EP1315873B1 - Method of constructing a hemispherical building - Google Patents

Abstract

Shuttering elements (1, 20) for the construction of a hemispherical building are disclosed, comprising webs (10) along the side edges (4, 5) thereof. The webs (10) project from the underside (8) of the shuttering element (1, 20), facing what is to become the building interior (36). The individual shuttering elements (1, 20) may be connected using the webs (10), by means of quick-fasteners (12, 13) to produce the complete shuttering and are multiply re-usable. The invention further relates to a method for the construction of a hemispherical building.

Description

Hemispherical buildings and dome-shaped structures, also known as hill houses or mound houses, on the one hand offer many advantages, for example because of their high load capacity with low material costs. On the other hand, they have the disadvantage that they are relatively expensive to build. Since a conventional formwork is very costly and time consuming because of the hemisphere shape, mounds are often built without formwork. It is only placed the iron reinforcement and sprayed with concrete. However, this method has many disadvantages. Thus, the iron reinforcement must be relatively dense and thus material consuming designed so that the concrete adheres to it and does not pass through the iron reinforcement. Furthermore, the concrete surfaces produced are very irregular, which is particularly disadvantageous on the inside, since the wall must be plastered before painting in general in order to achieve a smooth surface.

There are many approaches in the patent literature to simplify the construction of a hemispherical building. For example, from the scriptures CH 626 132 and US 4,155,967 an inflatable membrane in the manner of a balloon known on the outside or inside of concrete is sprayed and leaves a separate formwork appears unnecessary. Disadvantage of this method, however, is that problems arise in the construction of large dome-shaped buildings and also the process is quite complicated insofar as the membrane against the ground must be sealed so well that can form after blowing air and the balloon shape. Even minor leaks lead to that the membrane is not completely inflatable or collapses during the hardening of the concrete, resulting in at least costly reworking.

From the DE 32 46 364 is a prefabricated Erdhügelhaus known in which prefabricated, parabolic or elliptical reinforced concrete parts lined up and placed on a base plate. Disadvantages appear here in particular the transport and installation costs. The reinforced concrete parts have to be transported from the factory to the construction site on large trucks and set up there with the help of cranes. This considerably increases the construction costs. In the GB 2 028 395 In addition, an igloo made of foamed plastic material, for example polystyrene or polyurethane, which is stiffened with a steel fabric described. The igloo is created from preferably eight wedge-shaped elements, which are strung together via a tongue and groove connection and are then sealed by means of a corresponding mortar. The igloo can have a net on the outside, on which plaster can be applied. Due to the use of the plastic material, the igloo described is relatively light, which in turn brings with it a certain disadvantage in terms of stability. In addition, the connection of the wedge-shaped elements by tongue and groove is less stable, so that cracks can occur along the connections. Both the DE 32 46 364 as well as the GB 2 028 395 describe each dome-shaped buildings, which are composed of prefabricated elements. However, it is in no case a formwork, which can be removed after the construction of the building again.

However, a shuttering offers many advantages over prefabricated components. This leaves a certain flexibility in the construction of the building, since with the help of a formwork diverse building variations can be realized, which is not possible with prefabricated elements. Also, the structure of the wall is variable, since, for example, when using a formwork exclusively concrete can be used, or an insulating layer can be applied with, or supply lines can be introduced directly in place already with. All this is possible when using a formwork without additional burden and without additional effort, whereas in the production of precast industrial production is desired, which greatly increases the realization of individual desires. As stated above, the known formwork systems for building a hemisphere house are less suitable. For each individual hemispherical building, an individual formwork is created, which is destroyed after the construction of the building.

From the DE 44 40 959 Furthermore, a shuttering made of aluminum is known, which is reusable. For this purpose shuttering sections are cut out in the circle radius hemisphere shape and held together with strong screws. However, no further details can be inferred from this publication.

