EP1298232B1 - Procédé de réparation de surfaces planes et/ou structurées en acier sur des plaques de compression ou des bandes sans fin - Google Patents

Procédé de réparation de surfaces planes et/ou structurées en acier sur des plaques de compression ou des bandes sans fin Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1298232B1
EP1298232B1 EP02021199A EP02021199A EP1298232B1 EP 1298232 B1 EP1298232 B1 EP 1298232B1 EP 02021199 A EP02021199 A EP 02021199A EP 02021199 A EP02021199 A EP 02021199A EP 1298232 B1 EP1298232 B1 EP 1298232B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
electrolyte
chromium
solution
steel
nickel
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP02021199A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1298232A1 (fr
Inventor
Heinz-Peter Lettmann
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Hueck Engraving GmbH and Co KG
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Hueck Engraving GmbH and Co KG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/34—Pretreatment of metallic surfaces to be electroplated
    • C25D5/36—Pretreatment of metallic surfaces to be electroplated of iron or steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
    • C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
    • C25D3/20—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of iron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/02—Electroplating of selected surface areas
    • C25D5/022—Electroplating of selected surface areas using masking means
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
    • C25D7/06—Wires; Strips; Foils
    • C25D7/0614—Strips or foils
    • C25D7/0671—Selective plating
    • C25D7/0678—Selective plating using masks

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for repair and / or repair of minor surface damage in a large format press plate or a Endless band made of sheet steel with a structured surface for surface embossing Holztechnikstoffen- or laminate panels, with the defective Surface is subjected to a microgalvanic treatment.
  • the finished press plates are installed in a pressing device, with which the plastic-coated furniture boards or the like are made.
  • a pressing device for example, circulating endless belts are used, which enable a continuous production, wherein pressed between the endless belts, the pressed material to plates and the surface is structured.
  • the endless belts or press plates have the already mentioned surface structure which is impressed into the press laminate. Existing surface damage are so far impressed in the pressed material, if any, so that the manufactured possibly damaged plates can not be used to the full extent for further production. For this reason, it is particularly important that the press plates or endless belts used have absolutely flawless surfaces in order to keep the resulting blanks as small as possible.
  • the process is used for large format press plates or endless belts applied to rework these surface defects or damaged areas, so that the relatively expensive press plates or endless belts continue can be used.
  • the press plates or Endless belts if necessary, for reworking in the manufacturing plant returned.
  • these are press plates or endless bands of sheet steel or brass sheet, directly on have their surface structuring.
  • the surface structuring is here according to the customer wishes from a variety of Patterns selected.
  • German Patent DE 195 48 198 a method for After and / or repair of minor surface damage known, at each damaged area is framed by a mask, pickled and galvanized is coppered.
  • the coppering takes place here mikrogalvanisch by each framed and embossed damaged spot of the cathodically connected Plated a galvanic copper solution and in this anodic immersed electrode tip is immersed.
  • After filling the damaged area can this structured according to existing surface structure and other machining operations, such as a hard chrome plating, be subjected.
  • EP 0 031 613 A1 discloses a method for producing embossing engraving on a metallic endless belt connected by a weld known.
  • a covering is on the endless belt and the weld Galvanized metal layer before etching wherein the thickness of the metal layer is greater than the depth of the etching engraving.
  • Special measures, for example to repair large-scale endless belts or press plates, however, are not removable from this document.
  • Iron-containing electrolyte solutions for example, have the advantage that no color deviations, compared to the non-defective sites arise and conventional chrome plating can be applied without the damaged area is washed out in subsequent chrome plating and thus becomes visible again.
  • the provided for filling the damaged layer layer structure with iron-containing electrolyte solutions causes further increased resistance and thus a much longer life of the press plate or the endless belt.
  • the electrolyte or the electrolyte solution in this case an accumulation of iron, nickel and / or chromium metal ions caused, so that the existing damage by an addition of a mixture of iron, nickel and chromium are compensated and thus the method preferably in the Treatment of steel existing press plates or endless belts can be used.
  • the mixing ratio of the metal ions present in the electrolyte solution is in each case matched to the base material of the press plate or the endless belt.
  • di- and trivalent metal ions Fe 2 , Fe 3 in the ratio 2: 1 are used for the electrolyte solution.
