CZ304980B6 - Method of shuttering for constructing a hemispherical building - Google Patents

Abstract

In the present invention, there is disclosed a method of shuttering for constructing a hemispherical building wherein the shuttering comprises curved shuttering elements (1, 1´) wherein the method is characterized in that first the curved shuttering elements (1, 1´) are joined with each other to form a shuttering, the curved shuttering elements (1, 1´) having the form narrowing from a base edge to the upper edge, wherein the connection is made through the mediation of ribs (10, 10´) projecting inside the building along side edges (4´, 5) of the individual shuttering element (1, 1´). After finish of the shuttering formation, an iron armoring is applied whereupon concrete or hardenable plastic material is sprayed thereon. The shuttering consists of shuttering curved elements (1, 1´), having the form of a wedge and being connectable in order to form a shuttering. The form of the elements is always narrowing from the base edge toward the upper edge thereof. Ribs (10, 10´), projecting inside the building, are performed almond side edges (4´, 5) of the individual shuttering elements (1, 1´).

Description

Technical field

The invention relates to a method of constructing a hemisphere-shaped building by means of a formwork consisting of arched formwork elements. The invention further relates to the use of formwork.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Hemispherical buildings and dome-shaped buildings, also referred to as hill house or ground hill house, on the one hand offer numerous advantages, such as low material costs at high load capacity, but on the other hand have the disadvantage that their construction is relatively costly. Because the formation of conventional formwork is very costly and time-consuming due to the hemisphere shape, such ground-up hill houses are often built without formwork. Therefore, only reinforcement of iron is built and it is sprayed with concrete. However, this method presents numerous disadvantages. Iron reinforcement has to be relatively dense, so it consumes a lot of material in order to adhere to the concrete and do not pass iron reinforcement. Furthermore, the concrete surfaces formed in this way are very irregular, which is particularly disadvantageous on the inside, since the walls have to be plastered before painting in order to obtain a smooth surface.

There are many solutions in the patent literature that simplify the construction of a hemispherical building. For example, from CH 626 132 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,155,967, a balloon-like inflatable diaphragm is known, on which concrete is sprayed on the inside and outside and therefore does not require any particular formwork. The disadvantage of this method, however, is that the construction of large hemispherical buildings presents problems with how to seal the membrane against the ground so that a balloon shape is created when air is inflated, and is also very expensive. Indeed, even small leaks cause the membrane not to be completely inflated, or the membrane collapses during hardening of the concrete, which at least requires costly additional refinement work.

DE 32 46 364 discloses a prefabricated ground hill house in which prefabricated parabola-shaped or ellipse-shaped reinforced concrete parts are aligned side by side on the base plate and erected. The disadvantage of this embodiment is the transport and installation costs. Reinforced concrete parts must be transported from the factory on a large lorry to the construction site, where they are assembled by cranes. However, this greatly increases construction costs.

GB 2 028 395 also discloses an igloo of foamed plastic, for example polystyrene or polyurethane, which is provided with a steel fabric. The Iglu is preferably assembled from eight wedge elements which are aligned side by side with a tongue-and-groove joint and subsequently fastened together using a suitable mortar. The Igloo may have a net on its outside to which plaster may be cast. Due to the use of plastic material, the described igloo is relatively light which, however, again presents a certain disadvantage in terms of stability. In addition, the joint of the wedge elements by means of a groove and tongue is not very stable, so that cracks can occur along these joints. Both DE 32 46 364 and GB 2 028 395 disclose a dome-shaped building made up of prefabricated elements.

In any case, this is not a formwork that can be removed once the building has been built.

However, shuttering offers numerous advantages over prefabricated building elements. After construction, for example, some flexibility remains, since numerous form variations can be made with the formwork, which is not possible with prefabricated elements. The wall design is also variable, since, for example, using formwork, concrete can be used only, or insulation layers can be used, or the necessary supply lines or distribution pipes can be installed on site. All this is possible with the use of the formwork without additional load and without additional costs. On the other hand, the production of prefabricated parts requires industrial production, which makes the realization of individual wishes very expensive. As already mentioned, the known shuttering systems for building buildings in the shape of hemispheres are not suitable. For each individual hemisphere building it is necessary to build individual formwork, which is destroyed after the building is completed.