In the DE 25 57 538 Finally, a formwork scaffolding for a double wall formwork for casting a building formwork is described, wherein a double wall formwork cross-gripping support is used with run to the outer formwork support members on which the outer formwork and spacers the inner formwork is attached.

There is therefore still the problem to provide a formwork for the construction of a hemispherical building available, which can be set up easily and with little effort and is reusable. In addition, a method for formwork in the construction of a hemisphere house should be specified.

This object is solved by a formwork element according to claim 1 or according to claim 7. Preferred embodiments are subject of the dependent claims.

The inventive formwork element, which is provided for the construction of a hemispherical building, has along its circumference at least on the side edges cantilevered webs, which protrude to the later building interior out. With the help of these cantilevered webs, which can be interrupted in some areas, the individual formwork elements are fast, easy and stable connectable to the overall formwork. For this purpose, at least two formwork elements are positioned so that each side of each element comes into contact with an adjacent side of the other element. The two formwork elements are brought into contact so that they are connected to each other to the building interior projecting ridges. For this purpose, quick-release fasteners are preferably provided, for example in the form of brackets or locking pins, in order to enable a rapid installation of the formwork.

Further, it is preferably provided that the projections deviate slightly in relation to the main body of the formwork element from the vertical, for example by 1 - 10 °. As a result, an even better fit of the formwork elements can be achieved. The formwork elements according to the invention preferably have a wedge shape, with the formwork elements increasingly tapering or tapering from the bottom to the top of the later hemisphere. Furthermore, it is provided that the individual formwork elements are not flat, but are curved to achieve a uniform dome shape. To integrate windows, doors and other openings in the building, shuttering elements are provided, which in the form of the same described wedge-shaped basic formwork elements are adapted from the outside. The surface of these special formwork elements increases toward the top to allow windows and doors projecting out of the hemispherical building into a dormer shape, so to speak.

As a material for the novel formwork elements glass fiber plastic is preferably provided, whereby a special lightness and ease of use is achieved. It is further provided that the lateral webs made of metal, preferably made of aluminum, in order to achieve a sufficiently high strength. It is further provided that not only the cantilevered webs, but the entire formwork element may consist of aluminum. As a result, the production of formwork elements is particularly favorable because the webs can be formed on the formwork body by folding or bending. In addition, it is provided that on the inventive formwork element insulating material is detachably attachable, for example by gluing. In this way can be applied directly to the formwork element insulating material before concrete is sprayed, and so a thermal and / or acoustic insulation of the building are already made in the preparation of the shell. But it is also envisaged that you first apply the concrete and only then the insulation layer, and possibly the concrete can be included between two insulation layers or vice versa, the insulation between two concrete layers.

The main advantage of the formwork element according to the invention is its reusability. After curing of the sprayed or possibly also applied by hand concrete, the formwork elements can be removed, cleaned and reused. Through to the building interior above Webs is the formwork described very light, fast and yet stable erectable; As a rule, almost no tools are needed for this. Hammer, levers and wrenches are usually sufficient. Also, it requires no supports because of the low weight; In principle, two workers can set up the formwork for a complete mound house without much effort, since the projecting to the interior of the building webs for connecting the formwork elements are easily accessible. This is particularly advantageous since, due to the good fit accuracy of the formwork elements according to the invention, the surface inside the building depicted by the concrete is likewise very smooth, so that the application of a plaster can be dispensed with and the walls merely have to be painted. This eliminates a complete step in the production of a mound house. The elimination of this step is extremely advantageous because the application of plaster on rounded walls is very time consuming and laborious and therefore very expensive. The cost of producing a mound house or similar hemispherical buildings is thereby drastically reduced.

The inventive method for the construction of a hemispherical building provides that the formwork elements described are strung together, preferably on a base plate. The setting up of the formwork elements takes place in that the shuttering elements are brought into contact with each other and along the contact surfaces forming cantilevered webs are connected to each other at the side edges, namely via quick fasteners. As shuttering elements mainly wedge-shaped basic elements are used. In places where door or

Window openings are provided corresponding formwork special elements are used in dormer shape.

