technik werden dabei insbesondere permanente Wirkungsgradverluste während eines Teillastbetriebs sowie eine besondere und aufwendige Ausgestaltung der Turbine mit einer Regeleinrichtung für Teilbeaufschlagung vermieden.By means of the method according to the invention, for example, a steam power plant, which comprises a thick-walled boiler, are operated in Gleitdruckbetrieb with fully open turbine valves and / or with a full admission to the steam turbine; In comparison with known methods from the prior art, in particular permanent efficiency losses during a partial load operation as well as a special and complex design of the turbine with a control device for partial admission are avoided.
Vom erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren sollen auch solche Verfahren umfasst sein, bei denen die in den Schritten 2 bis 5 ermittelten Größen anhand der jeweiligen Geometrie der dampfführenden Komponente nicht erst während des Betriebs der Dampfkraftanlage "online" ermittelt werden, sondern z.B. vorab in Form von parametrisierten Kurvenscharen (wobei zumindest der Innendruck, die Innen- und die Außentemperatur als Parameter verwendet sind) gespeichert und dann während des Betriebs anhand der aktuellen Parameterwerte mindestens für den Innendruck, die Innen-, sowie der Außentemperatur der Stelleingriff auf das Dampfventil aus den oben genannten Kurvenscharen abgeleitet wird.The method according to the invention should also encompass those methods in which the variables ascertained in
Vorteilhaft ist die dampfführende Komponente eine Dampfabscheidetrommel.Advantageously, the steam-carrying component is a Dampfabscheidreme drum.
Bei dieser Ausführungsform der Erfindung sind die Vorteile des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren besonders gut nutzbar, da Dampfabscheidetrommeln, insbesondere von Kraftwerksanlagen hoher Leistung, dickwandig ausgeführt sind, was bei einer Laständerung zu besonders großen mechanischen Spannungen infolge der sich ergebenden Temperaturdifferenzen in den dicken Wänden der Dampfabscheidetrommel führt. Diese Spannungen werden mittels des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens, insbesondere zu Beginn eines Laständerungsvorgangs, dadurch vermieden, dass eine große Androsselung des mindestens einen Dampfventils eingestellt wird, welche aber im Folgenden mit den sich reduzierenden Spannungen infolge der sich ausgleichenden Temperaturen automatisch zurückgenommen wird.In this embodiment of the invention, the advantages of the method according to the invention are particularly useful, since Dampfabscheidetrommeln, especially of power plants high performance, are made thick-walled, resulting in a load change to particularly large mechanical stresses due to the resulting temperature differences in the thick walls of the Dampfabscheidetrommel. These voltages are avoided by means of the method according to the invention, in particular at the beginning of a load change process, that a large throttling of the at least one steam valve is adjusted, which is automatically withdrawn in the following with the reducing voltages due to the compensating temperatures.
In einer weiteren Ausführungsform der Erfindung weist die Dampfturbine mindestens zwei Turbinenstufen auf, insbesondere eine Hochdruck- und eine Niederdruckstufe.In a further embodiment of the invention, the steam turbine has at least two turbine stages, in particular a high-pressure stage and a low-pressure stage.
Derartige Dampfturbinen werden insbesondere bei Kraftwerksanlagen größerer Leistung eingesetzt, um die im Betriebsdampf der Dampfturbine enthaltene Energie möglichst gut auszunutzen.Such steam turbines are used in particular in power plants larger power to exploit the energy contained in the operating steam of the steam turbine as well as possible.
Wird eine derartige Dampfturbine eingesetzt, so wird diese weiterhin vorteilhaft mittels mindestens eines Stufenventils mit Dampf beaufschlagt, wobei mittels des Stufenventils mindestens einer Turbinenstufe Dampf zuleitbar ist, insbesondere der Niederdruckstufe. Dieses Stufenventil wird dann in Verbindung mit dem Dampfventil in Schritt 4 des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens eingestellt. Bei dieser Ausführungsform der Erfindung umfasst die Dampfturbine der Dampfkraftanlage mindestens zwei Stellorgane zur Zuleitung von Dampf an die Turbine. Im Schritt 4 des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird nun der Grenzdampfdrucksollwert mittels der Einstellung beider Ventile bewerkstelligt, so dass ein besseres Regelverhalten der Dampfturbine hinsichtlich des einzustellenden Grenzdampfdrucksollwerts im Vergleich zur Einstellung nur eines Ventils erreicht wird.If such a steam turbine is used, it is furthermore advantageously applied to it by means of at least one stage valve with steam, it being possible for steam to be supplied by means of the stage valve to at least one turbine stage, in particular the low-pressure stage. This stage valve is then adjusted in conjunction with the steam valve in step 4 of the method according to the invention. In this embodiment of the invention, the steam turbine of the steam power plant comprises at least two actuators for supplying steam to the turbine. In step 4 of the method according to the invention, the limit steam pressure set point is now established by means of the adjustment of both valves, so that a better control behavior of the steam turbine with regard to the set limit steam pressure setpoint is achieved compared to the setting of only one valve.