  • the method according to the invention is therefore preferably suitable for filling damage on directly structured steel press plates or steel endless belts, according to the further processing operations different electrolytes under different boundary conditions can be used, for example, different degrees of hardness of Fill layer or protective layer can be reached.
  • the procedure can also be For example, be used where already a replenishment with copper is carried out, namely, a nickel layer is applied for this purpose, followed by one of iron, chromium and / or nickel ions provided existing coating and subjected to a hard chrome plating becomes.
  • a fixed electrode for example a tamponate electrode
  • a fixed electrode for example a tamponate electrode
  • the repair process takes place after the end of the surface structuring, that is to say an etching carried out and optionally a mechanical polishing of the pressing plate or of the endless belt.
  • a pretreatment of the defective surface can be carried out, for example, by a mechanical cleaning and purification by methanol, then a modified cleaning electrolyte with the aid of the microgalvanizing device is used for degreasing. Thereafter, a modified electrolyte is used for further pretreatment of the defective surface, which is used to activate steel or chrome surfaces.
  • a potash and caustic soda solution in a mixing ratio of 1: 1 and a hydrogenbiflurid ambience used to activate is then preferably a nickel electrolyte used to make a nickel coating, so that further workup can be done with a steel electrolyte and later in a hard chrome plating leads to no leaching.
  • a selection of the electrolytes used can be made.
  • the modified hard chrome electrolyte is an extended one Electrolyte consisting of chromic and sulfuric acid, the mixing ratio and, for example, 290 ⁇ 5 g / liter of chromic acid and a sulfuric acid concentrate of 1.2 ⁇ 0.1% is present.
  • This composition is similar to that of a bright chrome electrolyte and can be used with others Current densities are used.
  • As a modified steel electrolyte is not one storable and new to be added solution from an 82% Iron solution, 13% chromium solution and 5% nickel solution. ever after application, a deposition of about 20 to microns thick and about 47 to 60 HRC soft or hard steel-like filling or protective layer made, the one underlying the base material composition of iron, chromium and nickel. After the done The surface is partially restructured by hand to fill it up For example, make a hard chrome plating, wherein the press plate or the endless belt after post-structuring hard chrome plated over the entire surface and polished.
  • a steel electrolyte may be used at a temperature of 47 to 50 ° C with a current density of 6 mA / mm 2 .
  • the steel electrolyte consists for example of 50 ml of iron solution, 5 ml of chromium solution and 2.5 ml of nickel solution.
  • a sulfate-containing soft chromium electrolyte may be used at a temperature of 58 to 60 ° C and a current density of 0.3 mA / mm 2 .
  • a sulfate-sulfonic acid hard chromium electrolyte may be used at a temperature of 70 to 73 ° C with a current density of 4 mA / mm 2
  • an electrolyte used for filling the defective surface may be used, for example, with a current density between 1.5 to 4 mA / mm 2 is used at a temperature of 47 to 50 ° C.
  • the mask takes the used Electrolytes in sufficient quantity, which, for example, by a multilayer structure of the mask is guaranteed.
  • the electrolytic treatment accordingly limited to the deposition process and after termination of the Procedure removes the remaining electrolyte and the formerly damaged site Rinsed by rinsing, so that the press plates or endless belts of further processing can be supplied. This can, for example, in a post-structuring or a hard chrome plating exist.
  • the mask consists of a lower adhesive layer, directly on the Pressing plate or the endless belt is glued and one on the adhesive layer attached multilayer mask structure, so that the electrolyte in sufficient amount can be received.
  • the material of the mask is temperature resistant, because the used Electrolytes are used at a temperature of 47 to 73 ° C.
  • the actual mikrogalvanische treatment of the damaged places takes place in Dependence on the amperage and is limited in time, the duration of the Treatment is not determined by the amount of electrolyte, but the Electrolyte is available in sufficient quantity or optionally is refilled.
  • micro-galvanic repair process allows the press plates and endless belts in an advantageous manner during their production in all processing states rectify or it may be in use damaged pressed sheets and endless belts subjected to a post-treatment become.
  • a post-structuring always takes place according to the existing surface structuring, so that for a viewer the Damage after treatment are no longer recognizable and in particular by the use of adapted electrolytes also no color deviation is visible before and after the chrome plating.
  • a filling of the defect takes place after the attachment of a new mask with a steel-like electrolyte and a tamponate electrode at a distance of min. 3 mm to the metal surface, wherein a cathodic polarity occurs and at a current density of 4 mA / mm 2 and a voltage of 10 volts, the current is slowly up-regulated in a period of 8 minutes.