After completion of the formwork, the desired materials are applied, in particular iron reinforcement first, in order to increase the stability of the finished building. Thereafter, concrete is sprayed on, with the application of the concrete can be made in layers as desired. A stiffening of the building can also be done by using fiber reinforced concrete, whereby the iron reinforcement can be saved. Instead of concrete, it is also possible to apply a curable synthetic material, for example a foamable plastic such as polystyrene or polyurethane. It is further provided that insulating material can be applied directly to the formwork, for example by means of adhesive strips. Concrete is then applied to the insulating material as just described. Again, an iron reinforcement may be provided.

The formwork elements can be sprayed with or coated with formwork oil prior to the application of concrete to facilitate the subsequent detachment of the formwork from the hardened concrete. After hardening of the concrete or any other material used, the formwork is removed by releasing the quick fasteners from the inside and removing the formwork. The stripping of the finished building is done in a simple and effort-saving manner, by the elements can be removed gradually. Since no supports and braces are needed to build the hemispherical building, the Ausschalungsvorgang is very fast vonstatten.

Fig. 1

ein erfindungsgemässes Schalungselement in Draufsicht;

Fig. 2

eine Seitenansicht des erfindungsgemässen Schalungselementes gemäss Pfeil II in Fig. 1;

Fig. 3

einen Querschnitt entlang der Linie III in Fig. 2;

Fig. 4

einen Querschnitt durch die Verbindung zweier benachbarter Schalungselemente;

Fig. 5

einen Querschnitt durch ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel der Verbindung zweier benachbarter Schalungselemente;

Fig. 6

ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines Sonder-Schalungselementes in Seitenansicht;

Fig. 7

ein Ausführungsbeispiel des Aufbaus der Wandung eines Erdhügelhauses im Schnitt;

Fig. 8

eine Gesamt-Draufsicht der Schalung; und

Fig. 9

eine Gesamt-Seitenansicht des fertiggestellten Halbkugelhauses.

The invention will be explained and described in more detail with reference to the drawings. Show it:

Fig. 1

an inventive formwork element in plan view;

Fig. 2

a side view of the inventive formwork element according to arrow II in Fig. 1 ;

Fig. 3

a cross section along the line III in Fig. 2 ;

Fig. 4

a cross section through the connection of two adjacent formwork elements;

Fig. 5

a cross section through a further embodiment of the connection of two adjacent formwork elements;

Fig. 6

an embodiment of a special formwork element in side view;

Fig. 7

an embodiment of the structure of the wall of a Erdhügelhauses in section;

Fig. 8

an overall plan view of the formwork; and

Fig. 9

an overall side view of the completed hemisphere house.

In Fig. 1 an inventive formwork element 1 is shown. The formwork element 1 has a wedge shape, which tapers from the bottom side 3 of the formwork element 1 towards the end face 2. When setting up the formwork element 1 according to the invention, the end face 2 points towards the tip of the hemisphere, and the bottom side 3 rests on a base plate. Furthermore, the formwork element 1 according to the invention has two side edges 4 and 5. When setting up several formwork elements 1 adjacent formwork elements meet with their side edges 4 and 5 to each other. It is provided that the inventive formwork element 1 at least along these side edges 4 and 5 at least sections webs 10 (see. Fig. 2 to 5 ), which serve the connection of the individual formwork elements 1 together, so as a hemisphere house according to 8 and 9 to create.

In order to achieve a uniform rounding of the building, it is preferably provided that the formwork elements 1 are formed curved, indicated by a Abkantlinie 6. To produce a hemispherical building several such formwork elements 1 are required. For this reason, it is provided that the formwork elements 1 each correspond to an angle à of the circle of the bottom surface. Preferably, it is provided that a hemispherical building with the aid of twenty of the formwork elements 1 according to the invention can be scooped in, so that an angle of preferably 18 ° is provided. In addition to this preferred embodiment of an angle α of 18 ° and thus the number of segments of twenty, any other number of segments, and therefore any other degree of angle, can be used which makes it possible to create a uniformly rounded building. The end faces 2 remain as an opening or as a skylight at the top of the building hemisphere.