In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung wird der Grenzdampfdrucksollwert mittels einer Simulationsrechnung ermittelt.In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the limiting vapor pressure desired value is determined by means of a simulation calculation.
Dabei kann beispielsweise in einem Rechner ein mathematisches Modell mindestens der dampfführenden Komponente abgespeichert sein, mittels welchem aus den in Schritt 1 gemessenen Größen des Innendrucks, der Innen- und der Außentemperatur die Vergleichsspannung im Material (Werkstoff) der dampfführenden Komponente sowie deren zeitlicher Verlauf berechnet wird, welche sich ergibt aus der Druckbelastung, der Temperaturdifferenz und ggf. der tatsächlichen räumlichen Verteilung der mechanischen Spannung im Material der dampfführenden Komponente. Eine derartige Simulation kann beispielsweise mittels eines digitalen Verfahrens realisiert werden, wobei die genannten Größen in einem Zeitschrittverfahren eingelesen und verarbeitet werden. In der genannten Simulation kann weiterhin, beispielsweise mittels des genannten mathematischen Modells der dampfführenden Komponente, der Grenzdampfdrucksollwert ermittelt werden, welcher üblicherweise einem Turbinenregler zugeführt wird, der entsprechend eines Regelalgorithmus das oder die Turbinenventile einstellt.In this case, for example, a mathematical model of at least the steam-carrying component can be stored in a computer, by means of which the comparison stress in the material (material) of the steam-carrying component and its time profile is calculated from the variables of the internal pressure, the inside and outside temperature measured in
Dabei kann beispielsweise mittels des mathematischen Modells der dampfführenden Komponente rechnerisch der benötigte Grenzdampfdrucksollwert sowie dessen zeitlicher Verlauf ermittelt werden, indem beispielsweise in der Simulationsrechnung ausgehend vom gemessenen Innendruck der dampfführenden Komponente dieser aktuelle Wert des Innendrucks schrittweise rein rechnerisch erhöht wird, bis die sich dabei ergebende (zunächst theoretische) Vergleichsspannung den Wert der Materialgrenzspannung erreicht oder zumindest nahe kommt. Der so ermittelte Grenzdampfdrucksollwert kann dann eingestellt werden, so dass keine Beschädigung der dampfführenden Komponente befürchtet werden muss.In this case, for example, by means of the mathematical model of the steam-carrying component, the required limit steam pressure setpoint and its time profile can be determined, for example, in the simulation calculation, starting from the measured internal pressure of the steam-carrying component, this actual value of the internal pressure is incrementally increased purely mathematically until the resulting ( first theoretical) comparison voltage reaches the value of the material limit voltage or at least comes close. The thus determined limit steam pressure setpoint can then be adjusted so that no damage to the steam-carrying component has to be feared.