  • the filling takes place at an electrolyte temperature of 48-50 ° and causes a deposited layer thickness of about 25 microns. Subsequently, a rinsing of the damaged area takes place and a mechanical check, whether the metal filling is sufficient for a hand structuring to be applied.
  • the last process steps must be repeated again until a sufficient layer thickness is available. If the depression is sufficiently filled with a steel coating, the electrolyte is dabbed, the mask removed and the filled-in damaged area thoroughly washed. This is followed by a hand structuring and mechanical polishing. The rectified press plate or endless belt is then hard chromium-plated in the usual manner over the entire surface, for example after the Brunner chrome plating process.
  • Reworking is a press plate or an endless belt with a directly structured and mechanically polished steel surface layer, which are caused by etching defects, mechanical damage or material defects, with a previous filling with copper and a post-structuring by hand with subsequent polishing has taken place.
  • the damaged area is first cleaned with methanol and then adhered to a multilayer mask according to Example 1. Subsequently, the mask is filled with a cleaning electrolyte and a Mikrogalvanmaschinesvorraum attached, wherein a fixed tamponate electrode is immersed in the cleaning electrolyte, which is connected cathodically.
  • the microplating apparatus is used for degreasing at room temperature for about 60 seconds. Thereafter, the remaining electrolyte is removed and the damaged area rinsed.
  • Example 1 After rinsing, the damaged area is treated with another electrolyte according to Example 1 is activated. After rinsing, an under-nickeling also comes along a nickel electrolyte according to Example 1 instead.
  • a post-processing of the defect is done after attaching a new mask and a tamponate electrode at a distance of min. 3 mm to the metal surface, wherein a cathodic polarity occurs and at a current density of 6 mA / mm 2 and a voltage of 10 volts, the current is slowly upshifted in a period of 10 seconds.
  • the post-processing takes place at an electrolyte temperature of 48 - 50 ° and causes a deposited layer thickness of about 2.5 - 2.8 microns.
  • a rinsing of the damaged area takes place and the steel tamponade is carefully polished with polishing paste. This is followed by a mechanical polishing.
  • the rectified press plate or endless belt is then hard chromium-plated in the usual manner over the entire surface, for example after the Brunner chrome plating process.
  • Nickel electrolyte according to Example 1 After rinsing, in cases a and b, an under-nickeling takes place Nickel electrolyte according to Example 1 instead. Here, the addition of a Layer thickness of about 0.5 microns. After completion of the sub-nickelation of the Nickel electrolyte removed without further rinsing takes place.
  • a post-processing of the defect is done after attaching a new mask and a tamponate electrode at a distance of min. 3 mm to the metal surface, wherein a cathodic polarity occurs and at a current density of 3 mA / mm 2 and a voltage of 10 volts, the current is slowly up-regulated in a period of 80 seconds.
  • the post-processing takes place at an electrolyte temperature of 70 - 73 ° and causes a deposited layer thickness of about 2.7 microns.
  • a rinsing of the damaged area takes place and the deposited chromium is pre-polished by hand.
  • a modified chromium electrolyte containing sulphate and methanesulphonic acid is used.
  • the rectified press plate or endless strip is then polished to final gloss.
  • the new repair method is based on deposition of a 3 ⁇ m thin and about 60 HRC hard chrome layer.
  • the deposited chrome (finish) can do so be polished, that a uniform chrome-colored repair site arises.
  • the defects repaired by the new method are obvious longer lifespan, such as cobalt-finish repaired bands.
  • Reworking is a press plate or an endless belt with a directly structured and mechanically polished surface layer, using as a substrate chromed, possibly underkupferter steel strip. Structuring takes place directly in the steel or in the copper-plating, with etching defects, mechanical damage or material defects being present.
  • the damaged area is first cleaned with methanol and then adhered to a multilayer mask according to Example 1. Subsequently, the mask is filled with a cleaning electrolyte and a Mikrogalvanuben devismaschinesvorraum attached, wherein a fixed tamponate electrode is immersed in the cleaning electrolyte, which is connected cathodically. At a current density of about 4 mA / mm 2 , the microplating apparatus is used at room temperature for about 60 seconds. Thereafter, the remaining electrolyte is removed and the damaged area rinsed.