The curved shape of the formwork element 1 is clearer Fig. 2 out. Fig. 2 shows a side view (according to arrow II) of the formwork element 1. The top 7 of the formwork element 1 faces the outside of the building and the bottom 8 to the building interior. The bottom side 3 is located on the bottom plate, and the end face 2 points towards the top of the hemisphere. It is preferably provided that the area facing the bottom plate 9 is formed approximately vertically to the bottom plate. This area 9, also known as the knee skirt, makes it possible to use the hemispherical shape Efficient use of the structure in the lower area as well. In Fig. 2 is also the web 10 indicated on the side edge 4. This protrudes beyond the underside 8 of the formwork element 1 and thus points to the later interior of the building.

Fig. 3 shows an enlarged cross section along the section line III-III in Fig. 2 , It clearly shows the projection of the web 10 on the side edge 4 of the formwork element 1. The web 10 may have a plurality of holes or guides 11, which serve for the introduction of connectors or other quick-release fasteners.

The 4 and 5 show the connection of two formwork elements 1 and 1 ', wherein a respective identical element for distinguishing is marked with apostrophe. The formwork elements 1 and 1 'are brought into contact with each other so that they touch along their side edges 5 and 4'. As a result, the webs 10 and 10 'come to lie next to each other. The formwork elements 1 and 1 'are now using a stable bracket 12 ( Fig. 4 ) or a connector 13 ( Fig. 5 ) or a similar quick-release fastener (eg plug-in wedge). As a result, the formwork elements 1 and 1 'are accurately fixed and secured in their position and orientation. In Fig. 4 is a molded web 10, 10 'is shown, which is formed in the manufacture of the formwork elements 1, 1', with z. B. when rolling or pressing an aluminum sheet.

Fig. 5 on the other hand represents a web 10, 10 ', which was after the molding of the body 14, 14' of the formwork element 1, 1 'was attached. For this purpose, the cantilevered web 10, 10 ', for example in the form of a metal strip on the Side edges of the formwork body 14, 14 'placed and fastened there, for example by means of rivets or other fastening means 15, 15'. Out Fig. 5 also shows that the webs 10, 10 'of the perpendicular of the main body 14 of the formwork element 1 at an angle à deviates. The angle a is in particular 1 - 10ø. This slight deviation of the projection 10 by the angle á of the perpendicular to the formwork element body 14 is advantageous, since in this way a particularly good fit accuracy when joining the individual formwork elements 1, 20 is achieved. In this way even concrete surfaces are produced, which subsequently only have to be painted.

Fig. 6 shows a formwork element 20 in side view. The formwork element 20 is a formwork special element and provided for creating an opening in the hemispherical building. This in Fig. 6 Shuttering element 20 shown is used z. B. the formwork of a door. To produce a window instead of a door is provided to use a similarly shaped formwork element, for example, by omitting the lying below the line 21 area. This shuttering element 20 has, in correspondence with the formwork element 1, a bottom side 23, an end face 22 for the window or door surface and a lateral boundary surface 24 (cf. Fig. 9 ), facing towards the cavity connecting surface 25 to the main formwork (see.
Fig. 8 ) and a top 27 on. Preferably, along the circumference of the formwork element 20, in particular along the sides 23, 25 and 27, also formed (dashed lines) webs 10, as described for the formwork element 1. On the upper side 27 of the formwork element 20 is a hood element 26 (see also Fig. 9 ) and preferably covered with an insulating layer 30 to then be poured over with concrete, as indicated by the line 32.