Bezüglich der Vorrichtung wird die Aufgabe erfindungsgemäß gelöst durch eine Vorrichtung zum Betrieb einer Dampfkraftanlage mit mindestens einer Dampfturbine, wobei die Dampfkraftanlage mindestens eine dampfführende Komponente aufweist und die Dampfturbine mittels mindestens eines Dampfventils mit Dampf, insbesondere mit Frischdampf, beaufschlagbar ist, umfassend folgende Komponenten:
- ein Innendrucksensor, mittels welchem der Druck innerhalb der dampfführenden Komponente ermittelbar ist,
- Mittel zur Ermittlung der Temperatur innerhalb der dampfführenden Komponente,
- ein Außentemperatursensor, mittels welchem die Temperatur im Außenbereich der dampfführenden Komponente ermittelbar ist,
- eine Rechenstufe, welcher die ermittelten Werte des Innendrucks, sowie der Innen- und Außentemperatur zugeführt sind und mittels welcher eine räumliche Verteilung der Temperatur der dampfführenden Komponente sowie eine Vergleichsspannung ermittelbar ist, welch die mechanische Spannung beschreibt, welcher die dampfführende Komponente im aktuellen Betriebszustand unterliegt,
- eine Vergleichsstufe, mittels welcher die Vergleichsspannung vergleichbar ist mit einer Materialgrenzspannung, welche eine obere Grenze für die mechanische Belastbarkeit der dampfführenden Komponente beschreibt, und
- eine Regelstufe, mittels welcher falls die Vergleichsspannung größer ist als die Materialgrenzspannung, ein Grenzdampfdrucksollwert ermittelbar ist, welcher einen maximal zulässigen Dampfdruck beschreibt, mittels welchem die dampfführende Komponente im aktuellen Betriebszustand ohne Schadensrisiko beaufschlagbar ist, und mittels welcher das mindestens eine Dampfventil derart einstellbar ist, dass der von der Dampfturbine an die dampfführende Komponente gelieferte Dampf mit einem Druck auf die dampfführende Komponente einwirkt, welcher etwa dem Grenzdampfdrucksollwert entspricht.
- an internal pressure sensor, by means of which the pressure within the vapor-conducting component can be determined,
- Means for determining the temperature within the vapor carrying component,
- an outside temperature sensor, by means of which the temperature in the outer region of the steam-conducting component can be determined,
- a computing stage to which the determined values of the internal pressure, as well as the inside and outside temperature are supplied and by means of which a spatial distribution of the temperature of the steam-carrying component as well as a comparison voltage can be determined, which describes the mechanical stress which is subject to the steam-carrying component in the current operating state,
- a comparison stage, by means of which the comparison voltage is comparable to a material limit stress, which describes an upper limit for the mechanical load capacity of the steam-carrying component, and
- a control stage, by means of which, if the comparison voltage is greater than the material limit voltage, a limit steam pressure setpoint can be determined, which describes a maximum allowable vapor pressure, by means of which the steam-carrying component in the current operating state can be acted upon without risk of damage, and by means of which the at least one steam valve is adjustable in such a way that of the steam turbine to the steam-carrying component delivered steam with a pressure acting on the steam-carrying component, which corresponds approximately to the limit steam pressure setpoint.
Die Innentemperatur kann z.B. durch direkte Messung mittels eines Sensors oder indirekt mittels Ableitung aus anderen physikalischen Größen (z.B. Siedezustand und Druck des Füllmediums der dampfführenden Komponente).The internal temperature may e.g. by direct measurement by means of a sensor or indirectly by derivation from other physical quantities (for example boiling state and pressure of the filling medium of the steam-carrying component).
Vorteilhaft ist die dampfführende Komponente eine Dampfabscheidetrommel.Advantageously, the steam-carrying component is a Dampfabscheidreme drum.
In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung weist die Dampfturbine mindestens zwei Turbinenstufen auf, insbesondere eine Hochdruck- und eine Niederdruckstufe.In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the steam turbine has at least two turbine stages, in particular a high-pressure and a low-pressure stage.
Dabei ist die Dampfturbine vorteilhaft weiterhin mittels mindestens eines Stufenventils mit Dampf beaufschlagbar, wobei mittels des Stufenventils mindestens einer Turbinenstufe, insbesondere der Niederdruckstufe, Dampf zuleitbar ist und wobei das mindestens eine Stufenventil in Verbindung mit dem Dampfventil mittels der Regelstufe einstellbar ist.In this case, the steam turbine is advantageously further acted upon by means of at least one stage valve with steam, by means of the tap valve at least one turbine stage, in particular the low-pressure stage, steam is supplied and wherein the at least one stage valve in connection with the steam valve by means of the control stage is adjustable.
Besonders vorteilhaft ist der Grenzdampfdrucksollwert mittels einer Simulationsrechnung ermittelt.Particularly advantageously, the limit steam pressure set point is determined by means of a simulation calculation.
Die genannte erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung sowie deren bevorzugte Ausführungsformen dienen insbesondere zur Ausführung des vorher beschriebenen erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens und all seiner Ausführungsformen.Said device according to the invention and its preferred embodiments serve in particular for carrying out the previously described method according to the invention and all its embodiments.
Alle im Zusammenhang mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren dargestellten Ausführungen und Erläuterungen sind ohne Weiteres in analoger Weise auf die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung übertragbar und werden hier nicht wiederholt.All embodiments and explanations shown in connection with the method according to the invention are readily transferable in an analogous manner to the device according to the invention and are not repeated here.
