EP1318696B1 - Procédé de chauffage électrique d'un four pour le traitment thermique de pièces métalliques - Google Patents

Procédé de chauffage électrique d'un four pour le traitment thermique de pièces métalliques Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1318696B1
EP1318696B1 EP01128278A EP01128278A EP1318696B1 EP 1318696 B1 EP1318696 B1 EP 1318696B1 EP 01128278 A EP01128278 A EP 01128278A EP 01128278 A EP01128278 A EP 01128278A EP 1318696 B1 EP1318696 B1 EP 1318696B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heating
phase
connection
star connection
delta connection
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP01128278A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1318696A1 (fr
Inventor
Karl-Heinz Lemken
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ipsen International GmbH
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Ipsen International GmbH
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ipsen International GmbH filed Critical Ipsen International GmbH
Priority to ES01128278T priority Critical patent/ES2242699T3/es
Priority to EP01128278A priority patent/EP1318696B1/fr
Priority to DE50106538T priority patent/DE50106538D1/de
Priority to AT01128278T priority patent/ATE298185T1/de
Priority to US10/293,008 priority patent/US6794618B2/en
Priority to CNB021527466A priority patent/CN1242089C/zh
Publication of EP1318696A1 publication Critical patent/EP1318696A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1318696B1 publication Critical patent/EP1318696B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/62—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
    • C23C8/36—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases using ionised gases, e.g. ionitriding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/62—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces
    • H05B3/64—Heating elements specially adapted for furnaces using ribbon, rod, or wire heater