Fig. 7 shows a cross section through the structure of the wall of a hemispherical building. On the (left here) inside 36 of the building, the formwork element 1 is shown. It consists of the actual formwork body 14 with the top 7 and bottom 8. Furthermore, the web 10 with the guides 11 can be seen. By means of bonds 31, an insulating layer 30 is attached to the formwork element 1.

This insulating layer 30 may consist of any known insulating material. On the insulating layer 30, a concrete layer 32 is then applied. Anchoring means 33, 34, 35 are provided for connecting the concrete layer 32 to the insulating layer 30, wherein the anchoring means 33, 34, 35 may also have a hook or barb form. The insulating layer 30 is thus anchored in the concrete layer 32, so that the formwork element 1 can be detached during stripping on the bond 31.

The inventive method will now be based on the Fig. 1 to 7 described. After producing the base plate wedge-shaped formwork elements 1 are placed side by side to form a hemisphere. The formwork elements 1 are connected to one another and to one another via the projecting webs 10, which extend at least along the sides 4 and 5. The connection is made via quick-release fasteners, for example U-shaped brackets 12 which embrace the webs 10 or via connectors 13. Thereafter, the Formwork special elements 20 attached from the outside to those places where later door or window cutouts are provided. After setting up the formwork elements 1 to the hemisphere (see Fig. 8 ) and the formwork elements 20 for the windows, concrete or other hardening materials or insulating materials can be sprayed directly on, or an intermediate layer of insulating material is used. After applying the intended layers and the curing of the concrete mass, the casing is removed towards the interior of the building. For this purpose, the quick fasteners, such as brackets 12 or connectors 13, z. B. detached by a light hammer blow and the shuttering elements 1 and 20 removed from the wall of the hemispherical shell building, with any insulating layer 30 used remains securely anchored to the concrete layer 32. This creates a hemisphere house according to Fig. 9 (Side view).

Claims (13)

1. Procedure for construction of a hemi-spherical building using a formwork comprised of arched formwork elements in which initially the arched formwork elements are connected to build the mould, each of these having a formwork tapering from the bottom edge to the upper edge, the connection is effectuated along the lateral edges of the individual formwork elements facing toward the inside of the building using projecting ribs, onto which, after the completion of the mould, iron reinforcement is applied, onto which concrete or a hardening plastic mass is then sprayed.
2. Procedure according claim 1 characterised in that the application of concrete is executed in layers.
3. Procedure according claims 1 or 2 characterised in that fibre reinforced concrete is used.
4. Procedure according one of claims 1 or 2 characterised in that foamable plastic such as polystyrene or polyurethane.
5. Procedure according one of claims 1 through 4 characterised in that insulating material is applied directly on the mould.
6. Procedure according one of claims 1 through 5 characterised in that the formwork elements are sprayed or coated with release lubricant before the concrete is applied.
7. Use of a formwork in a procedure according one of the claims 1 through 6, characterised in that it consists of arched formwork elements that are wedge-shaped and which are combinable in constructing the mould, each having a form that tapers from the bottom edge to the top edge, whereby along the lateral edges of the individual formwork elements ribs are formed which are projecting toward the interior of the building.
8. Use according claim 7 characterised in that at least two formwork elements (1, 20) being connectable to each other using quick-release fasteners (12,13).
9. Use according one of claims 7 or 8 characterised in that the projecting ribs (10) deviating from vertical with respect to the formwork element (1) in particular at an angle (β) of 1° to 10°.
10. Use according one of claims 7 through 9 characterised in that the formwork element (1) forming an 18° sector of the circle forming the base area of the hemi-spherical building.
11. Use according one of the claims 7 through 10 characterised in that the formwork element (1) consisting of a work material of low density, such as fibre-glass reinforced plastic or aluminium.
12. Use according claim 11 characterised in that the projecting ribs (10) consisting of metal, especially aluminium.
13. Use according one of the preceeding claims characterised in that on the exterior (7) of the formwork (1) element a layer of insulation (3) is fixable or adherable.

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