Im Folgenden wird ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung näher dargestellt.In the following an embodiment of the invention is shown in more detail.
Die Figur zeigt eine Dampfkraftanlage 1, welche eine Dampfturbine 5 und mindestens eine dampfführende Komponente 7 umfasst. Letztere ist im vorliegenden Ausführungsbeispiel ausgebildet als Dampfabscheidetrommel.The figure shows a
In der schematischen Darstellung der Figur sind keine Einzelheiten der Dampferzeugung gezeichnet, insbesondere wurde auf eine detaillierte Darstellung der Dampferzeugung mit einem Dampfkessel und weiterer Komponenten verzichtet.In the schematic representation of the figure, no details of the steam generation are drawn, in particular, was dispensed with a detailed representation of the steam generation with a steam boiler and other components.
Die Erzeugung von Frischdampf für die Dampfturbine 5 ist angedeutet durch eine Heizfläche H, mittels welcher ein Strömungsmedium durch die Einwirkung beispielsweise von heißem Gas aufgeheizt und als Frischdampf der Dampfturbine 5 zuleitbar ist.The generation of live steam for the steam turbine 5 is indicated by a heating surface H, by means of which a flow medium is heated by the action of hot gas, for example, and can be supplied as live steam to the steam turbine 5.
Die Dampfturbine 5 weist zwei Turbinenstufen unterschiedlichen Betriebsdrucks auf, nämlich eine Hochdruckstufe HD und eine Niederdruckstufe ND.The steam turbine 5 has two turbine stages of different operating pressure, namely a high-pressure stage HD and a low-pressure stage ND.
Mittels eines Dampfventils 10 wird der Dampfturbine 5 Betriebsdampf, insbesondere Frischdampf, zugeführt. Zur Erzeugung von elektrischer Energie ist die Dampfturbine 5 der Dampfkraftanlage 1 über eine Welle an einen Generator G gekoppelt.By means of a
Insbesondere bei einer Laständerung während des Betriebs der Dampfkraftanlage ist die dampfführende Komponente 7 einem betragsmäßig großem Temperaturgradienten ausgesetzt und ist möglicherweise durch eine Einwirkung der dabei auftretenden mechanischen Spannungen gefährdet.In particular, during a load change during operation of the steam power plant, the steam-carrying component 7 is exposed to a magnitude large temperature gradient and is possibly endangered by an effect of the mechanical stresses occurring.
Um einerseits eine Überbeanspruchung von Anlagenkomponenten der Dampfkraftanlage, insbesondere der dampfführenden Komponente 7, zu vermeiden und um andererseits einen möglichst großen Wirkungsgrad der Dampfkraftanlage 1 auch während eines Übergangs auf Teillastbetrieb und im Teillastbetrieb sicher zu stellen, ist eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung 2 vorgesehen.On the one hand, an overuse of plant components of the steam power plant, in particular the steam-carrying component 7, and on the other hand to ensure the highest possible efficiency of the
Diese umfasst einen im Inneren der dampfführenden Komponente 7 angeordneten Drucksensor SPi, sowie einen ebenfalls in ihrem Inneren angeordneten Temperatursensor STi und einen im Außenbereich der dampfführenden Komponente 7 angeordneten Temperatursensor STa.This comprises a pressure sensor SPi arranged in the interior of the steam-carrying component 7, as well as a temperature sensor STi likewise arranged in its interior and a temperature sensor STa arranged in the outer region of the steam-carrying component 7.
Mittels der genannten Sensoren wird der im Inneren der dampfführenden Komponente herrschenden Innendruck, die Innentemperatur, sowie die Temperatur im Außenbereich der dampfführenden Komponente 7 gemessen. Diese Messwerte lassen einen Rückschluss auf die mechanische Belastung des Materials der dampfführenden Komponente 7 in einem aktuellen Betriebszustand zu. Die von den genannten Sensoren gemessenen Messwerte werden an einen Rechner C übermittelt, welcher eine Rechenstufe RS1, eine Vergleichsstufe CS sowie eine Regelstufe RS2 umfasst.By means of said sensors, the internal pressure prevailing in the interior of the steam-carrying component, the internal temperature, and the temperature in the outer region of the steam-carrying component 7 are measured. These measurements allow a conclusion on the mechanical load of the material of the steam-carrying component 7 in a current operating state. The measured values measured by said sensors are transmitted to a computer C, which comprises a computing stage RS1, a comparison stage CS and a control stage RS2.