DE 44 40 959 discloses an aluminum shuttering which is reusable. For this purpose, hemispherical formwork pieces with a circular radius are cut and firmly connected to each other with strong screws. However, no further details can be learned from this file.

DE 25 57 538 finally discloses a double-walled shuttering frame for casting a shuttering of a building, using a support frame extending beyond the double-walled shuttering with support members led to the external shuttering on which the external shuttering and, by means of spacers, are suspended.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Therefore, there remains a problem to provide a method of constructing a hemispherical building where the formwork will be reusable. In addition, there is a need to provide a formwork suitable for the construction of a hemisphere-shaped building that can be built simply and at low cost.

The object is achieved by a method of constructing a hemisphere-like building by means of a formwork consisting of arched formwork elements according to the invention, the first of which is to form the formwork together with arched formwork elements having a shape tapering from the lower edge to the upper edge. This is effected by means of ribs projecting inside the building along the side edges of the individual shuttering elements, after which the iron reinforcement is applied after the shuttering has been completed, followed by spraying of concrete or curable plastic.

The concrete is preferably sprayed in layers.

The concrete is preferably fiber reinforced concrete.

The plastic is preferably a foamable plastic such as polystyrene or polyurethane.

The concrete or curable plastic material forming the insulating material is preferably sprayed directly onto the formwork.

The formwork elements are preferably sprayed or painted with release form oil prior to spraying the concrete.

The object of the present invention is to provide a formwork in which the formwork consists of arched formwork elements that are wedge-shaped and are connectable to form the formwork, each having a shape tapering from the base edge to the top edge, along the side ribs protrude into the interior of the building.

The ribs preferably deviate from the perpendicular to the shuttering element, in particular by an angle of 1 to 10 °.

The formwork element preferably corresponds to an 18-degree sector of a circle forming the base surface of the hemisphere building.

The shuttering element preferably consists of a low density material, in particular a glass fiber reinforced plastic or aluminum.

The ribs preferably consist of metal, especially aluminum.

On the outside of the shuttering element, an insulating layer, in particular adhesive, is preferably attached.

The shuttering element, which serves for the construction of a hemisphere-shaped building, thus has along its edge at least at the side edges protruding ribs which are directed towards the later interior of the building. By means of these protruding ribs, which can be interrupted in certain parts, the individual shuttering elements can be joined together very quickly, simply and stably to form the entire shuttering. To this end, the at least two formwork elements are positioned such that one side of each element abuts the adjacent side of the other element. The two formwork elements are brought into contact with each other so that they can be connected to one another on the ribs projecting into the interior of the building. For this purpose, quick-release fasteners, for example in the form of clamps or plug pins, are preferably used in order to allow the formwork to be set up quickly.

As already mentioned, the protruding ribs deviate somewhat from the perpendicular to the main body of the shuttering element, for example by an angle β of 1 to 10 °. This achieves even better alignment of the shuttering elements. The shuttering elements according to the invention are preferably wedge-shaped, with the shuttering elements tapering or tapering from the bottom to the tip of the later hemisphere. It is furthermore advantageous if the individual shuttering elements are not straight but curved in order to achieve a uniform dome shape. In order to integrate windows, doors and other openings into the building, there are shuttering elements which are shaped from the outside to match the just described wedge shuttering elements. The area of these special shuttering elements is reduced to its upper side to allow the windows and doors to protrude from the hemispherical building, the so-called dormers.

A preferred material for the shuttering elements of the invention is glass fiber reinforced plastic, which results in special lightness and ease of handling. The side ribs may further comprise a metal, preferably aluminum, in order to achieve a sufficiently high strength. According to another embodiment, the aluminum consists not only of the protruding ribs but also of the entire shuttering element. Thereby, the production of the shuttering elements will be particularly advantageous since the ribs can be formed on the body of the shuttering element by bending or bending. In addition, it is advantageous if the insulating material is releasably applied to the formwork element according to the invention, for example by gluing. In this way, an insulating material can be placed on the shuttering element before the concrete is sprayed, thus creating thermal and / or acoustic insulation of the building during the construction of the shell. Furthermore, it is also advantageous if the concrete is first applied and then the insulating layer, whereby the concrete can optionally be placed between two insulating layers or, conversely, the insulation between two concrete layers.