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the electrical heating of furnaces for the Heat treatment of metallic workpieces, in particular of the Plasma carburizing or nitriding usable vacuum furnaces, wherein the Heating elements of a furnace are supplied with a heating voltage, which on the Secondary side of a connected to a three-phase network Three-phase transformer is generated.
  • three-phase networks usually flows through a three by 120 ° mutually phase-shifted alternating voltages caused three-phase current, which in not purely resistive electrical loads, ie electrical Consumers with circuit parts with inductive and / or capacitive Properties, one of the inductance and / or capacity of the consumer dependent phase shift ( ⁇ ) between voltage and current has.
  • a compensation of the reactive power is particularly important in furnaces for the Heat treatment of metallic workpieces useful, especially in the Plasma carburizing or nitriding of workpieces used vacuum furnaces.
  • Around an ionization of the furnace atmosphere in the region of the heating elements in Plasma carburizing or nitriding to avoid are known ovens with Provided heating elements, which have a low resistance and with a low heating voltage to be supplied.
  • the raised Heating power and the low heating voltage in addition to a considerable technical and consequently costly manufacturing effort for Result that a current of high current flows through the heating elements, the Accordingly, a high reactive current share and a correspondingly high Reactive power (Q).
  • VRT variably adjustable Reactance transformers
  • VRTs variably adjustable reactance transformers
  • Oven temperature the batch temperature or the respectively required Heating power
  • Q reactive power
  • the invention is in view of this prior art, the object of developing a method for electrically heating ovens for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces of the type mentioned in that can be achieved in a simple and cost-effective manner, a relatively low reactive power component.
  • the invention is based on the finding that the heating process at electric heating of furnaces for heat treatment metallic Workpieces includes heating phases that require different heating powers. For example, when heating the oven to a certain temperature a greater heating capacity is required than for keeping the stove on a for the required heat treatment necessary treatment temperature.
  • the invention by switching the primary side Coil windings of the three-phase transformer of delta connection on Star connection as a function of the heating process characteristic Operating parameters ensures that the three-phase transformer in a Operating point or works in a range of operating points, in which a high power factor (cos ⁇ ) is given.
  • By switching from Delta connection on star connection becomes the three-phase transformer Reduced primary power supplied electric power. It is the Operating point of the three-phase transformer despite the associated Reduction of the secondary-side electrical output power as well as the with the performance point (cos ⁇ ), so that a limitation of the reactive power without costly compensation is reached.
  • the Switching time from delta connection to star connection as a function of the oven temperature and / or the batch temperature and / or the Power factor (cos ⁇ ) as characteristic for the heating process Operating parameters determined.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention is of heating elements with a comparatively high-impedance resistor use made. This is in Difference to previous procedures also in plasma carburizing or Plasma nitriding possible, because by the star connection both the current than also the heating power and thus the heating voltage during the second Heating phase is reduced, so that - as previously discussed - the risk of Iontechnik the furnace atmosphere excluded in the range of heating elements can be.
  • heating elements with a high-impedance Resistance reduces the equipment manufacturing cost, since reduce the mass of the heating elements and accordingly the required heating power is lower.
  • this way for different furnace types find the same heating elements application, so that so far prevailing in furnaces for plasma carburizing or plasma nitriding Additional expenditure is eliminated.
  • the invention is as Three-phase transformer a variably adjustable reactance transformer used.
  • this offers the advantage that the heating voltage respectively Temperature in the furnace chamber instead of a contactor by varying the Manipulated variable of the reactance transformer is adjustable.
  • the result of the Change in the manipulated variable of a reactance transformer in the direction of smaller Values usually resulting reduction of the power factor (cos ⁇ ) is Due to the high resistance of the resistance of the heating elements thereby subordinate importance.
  • To fine tune the heating voltage reach is therefore also proposed that the heating voltage for the first and second heating phase - without the need to switch from triangle to Star connection by means of a contactor - by varying the manipulated variable of the Reaktanztransformators is adapted.
  • a heating voltage of less than 60 V, preferably about 50 V and during the second heating phase a heating voltage of less than 35 V, preferably about 30 V, to the Heating elements created.
  • plasma carburizing or plasma nitriding is thus in the first heating phase ensures a short warm-up time and in the second Heating phase an impairment of the furnace atmosphere by unwanted Ionmaschine in the range of heating elements excluded.
  • a three-phase network with a voltage of about 400 V. provide so that the operation of a furnace for the heat treatment metallic workpieces on the public grid is possible.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 shows current strands 1a, 1b, 1c of a three-phase network having a mains voltage of approximately 400 V as flat copper lines with a cross section of 30 ⁇ 10 mm.
  • the current strands 1a, 1b, 1c are connected to fuse load disconnectors 2a, 2b of size NH2, which are secured with 315 A.
  • fuse load disconnectors 2a, 2b About a cross section of 20 x 10 mm having flat copper lines 3a, 3b are the fuse load disconnectors 2a, 2b to a 300 A designed net contactor 4a and also designed for 300 A Triangular contactor 4b or a parallel to the latter and designed for 160 A star contactor 4c connected.
  • Flat copper lines 5a, 5b with a cross section of 6 ⁇ 120 mm 2 connect the contactors 4a to 4c with the primary-side coil windings of a variably adjustable reactance transformer 6.
  • the secondary-side coil windings of the reactance transformer 6 are flat Copper lines 7a, 7b, 7c of the thickness 2 x 120 x 10 mm connected to heating elements 8a, 8b, 8c with a high-impedance resistor.
  • the primary side coil windings of the reactance transformer 6 are depending on Process state of performed in the vacuum furnace heat treatment linked either in a delta connection or in a star connection. By the contactors 4b, 4c can from the delta connection to the star connection be switched.
  • delta connection lies on the primary side of the Reaktanztransformators 6 a conductor voltage of about 400 V at.
  • the one by the Primary-side coil windings of the reactance transformer 6 flowing current has a current of about 464 A.
  • the star connection is on the primary side of the reactance transformer 6 has a lower conductor voltage of about 230V.
  • the size of the primary stream is also lower and equal about 268 A.
  • each Single transformers 9a, 9b, 9c of the reactance transformer 6 will be on the Primary side of the reactance transformer 6 each applied conductor voltage down-converted, in the case of the star connection, for example, to a on the Secondary side of the reactance transformer falling heating voltage of about 35 V. With a secondary current of 3057 A, this results in a Active power of about 107 kW each for the heating elements 8a, 8b, 8c.
  • the heater based on the above-described circuit diagram allows the furnace chamber of the vacuum furnace, for example for Plasma nitriding of metallic workpieces during a first heating phase on one certain temperature, about 1080 ° C, heated and during a second Heating phase on a corresponding to the intended use Nitriding temperature of, for example, 600 ° C to 850 ° C for a given Duration is kept.
  • the primary-side coil windings of the reactance transformer 6 in the Triangle circuit linked so that due to it for the heating elements 8a, 8b, 8c provided high heating power results in a short heating time.
  • at Reaching the predetermined temperature at the end of the first heating phase is by means of the contactor 4c switched to star connection, whereby both the Secondary current as well as the falling on the secondary side heating voltage is reduced.
  • FIG. 3 shows the time characteristic of the power factor (cos ⁇ ) during a time period Heating process according to the prior art.
  • Oven and batch are from Room temperature (about 20 ° C) heated to a temperature of 900 ° C. Based the temperature profile of the furnace and charge can be seen that the batch followed by the temperature history of the furnace with a time delay.
  • FIG. 4 shows the variation with time of the power factor cos ⁇ for the heating process according to FIG. 3 during heating of a furnace and a charge from room temperature (about 20 ° C.) to a treatment temperature of 900 ° C.
  • the changeover time is the primary-side Coil windings of the reactance transformer 6 of delta connection to star connection in dependence of the power factor cos ⁇ determined.
  • the switching time t um is determined as a function of a predetermined, not to be undershot power factor cos ⁇ of 0.80.
  • the operating point of the reactance transformer 6 changes, as a result of which the power factor cos ⁇ , which has a value of 0.85 at the beginning of the heating process, gradually drops.
  • the primary-side coil windings of the reactance transformer 6 are switched from delta connection to star connection.
  • the reactance transformer absorbs less electrical power from the three-phase network. Accordingly, the secondary-side electrical heating voltage and thus heating power and the power factor cos ⁇ increases to a value of 0.95, corresponding to a reduced reactive power Q.
  • the reactance transformer works, apart from small deviations, in its operating point.
  • the reduced secondary-side heating power satisfies the heating power required for holding or lower increase of the furnace or batch temperature for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces taking place in the second heating phase.
  • the switching time t to the primary-side coil windings of the reactance transformer 6 of delta connection to star connection in response to reaching a predetermined power factor cos ⁇ accordingly represents a current cost-reducing measure.
  • Figure 5 shows the time course of the power factor cos ⁇ for the Heating of a furnace or a batch of room temperature (about 20 ° C) to a treatment temperature of about 900 ° C.
  • the switching time of primary-side coil windings of the reactance transformer 6 of Delta connection to star connection is dependent on a specifiable temporal change of the oven temperature.
  • the temporal change of the oven temperature determined and upon reaching a predeterminable temporal temperature change of delta connection Switched star connection.
  • the switching time increases when heating from a value of 0.85 to a value below 0.80 fallen off Power factor cos ⁇ to a value of 0.95 and stabilizes during the second heating phase to a value of 0.83.
  • FIG. 6 shows the variation over time of the power factor cos ⁇ for the corresponding heating process of a furnace or a charge from room temperature (about 20 ° C.) to a temperature of 900 ° C.
  • the switching time t is around the primary-side coil windings of the reactance transformer 6 from delta connection to star connection as a function of the change over time of the batch temperature.
  • ⁇ t 10 ° C