In der Rechenstufe RS1 läuft ein Berechnungsprogramm ab, mittels welchem aus den genannten Messwerten eine räumliche Temperaturverteilung der dampfführenden Komponente sowie eine Vergleichsspannung Vs berechnet wird, welche eine Kenngröße für die mechanische Belastung der dampfführenden Komponente 7 im aktuellen Betriebszustand ist. Aus dem Bereich des Maschinenbaus und/oder der Werkstoffkunde sind dazu mehrere Berechnungsmethoden bekannt, insbesondere so genannte "Spannungshypothesen".In the computing stage RS1 runs a calculation program, by means of which a spatial temperature distribution of the steam-carrying component and a comparison voltage Vs is calculated from the above measured values, which is a parameter for the mechanical load of the steam-carrying component 7 in the current operating state. From the field of mechanical engineering and / or materials science to several calculation methods are known, in particular so-called "stress hypotheses".
Die von der Rechenstufe RS1 ermittelte Vergleichsspannung Vs und eine Materialgrenzspannung Mgs werden an die Vergleichsstufe CS übergeben.The comparison voltage Vs determined by the computing stage RS1 and a material limit voltage Mgs are transferred to the comparison stage CS.
Die Materialgrenzspannung Mgs ist dabei eine Kenngröße für eine maximal zulässige mechanische Belastung des Materials (Werkstoffs) der dampfführenden Komponente 7 durch mechanische Spannungen. Quantitative Werte für derartige Materialgrenzspannungen der verschiedenen für dampfführende Komponenten verwendeten Werkstoffe können insbesondere aus der Literatur zur Werkstoffkunde und/oder Maschinenbau ermittelt werden.The material limit voltage Mgs is a parameter for a maximum allowable mechanical load of the material (material) of the steam-carrying component 7 by mechanical stresses. Quantitative values for such material limit stresses of the various materials used for steam-carrying components can be determined in particular from the literature on material science and / or mechanical engineering.
Falls ein durch die Vergleichsstufe CS durchgeführter Vergleich der Vergleichsspannung Vs mit der Materialgrenzspannung Mgs ergibt, dass die Vergleichsspannung Vs in einem aktuellen Betriebszustand größer ist als die Materialgrenzspannung Mgs, dass also beispielsweise mit einer mechanischen Überlastung und/oder frühzeitigen Materialermüdungen der dampfführenden Komponente 7 gerechnet werden muss, so stößt das genannte Vergleichsergebnis einen in der Regelstufe RS2 gespeicherten Berechnungsalgorithmus an, mittels welchem aus den aktuell vorliegenden Betriebskenngrößen der dampfführenden Komponente 7, insbesondere aus deren gemessenem Innendruck, deren gemessener Innentemperatur sowie deren gemessener Außentemperatur, ein Grenzdampfdrucksollwert Gd ermittelt wird.If a comparison of the comparison voltage Vs carried out by the comparison stage CS with the material limit voltage Mgs shows that the comparison voltage Vs in a current operating state is greater than the material limit voltage Mgs, that is to say, for example, a mechanical overload and / or early material fatigue of the steam-carrying component 7 is expected must, so mentioned said comparison result abuts a calculation algorithm stored in the control stage RS2, by means of which from the currently present operating characteristics of the steam-carrying component 7, in particular from their measured internal pressure, their measured internal temperature and their measured outside temperature, a limit steam pressure setpoint Gd is determined.
Der Grenzdampfdrucksollwert Gd ist ein Maß dafür, wie hoch der in einer aktuellen Betriebssituation auf die dampfführende Komponente 7 einwirkende Dampfdruck maximal sein darf, ohne eine Überlastung und/oder Beschädigung der dampfführenden Komponente 7 befürchten zu müssen. Der Grenzdampfdrucksollwert Gd kann beispielsweise in einer Simulationsrechnung ermittelt werden.The limit steam pressure set point Gd is a measure of how high the steam pressure acting on the steam-carrying component 7 in a current operating situation may be maximum, without having to fear overloading and / or damaging the steam-carrying component 7. The limiting vapor pressure desired value Gd can be determined, for example, in a simulation calculation.