The main disadvantage of the formwork element according to the invention is its reusability. After the concrete has been sprayed or even manually applied, the shuttering elements can be removed, cleaned and reused. Due to the arrangement of the ribs protruding into the interior of the building, the formwork described can be built easily, quickly and yet stably, and as a rule no tools are required for this purpose. Usually it is sufficient to use hammers, levers and wrenches. Due to the low weight of the shuttering elements, no supports are required. In principle, two workers can build the formwork for the whole ground-up hill house without much effort because the ribs protruding into the interior of the building, which are intended to join the formwork elements, are easily accessible. This is particularly advantageous because, due to the good alignment of the shuttering elements according to the invention, the surface of the interior of the building made of concrete is also very smooth, so that the plaster application can be omitted and the walls must only be painted. This eliminates the need for a complete operation during the construction of a ground-up hill house. The omission of this operation is of the utmost advantage, since the application of the plaster to the rounded walls is both labor-intensive and time-consuming and therefore very expensive. This drastically reduces the manufacturing costs of such a land-dwelling or similar hemispherical building.

As already mentioned, in the method of forming a formwork for building a hemisphere building, the formwork elements described above are aligned side by side, preferably on a base plate. The formwork elements are positioned so that the formwork elements are brought into contact with one another and along the protruding contact surfaces on the lateral edges are joined together by means of quick-action fasteners. In particular, wedge-shaped basic elements are used as formwork elements. Where there are openings for doors or windows, the relevant dormer-shaped shuttering elements shall be used.

After the shuttering work has been completed, the required materials are applied, in particular iron reinforcement first, in order to increase the stability of the finished building, whereupon concrete is sprayed onto the reinforcement, whereby the concrete can optionally be applied in layers. Reinforcement of the building can also be done by using fiber reinforced concrete, which can save iron reinforcement. Instead of concrete, it is also possible to apply a curable plastic, for example a foamable plastic such as polystyrene or polyurethane. Furthermore, it is also advantageous if an insulating material is applied directly to the formwork, for example by means of adhesive tapes. Concrete is then applied to the insulating material as described above. Also in this case it is possible to use reinforcement made of iron.

The shuttering elements may be sprayed or painted with release liner prior to the application of the concrete to facilitate later release of the shuttering from the cured concrete. After the concrete or other material has cured, the shuttering is removed by releasing the quick-release fasteners from the inside and removing the shuttering. Even the stripping of the finished building is carried out simply and without much effort by removing the elements one by one. Since no supports and reinforcements are required for the construction of a hemispherical building, the formwork is carried out very quickly.

Clarification of drawings

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a plan view of the shuttering element according to the invention; FIG. 2 shows a side view of the shuttering element according to the invention in the direction of arrow II in FIG. Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a joint of two adjacent formwork elements; Fig. 5 is a sectional view of another exemplary embodiment of the connection of two adjacent formwork elements; Fig. 6 is a side view of an exemplary embodiment of a particular formwork element; Fig. 8 is a plan view of the complete formwork and Fig. 9 is a side view of the finished hemisphere in the shape of a hemisphere.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 shows a formwork element I according to the invention. This formwork element I has a wedge shape that tapers from the base side 3 of the formwork element I to the end face 2. When the formwork element I according to the invention is positioned, the end face 2 points towards the hemisphere tip and the base side 3 lies on the base plate. The shuttering element 1 according to the invention furthermore has two lateral edges 4 and 5. When several shuttering elements 1 are positioned, the adjacent shuttering elements I contact each other with their lateral edges 4 and 5. The shuttering element I according to the invention is provided at least along these lateral edges 4 and 5. at least in some sections, ribs 10 (see FIGS. 2 to 5) that serve to connect the shuttering elements X to each other to build a hemisphere-like house of FIGS. 8 and 9.