  • the damaged area is activated with another electrolyte, the activation electrolyte, for example a hydrogenbifluoride-containing activation solution, being filled into the existing mask.
  • the activation is cathodic with a current density of 4 mA / mm 2 and a voltage of 10 volts for 60 seconds at room temperature and then in the de-energized state for a period of 180 seconds at room temperature.
  • an under-nickeling with a nickel electrolyte according to Example 1 takes place.
  • the nickel electrolyte is removed without further rinsing.
  • a post-processing of the defect is done after attaching a new mask and a tamponate electrode at a distance of min. 3 mm to the metal surface, wherein a cathodic polarity occurs and at a current density of 0.45 mA / mm 2 at a voltage of 8 volts, the current flows in a period of 180 seconds.
  • the post-processing takes place at an electrolyte temperature of 58 - 60 ° and causes a deposited layer thickness of about 1.7 microns.
  • a rinsing of the damaged area takes place and a mechanical reworking of the transitions between the repair site and the steel layer.
  • the rectified press plate or endless belt is then hard chromium-plated in the usual manner over the entire surface, for example after the Brunner chrome plating process.
  • the new repair method is based on the deposition of an approximately 2 ⁇ m thin and about 50 HRC soft steel-like protective layer using a sulphate-containing electrolytes.
  • FIG 1 shows a Microgalvanmaschinesvorraum 1, which for repair a damaged area 2 on the surface of a press plate or an endless belt 3 caused by mechanical damage.
  • the surface 4 the press plate or the endless belt 3 has a structure 5, which after Application of the Microgalvanmaschinesvortechnik 1 according to mechanical must be restructured.
  • a mask 6 immediately glued to the structure 5, and a second mask 7, for example twelve layers of tape (tape) attached.
  • the mask 6 and 7 are here arranged around the damaged area 2 in so far, the only a small Overlap of about 0.5 mm is present. Due to the used It is electrolyte with an application temperature of up to 73 ° required that the masks 6, 7 are temperature resistant.
  • the masks 6, 7 extend around the damaged area 2 and serve in the further to Recording of the electrolyte used 8, in which a plate-shaped Tamponatelektrode 9 is immersed.
  • the tamponate electrode 9 and the pressing plate or the endless belt 3 are used to apply the method either switched cathodically or anodically.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
  • Coating With Molten Metal (AREA)

Claims (22)

  1. Procédé de retouche et/ou de réparation de petits dommages de surface dans un panneau de presse de grande taille ou une bande sans fin en tôle d'acier avec surface structurée pour l'estampage de panneaux en matériau dérivé du bois ou stratifiés, où la surface endommagée est soumise à un traitement microgalvanique, caractérisé par l'utilisation d'une solution d'électrolyte contenant
    a) du fer et du nickel, ou
    b) du fer et du chrome, ou
    c) du fer, du nickel et du chrome,
       qui présente un rapport de mélange des ions métalliques se trouvant en solution, tel que la composition d'alliage correspond aux métaux du matériau de base de la plaque de presse ou de la bande sans fin.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la solution d'étectrotyte utilisée contient des ions métalliques bi- et trivalents Fe2, Fe3 en un rapport 2:1.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que l'on traite une surface de dommage de maximum 30 mm2 avec une électrode fixe, par exemple une électrode tampon.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 1, 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que le procédé de réparation est réalisé à la fin de la structuration, avec un décapage et le cas échéant, un polissage mécanique.
  5. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que pour le prétraitement de la surface endommagée, on réalise un nettoyage mécanique et un nettoyage au méthanol.
  6. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que pour le prétraitement de la surface endommagée, on met en oeuvre un électrolyte modifié de nettoyage pour le dégraissage ou pour l'activation de la surface d'acier ou de chrome, qui consiste pour le dégraissage, en une soude potassique et caustique en un rapport de mélange de 1:1 et pour l'activation, en une solution de bifluorure d'hydrogène.
  7. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que la surface endommagée est nickelée avant l'autre traitement.
  8. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que pour l'autre traitement de la surface endommagée dans le cas d'une structuration ultérieure, on met en oeuvre un électrolyte de chrome doux.
  9. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que pour l'autre traitement de la surface endommagée sans structuration ultérieure, on utilise un électrolyte modifié de chrome dur ou d'acier, où l'électrolyte de chrome dur modifié contient du sulfate-acide méthanesulfonique et présente une quantité de 290 ± 5 g/litre d'acide chromique avec une concentration en acide sulfurique de 1,0 ± 0,1% et l'électrolyte d'acier modifié contient du formiate d'ammonium et consiste par exemple, en une solution de fer à 82%, une solution de chrome à 13% et une solution de nickel à 5%.