Der Grenzdampfdrucksollwert Gd wird eingestellt, indem mittels der Regelstufe RS2 das Dampfventil 10 sowie ein ggf. vorhandenes Stufenventil 12 derart eingestellt werden, bis sich in etwa der berechnete Grenzdampfdrucksollwert Gd einstellt.The limit steam pressure set point Gd is set by adjusting the
Der aktuelle Wert für den Grenzdampfdrucksollwert Gd ist abhängig vom aktuellen Betriebszustand der Dampfkraftanlage, so dass sich insbesondere beim Abklingen der Übergangsvorgänge bei einer Laständerung (beispielsweise das Abklingen der Temperaturdifferenz im Werkstoff der dampfführenden Komponente 7 bei/nach einer Laständerung) der Wert für den Grenzdampfdrucksollwert Gd allmählich erhöht.The current value for the limit steam pressure setpoint value Gd is dependent on the current operating state of the steam power plant, so that the value for the limit steam pressure setpoint value Gd., In particular when the transitional processes with a load change (for example, the decay of the temperature difference in the material of the steam-carrying component 7 during / after a load change) gradually increased.
Dies bedeutet, dass die zunächst wegen der zu Beginn der Laständerung auftretenden hohen Spannungen eingestellte hohe Androsselung der Turbinenventile 10 und 12 (infolge des in dieser aktuellen Betriebssituation berechneten niedrigen Ausgangswert für den Grenzdampfdrucksollwert Gd) automatisch (allmählich) wieder zurückgenommen wird, da - wie bereits erwähnt - der Grenzdampfdrucksollwert Gd sich beim Vorgang der Laständerung und danach infolge der sich abbauenden Temperaturspannungen im Material der dampfführenden Komponente 7 erhöht, die Druckbelastung der dampfführenden Komponente 7 daher ebenfalls erhöht werden kann und deshalb die Androsselung der Turbinenventile 10 und 12 zurückgenommen wird.This means that the high throttling of the
In dieser nur temporären Androsselung der Turbinenventile 10 und 12, insbesondere während und/oder nach einer Laständerung der Dampfkraftanlage 1, liegt ein wichtiger Vorteil des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens sowie der Vorrichtung, welcher im Vergleich zum Stand der Technik einen erhöhten Wirkungsgrad während des Betriebs der Dampfkraftanlage 1 erlaubt.In this only temporary throttling of the
Zusammengefasst lässt sich die Erfindung folgendermaßen umreißen:In summary, the invention can be outlined as follows:
Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass während des Betriebs einer Dampfturbine 5 einer Dampfkraftanlage 1 in mindestens einer dampfführenden Komponente 7 der Innendruck Pi, sowie die Innentemperatur Ti und in deren Außenbereich die Außentemperatur Ta ermittelt werden. Infolge einer Änderung des Betriebszustands, insbesondere bei einer Laständerung, verändern sich nun die o.g. Werte, so dass unter Umständen die mechanischen Spannungen, die dabei auf die dampfführende Komponente 7 einwirken, untolerierbar groß werden.
Daher wird mindestens aus den Werten Pi, Ti, Ta eine räumliche Temperaturverteilung sowie eine Vergleichsspannung Vs der dampfführenden Komponente 7 ermittelt und mit einer Materialgrenzspannung Mgs des Werkstoffs der dampfführenden Komponente 7 verglichen.
Falls die Vergleichsspannung Vs größer ist als die Materialgrenzspannung Mgs, wo wird ein Grenzdampfdrucksollwert Gd ermittelt und mindestens ein Dampfventil 10 derart eingestellt, dass der Dampfdruck auf die dampfführende Komponente 7 etwa diesem Grenzdampfdrucksollwert Gd entspricht.
Mittels des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ergibt sich eine automatische Reduzierung der genannten Androsselung, so dass der Wirkungsgrad der Dampfkraftanlage 1, insbesondere im Teillastbereich, erhöht ist.
Eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung 2 dient zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens.It is proposed that during operation of a steam turbine 5 of a
Therefore, a spatial temperature distribution and a comparison voltage Vs of the steam-carrying component 7 are determined at least from the values Pi, Ti, Ta and compared with a material limit voltage Mgs of the material of the steam-carrying component 7.