In order to achieve a uniform rounding of the building, the shuttering elements X are preferably formed domed, as indicated by the bending line 6. To form a hemispherical building, several such formwork elements X are required. For this reason, the shuttering elements X always correspond to a certain angle and a circle of the base surface. The hemisphere-shaped building is preferably lunched with the twenty formwork elements 1 of the invention, so that the angle g is preferably 18 °. In addition to this preferred embodiment of an angle θ of 18 ° and the number of twenty formwork elements I as segments, any other number of segments can be used, and therefore any other angle size γ to allow for a uniformly rounded building. The front sides 2 remain as an opening or a skylight at the tip of the hemisphere of the building.

The arched or curved shape of the shuttering element 1 is clearly visible in Fig. 2. Fig. 2 shows the shuttering element 1 in a side view as seen in the direction of arrow II of Fig. 1. side of the building and bottom side 8 into the interior of the building. The base side 3 is located on the base plate and the front side 2 faces the tip of the hemisphere. Preferably, the region 9 facing the base plate is formed approximately perpendicular to the base plate. This area 9, also referred to as the soil walling, allows efficient use of the hemispherical lower part of the building. FIG. 2 also shows a rib 10 at the side edge 4. This rib 10 protrudes from the lower side 8 of the shuttering element 1 and is therefore directed towards the later interior of the building.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view along the line III-III of FIG. 2. The rib 10 on the side edge 4 of the shuttering element 1 is clearly visible from this illustration. The rib 10 may be provided with a plurality of openings or guides 11 which serve to accommodate plug connectors or other quick locks.

Figures 4 and 5 show the connection of two shuttering elements 1, přičemž wherein the constructionally identical shuttering element prvek is provided with an apostrophe for differentiation. The shuttering elements 1, J / are brought into contact with each other so that they touch each other along their side edges 5 and 4 ' Then, the shuttering elements I, V are connected to each other by means of a stable clamp 12 (FIG. 4) or a plug connector 13 (FIG. 5) or a similar quick-release (for example, a plug wedge). In this way, the shuttering elements 1, 1 'are precisely fixed and secured in position and relative to each other. FIG. 4 shows a preformed rib 10, 10 ' which, together with the shuttering element 1, is preformed during its production, for example by rolling or pressing aluminum sheets.

In contrast, FIG. 5 shows a rib 10, 10 'which has been placed after the base body 14, 14' of the shuttering element 1 'has been formed. For this purpose, a protruding rib 10, 10 ', for example in the form of a metal strip, is mounted on the side edges 5 and 4 ' of the base body 14, 14 ', and fixed at this point, for example by rivets or other fastening means 15, 15 '. FIG. 5 further shows that the ribs 10, 10 ' deviate from the perpendicular to the base bodies 14, 14 ' This small deviation of the ribs 10, 10 'by the angle β from the perpendicular to the base bodies 14, 14' is advantageous, since this results in a particularly good fit when the individual shuttering elements 1, 20 are joined together. In this way, even concrete surfaces are created, which must then be painted.

Giant. 6 shows a formwork element 20 in side view. This formwork element 20 is a special formwork element and is intended to form a hemisphere-shaped opening in a building. The shuttering element 20 shown in FIG. 6 serves, for example, to form the shuttering of the door. A similarly shaped shuttering element is used to create a window instead of a door, for example by omitting the portion below the line

21. This formwork element 20, similar to the formwork element 1, has a base side 23, a face 22 for the window or door surface and a side boundary surface 24 (see also FIG. 9), a connecting surface 25 for connection to the main formwork (see FIG. 8). 1, facing the hollow space and the upper side 27. Around the perimeter of the shuttering element 20, in particular along the sides 23, 27 and the surface 25, ribbed lines 10 are also indicated in dashed lines as described for the shuttering element I. On the top

27, the cover element 26 (see also FIG. 9) is fitted and preferably covered with an insulating layer 30 so that it can then be cast with concrete 32, as indicated by the line indicating the concrete layer.