Claims (16)

  1. Procédé de chauffage électrique de fours pour le traitement thermique de pièces métalliques, dans lequel les éléments de chauffage (8a, 8b, 8c) d'un four sont alimentés par une tension de chauffage générée sur le côté secondaire d'un transformateur de courant triphasé (6) raccordé au réseau de courant triphasé, caractérisé en ce que les enroulements à bobine du côté primaire du transformateur de courant triphasé (6) sont montés au cours d'une première phase de chauffage dans un couplage en triangle et au cours d'une seconde phase de chauffage dans un couplage en étoile, le moment de commutation (tum) du couplage en triangle au couplage en étoile étant déterminé en fonction des paramètres de fonctionnement caractéristiques au processus de chauffage.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le moment de commutation (tum) du couplage en triangle au couplage en étoile est déterminé en fonction d'une valeur de réglage prédéfinissable.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que le moment de commutation (tum) du couplage en triangle au couplage en étoile est déterminé en fonction d'un facteur de puissance, cos ϕ.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que l'on commute du couplage en triangle au couplage en étoile lorsque l'on atteint ou passe en dessous d'un facteur de puissance cos ϕ de 0,80.
  5. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que le moment de commutation (tum) du couplage en triangle au couplage en étoile est déterminé en fonction de la température du four.
  6. Procédé selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que l'on commute du couplage en triangle au couplage en étoile en fonction d'une modification de température temporelle du four.
  7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que le moment de commutation (tum) du couplage en triangle au couplage en étoile est déterminé en fonction d'une température de charge.
  8. Procédé selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que la température de charge est changée de couplage en triangle à couplage en étoile en fonction d'une modification de température temporelle.
  9. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que le four est chauffé à une température déterminée lors d'une première phase de chauffage et est maintenu lors de la seconde phase de chauffage à une température nécessaire pour le traitement thermique requis.
  10. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que l'on commute d'un couplage en triangle à un couplage en étoile au moyen d'un contacteur (4b, 4c).
  11. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisé en ce que les éléments de chauffage (8a, 8b, 8c) sont utilisés avec une résistance puissante.
  12. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce qu'un transformateur de réactance ajustable de manière variable (6) est utilisé comme transformateur triphasé.
  13. Procédé selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que la tension de chauffage pour la première et la seconde phase est adaptée en faisant varier la valeur de réglage du transformateur de réactance (6).
  14. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 13, caractérisé en ce qu'une tension de chauffage de moins de 60 volts (V), de préférence de 50 volts (V), est appliquée au cours de la première phase de chauffage, et une tension de chauffage de moins de 35 volts (V), de préférence 30 volts (V), est appliquée au cours de la seconde phase de chauffage sur les éléments de chauffage (8a, 8b, 8c).
  15. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé par un réseau de courant triphasé avec une tension de 400 volts (V).
  16. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 15, caractérisé en ce que celui-ci est utilisé pour le chauffage électrique de fours à vide utilisables pour la cémentation ou la nitration au plasma pour le traitement thermique de pièces métalliques.
EP01128278A 2001-11-28 2001-11-28 Procédé de chauffage électrique d'un four pour le traitment thermique de pièces métalliques Expired - Lifetime EP1318696B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES01128278T ES2242699T3 (es) 2001-11-28 2001-11-28 Procedimiento para el calentamiento electrico de hornos para el tratamiento termico de piezas de trabajo metalicas.
EP01128278A EP1318696B1 (fr) 2001-11-28 2001-11-28 Procédé de chauffage électrique d'un four pour le traitment thermique de pièces métalliques
DE50106538T DE50106538D1 (de) 2001-11-28 2001-11-28 Verfahren zum elektrischen Beheizen von Öfen für die Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke
AT01128278T ATE298185T1 (de) 2001-11-28 2001-11-28 Verfahren zum elektrischen beheizen von öfen für die wärmebehandlung metallischer werkstücke
US10/293,008 US6794618B2 (en) 2001-11-28 2002-11-13 Method for electrical heating of furnaces for heat treatment of metallic workpieces
CNB021527466A CN1242089C (zh) 2001-11-28 2002-11-27 用于金属工件热处理炉的电加热方法