If the comparison voltage Vs is greater than the material limit voltage Mgs, where a threshold steam pressure setpoint Gd is determined and set at least one
By means of the method according to the invention results in an automatic reduction of said throttling, so that the efficiency of the
A
Claims (10)
- Method for operating a steam power plant (1) with at least one steam turbine (5), the steam power plant (1) having at least one steam-carrying component (7), and the steam turbine (5) being acted upon by steam, in particular by fresh steam, by means of at least one steam valve (10), characterized by the following steps:a) during the operation of the steam power plant (1), at least one internal pressure (Pi) and also at least one internal temperature (Ti) and at least one external temperature (Ta) of the steam-carrying component (7) are determined,b) a spatial distribution of the temperature of the steam-carrying component is determined from the at least one internal temperature and the at least one external temperature,c) from the internal pressure (Pi), the internal temperature (Ti) and external temperature (Ta), a reference stress (Vs) is determined, which describes the mechanical stress which the steam-carrying component (7) undergoes in the current operating state,d) the reference stress (Vs) is compared with a material limit stress (Mgs) which describes an upper limit for the mechanical load-bearing capacity of the steam-carrying component (7),e) if the reference stress (Vs) is greater than the material limit stress (Mgs), a limit steam pressure desired value (Gd) is determined, which describes a maximum permissible steam pressure, by means of which the steam-carrying component (7) can be acted upon without the risk of damage in the current operating state, and the at least one steam valve (10) is set in such a way that the steam delivered to the steam-carrying component (7) by the steam turbine (5) acts on the steam-carrying component (7) with a pressure which corresponds approximately to the limit steam pressure desired value (Gd).
- Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the steam-carrying component (7) is a steam separation drum.
- Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the steam turbine (5) has at least two turbine stages, in particular a high-pressure (HD) and a low-pressure (ND) stage.
- Method according to Claim 3, characterized in that, furthermore, the steam turbine (5) is acted upon by steam by means of at least one stage valve (12), by means of which steam can be delivered to at least one turbine stage, in particular the low-pressure stage (ND), and the at least one stage valve (12) is set, in conjunction with the steam valve (10), in step d).
- Method according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the limit steam pressure desired value (Gd) is determined by means of a simulation calculation.
- Device (2) for operating a steam power plant (1) with at least one steam turbine (5), the steam power plant (1) having at least one steam-carrying component (7), and the steam turbine (5) being capable of being acted upon by steam, in particular by fresh steam, by means of at least one steam valve (10), characterized by- an internal-pressure sensor (SPi), by means of which the pressure (Pi) within the steam-carrying component (7) can be determined,- means (STi) for determining an internal temperature (Ti) of the steam-carrying component (7),- an external-temperature sensor (STa), by means of which the temperature (Ta) in the region outside the steam-carrying component (7) can be determined,- a computing stage (RS1), to which the determined values of the internal pressure (Pi) and of the internal (Ti) and external (Ta) temperature are supplied and by means of which a spatial distribution of the temperature of the steam-carrying component and a reference stress (Vs) can be determined, said reference stress describing the mechanical stress which the steam-carrying component (7) undergoes in the current operating state,- a comparison stage (CS), by means of which the reference stress (Vs) can be compared with a material limit stress (Mgs) which describes an upper limit for the mechanical load-bearing capacity of the steam-carrying component (7), and- a regulating stage (RS2), by means of which, if the reference stress (Vs) is greater than the material limit stress (Mgs), a limit steam pressure desired value (Gd) can be determined, which describes a maximum permissible steam pressure by means of which the steam-carrying component (7) can be acted upon without the risk of damage in the current operating state, and by means of which regulating stage the at least one steam valve (10) can be set in such a way that the steam delivered to the steam-carrying component (7) by the steam turbine (5) acts on the steam-carrying component (7) with a pressure which corresponds approximately to the limit steam pressure desired value (Gd).
- Device (2) according to Claim 6, characterized in that the steam-carrying component (7) is a steam separation drum.
- Device (2) according to Claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the steam turbine (5) has at least two turbine stages, in particular a high-pressure (HD) and a low-pressure (ND) stage.
- Device (2) according to Claim 8, characterized in that, furthermore, the steam turbine (5) can be acted upon by steam by means of at least one stage valve (12), by means of which steam can be delivered to at least one turbine stage, in particular the low-pressure stage (ND), and the at least one stage valve (12) can be set, in conjunction with the steam valve (10), by means of the regulating stage (RS2).
- Device (2) according to one of Claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the limit steam pressure desired value (Gd) is determined by means of a simulation calculation.