Giant. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a hemispherical building wall structure. On the (here left) side of the interior 36 of the building, a shuttering element I is shown. This formwork element 1 consists of its own base body 14, which has an upper side 7 and a lower side 8. Further, there is shown a rib 10 with guides Π. An insulating layer 30 is fastened to the formwork by means of an adhesive joint 31.

This insulating layer 30 can be made of any known insulating material. An anchor layer 33 is then applied to the insulating layer 32. Anchoring means 33, 34, 35 is used to connect the concrete layer 32 to the insulating layer 30, which anchoring means 33, 34, 35 may be hook or toothed. The insulating layer 30 is therefore anchored in the concrete layer 32 so that the shuttering element 1 can be detached from the adhesive bond 31 when it is stripped off.

1 to 7, the method according to the invention will now be described. After the foundation plate has been formed, wedge-shaped shuttering elements 1 are placed side by side in the form of a hemisphere. These formwork elements 1 are then connected to one another and to each other by means of protruding ribs 10 arranged at least at the edges 4 and 5. The connection is effected by means of quick-action fasteners, for example U-shaped clamps 12 which embrace the ribs 10 or plug connectors 13. Then special formwork elements 20 are fitted from the outside to the locations where the door or window cut-outs will later be provided. After assembling the hemisphere elements and formwork (see plan view in FIG. 8) and fitting the window formwork elements 20, concrete or other curable materials or insulating materials may be directly sprayed, or an intermediate layer of insulating material may be used. After applying the appropriate layers and curing the concrete, the formwork is removed from the interior of the building. For this purpose, quick-action fasteners, for example clamps 12 or plug connectors 13, for example with a slight hammer blow, are released and the shuttering elements 1, 20 are removed from the wall of the rough hemisphere building, leaving any insulating layer 30 securely on the concrete layer 32. grounded. In this way, a hemisphere-shaped house is shown (shown in side view) in FIG. 9.

Claims (13)

PATENT CLAIMS Method for constructing a hemispherical building by means of a formwork consisting of arched formwork elements, characterized in that first to form the formwork, arched formwork elements (1, 1 ', 20) having a shape tapering from the base edge to the top are joined together This connection is made by ribs (10, 10 ') projecting into the interior of the building along the side edges (5) of the individual shuttering elements (1, Γ, 20), after which the iron reinforcement is applied after the shuttering is completed. the concrete (32) or the curable plastic is sprayed on. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the spraying of the concrete (32) takes place in layers. Method according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the concrete (32) is fiber reinforced concrete. Method according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that the plastic is a foamable plastic, such as polystyrene or polyurethane. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the concrete (32) or the curable plastic material forming the insulating material is sprayed directly onto the formwork. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the shuttering elements (1, T, 20) are sprayed or painted with release form oil before the concrete (32) is sprayed. Use of formwork, in a method according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the formwork consists of vaulted formwork elements (1, 1 ', 20) that are wedge-shaped and can be connected to form the formwork, each having a tapered form from the base edge to the top edge, whereby ribs (10, 10 ') protrude into the interior of the building along the side edges (5) of the individual shuttering elements (1, 1', 20). Use according to claim 7, characterized in that at least two shuttering elements (1, 20) can be connected to each other by means of quick-action fasteners (12, 13). Use according to one of claims 7 or 8, characterized in that the ribs (10) deviate from the perpendicular to the shuttering element (1), in particular by an angle (β) of 1 to 10 °. Use according to one of Claims 7 to 9, characterized in that the shuttering element (1) corresponds to an 18-degree sector of a circle forming the hemispherical base surface of the building. Use according to one of Claims 7 to 10, characterized in that the shuttering element (1) consists of a low density material, in particular glass fiber reinforced plastic or aluminum. Use according to claim 11, characterized in that the ribs (10) consist of metal, in particular aluminum. Use according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an insulating layer (30) which can be bonded, in particular adhesive, can be attached to the outside (7) of the shuttering element (1).