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP01128278A EP1318696B1 (fr) 2001-11-28 2001-11-28 Procédé de chauffage électrique d'un four pour le traitment thermique de pièces métalliques

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1318696A1 EP1318696A1 (fr) 2003-06-11
EP1318696B1 true EP1318696B1 (fr) 2005-06-15

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EP01128278A Expired - Lifetime EP1318696B1 (fr) 2001-11-28 2001-11-28 Procédé de chauffage électrique d'un four pour le traitment thermique de pièces métalliques

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Country Link
US (1) US6794618B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1318696B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1242089C (fr)
AT (1) ATE298185T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE50106538D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2242699T3 (fr)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10352517A1 (de) * 2003-11-04 2005-06-09 Siemens Ag Heizeinrichtung zur Beheizung eines elektrischen Schaltgerätes
KR101034420B1 (ko) 2004-09-10 2011-05-12 재단법인 포항산업과학연구원 가열로 전열계수 자동 조정장치
CA2637984C (fr) * 2006-01-19 2015-04-07 Pyrophase, Inc. Chauffage a technologie haute frequence pour ressources non conventionnelles
EP2610570B1 (fr) * 2011-12-29 2016-11-23 Ipsen, Inc. Agencement d'élément chauffant pour four de traitement thermique sous vide
EP2956584B1 (fr) * 2013-02-14 2017-04-12 Ammann Schweiz AG Procédé permettant de chauffer une table d'un finisseur
CN104236314B (zh) * 2014-09-10 2015-10-28 中国电子科技集团公司第四十八研究所 一种用于氮化铝烧结的高温烧结炉加热系统
US20170074589A1 (en) 2015-09-11 2017-03-16 Ipsen Inc. System and Method for Facilitating the Maintenance of an Industrial Furnace

Family Cites Families (8)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL257282A (fr) * 1959-10-31
US4425539A (en) * 1980-03-13 1984-01-10 Borg-Warner Corporation Control system for AC induction motor
DE3106827A1 (de) * 1981-02-24 1982-09-09 Fried. Krupp Gmbh, 4300 Essen "elektroden- und leiteranordnung eines dreiphasigen lichtbogenofens"
US4677643A (en) * 1984-03-09 1987-06-30 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh Device for feeding one or a plurality of electrodes in an electrothermal furnace
GB8907994D0 (en) * 1989-04-10 1989-05-24 Torvac Furnaces Ltd Vacuum furnace
JP2915951B2 (ja) * 1990-02-09 1999-07-05 津田駒工業株式会社 織機の起動方法と、その装置
DE4132712C2 (de) * 1991-10-01 1995-06-29 Ipsen Ind Int Gmbh Vakuumofen zur Plasmaaufkohlung metallischer Werkstücke
DE4310779C2 (de) * 1993-03-26 1996-08-14 Mannesmann Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Entsorgung von Filterstoffen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE298185T1 (de) 2005-07-15
US6794618B2 (en) 2004-09-21
DE50106538D1 (de) 2005-07-21
CN1424426A (zh) 2003-06-18
ES2242699T3 (es) 2005-11-16
CN1242089C (zh) 2006-02-15
US20030098301A1 (en) 2003-05-29
EP1318696A1 (fr) 2003-06-11

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