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP02011279A EP1365110B1 (en) | 2002-05-22 | 2002-05-22 | Process and apparatus for operating a steam power plant, especially in a partial load range |
| AT02011279T ATE420274T1 (en) | 2002-05-22 | 2002-05-22 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR OPERATING A STEAM POWER PLANT, PARTICULARLY IN THE PARTIAL LOAD RANGE |
| DK02011279T DK1365110T3 (en) | 2002-05-22 | 2002-05-22 | Method and apparatus for operating a steam power plant, especially in the part load area |
| DE50213199T DE50213199D1 (en) | 2002-05-22 | 2002-05-22 | Method and device for operating a steam power plant, in particular in the partial load range |
| US10/440,410 US6915635B2 (en) | 2002-05-22 | 2003-05-19 | Method and device for operating a steam power plant, in particular in the part-load range |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP02011279A EP1365110B1 (en) | 2002-05-22 | 2002-05-22 | Process and apparatus for operating a steam power plant, especially in a partial load range |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1365110A1 EP1365110A1 (en) | 2003-11-26 |
| EP1365110B1 true EP1365110B1 (en) | 2009-01-07 |
Family
ID=29286133
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP02011279A Expired - Lifetime EP1365110B1 (en) | 2002-05-22 | 2002-05-22 | Process and apparatus for operating a steam power plant, especially in a partial load range |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6915635B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1365110B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE420274T1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE50213199D1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK1365110T3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1653050A1 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2006-05-03 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Method of determining a characteristic value reflecting the state of fatigue of a component |
| JP4723884B2 (en) | 2005-03-16 | 2011-07-13 | 株式会社東芝 | Turbine start control device and start control method thereof |
| US7632059B2 (en) * | 2006-06-29 | 2009-12-15 | General Electric Company | Systems and methods for detecting undesirable operation of a turbine |
| DE102012107980A1 (en) * | 2012-08-29 | 2014-03-06 | M-S Consulting und Beteiligungs GmbH | Power plant for the use of heat energy contained in steam and method for controlling it |
| JP5397560B1 (en) * | 2013-04-05 | 2014-01-22 | 富士電機株式会社 | Method and apparatus for safe operation of extraction steam turbine power generation facility |
| CN108915788B (en) * | 2018-09-11 | 2024-01-09 | 山东国电发电工程有限公司 | Low-pressure shaft seal optimization control system and method for condensing steam turbine |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3928972A (en) * | 1973-02-13 | 1975-12-30 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | System and method for improved steam turbine operation |
| FR2380418A1 (en) * | 1977-02-09 | 1978-09-08 | Europ Turb Vapeur | PROCEDURE FOR CONDUCTING AN ENERGY PRODUCTION ASSEMBLY |
| US4320625A (en) * | 1980-04-30 | 1982-03-23 | General Electric Company | Method and apparatus for thermal stress controlled loading of steam turbines |
| JPS59226211A (en) * | 1983-06-08 | 1984-12-19 | Hitachi Ltd | Controlling method of thermal power plant |
| US5018356A (en) * | 1990-10-10 | 1991-05-28 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Temperature control of a steam turbine steam to minimize thermal stresses |
| US5136848A (en) * | 1991-10-07 | 1992-08-11 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Method for predicting the optimum transition between constant and sliding pressure operation |
| US5333457A (en) * | 1991-10-07 | 1994-08-02 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Operation between valve points of a partial-arc admission turbine |
| US5191764A (en) * | 1992-06-09 | 1993-03-09 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Governor valve positioning to overcome partial-arc admission limits |
| US5621654A (en) * | 1994-04-15 | 1997-04-15 | Long Island Lighting Company | System and method for economic dispatching of electrical power |
| JP3673017B2 (en) * | 1996-05-23 | 2005-07-20 | 株式会社東芝 | Steam turbine start control device |
| DE59706404D1 (en) * | 1996-11-08 | 2002-03-21 | Siemens Ag | TURBINE CONTROL DEVICE AND METHOD FOR REGULATING A LOAD CHANGING PROCESS OF A TURBINE |
-
2002
- 2002-05-22 DK DK02011279T patent/DK1365110T3/en active
- 2002-05-22 EP EP02011279A patent/EP1365110B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-05-22 AT AT02011279T patent/ATE420274T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-05-22 DE DE50213199T patent/DE50213199D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-05-19 US US10/440,410 patent/US6915635B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US6915635B2 (en) | 2005-07-12 |
| DE50213199D1 (en) | 2009-02-26 |
| ATE420274T1 (en) | 2009-01-15 |
| US20030230088A1 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
| EP1365110A1 (en) | 2003-11-26 |
| DK1365110T3 (en) | 2009-04-20 |
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