  10. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que l'on réalise un dépôt d'une couche de remplissage de type acier épais d'environ 20-30 µm et doux ou dur d'environ 47 à 60 HRC, qui présente pour le matériau de base sous-jacent une composition constituée de fer, chrome et nickel.
  11. Procédé selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que la surface du site endommagé est restructurée partiellement après le remplissage.
  12. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce que la plaque de presse ou la bande sans fin est chromée sur toute la surface après la structuration ultérieure.
  13. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 12, caractérisé en ce que les différents électrolytes, seuls ou en combinaison, sont mis en oeuvre successivement pour le traitement de la surface endommagée.
  14. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 13, caractérisé en ce qu'un électrolyte d'acier à une température de 47° à 50° est utilisé avec une densité de courant de 6 mA/mm2, où l'électrolyte d'acier consiste par exemple en 50 ml d'une solution de fer, 5 ml d'une solution de chrome et 2,5 ml d'une solution de nickel.
  15. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 14 caractérisé en ce que l'on utilise une solution de chrome doux contenant un sulfate à une température de 58° à 60° et une densité de courant de 0,3 mA/mm2.
  16. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 15, caractérisé en ce que l'on utilise une solution de chrome dur contenant un sulfate à une température de 70° à 73° et une densité de courant de 4 mA/mm2.
  17. Procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 16, caractérisé en ce que l'on utilise un électrolyte pour le remplissage de la surface endommagée avec une densité de courant allant de 1,5 à 4 mA/mm2 et à une température de 47° à 50°.
  18. Dispositif de microgalvanisation pour réaliser un procédé selon une ou plusieurs des revendications 1 à 17, où chaque surface endommagée est entourée d'un masque, de sorte que la solution d'électrolyte utilisée mouille complètement le site de dommage et où une électrode fixe est immergée dans la solution d'électrolyte et on utilise un redresseur, dont les pôles peuvent être inversés, qui est relié d'une part, à une électrode et d'autre part, à la tôle en acier par une pince de courant, caractérisé en ce que l'électrode consiste en une électrode tampon, qui est immergée de manière fixe, dans l'électrolyte et la surface d'anode en forme de disque à la surface de cathode présente un rapport de 1:0,9.
  19. Dispositif de microgalvanisation selon la revendication 18, caractérisé en ce que le masque reçoit l'électrolyte utilisé en une quantité suffisante et présente une structure multicouche.
  20. Dispositif de microgalvanisation selon la revendication 18, caractérisé en ce que le masque consiste en une couche de colle inférieure, qui est fixée directement sur la plaque de presse ou bande sans fin et en ce que sur la couche de colle, une structure de masque multicouche est fixée.
  21. Dispositif de microgalvanisation selon la revendication 18, caractérisé en ce que le matériau du masque est résistant à la température.
  22. Dispositif de microgalvanisation selon la revendication 18, caractérisé en ce que le traitement microgalvanique est limité dans le temps en fonction de la puissance du courant, où la durée du traitement ne dépend pas de la quantité d'électrolyte.
EP02021199A 2001-09-28 2002-09-25 Procédé de réparation de surfaces planes et/ou structurées en acier sur des plaques de compression ou des bandes sans fin Expired - Lifetime EP1298232B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10148045A DE10148045B4 (de) 2001-09-28 2001-09-28 Reparaturverfahren für strukturierte und/oder glatte Stahloberflächen auf Endlosbändern oder Pressblechen
DE10148045 2001-09-28

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1298232A1 EP1298232A1 (fr) 2003-04-02
EP1298232B1 true EP1298232B1 (fr) 2005-12-07

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US (1) US6887366B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1298232B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE312213T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE10148045B4 (fr)

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DE19548198C2 (de) * 1995-12-22 1999-05-12 Hueck Engraving Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Nach- und/oder Ausbesserung von kleinen Oberflächenschäden in einer großformatigen Preßplatte oder einem Endlosband aus Blech mit einer strukturierten Oberfläche zur Oberflächenprägung kunststoffbeschichteter Holzwerkstoff- oder Laminatplatten

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ATE312213T1 (de) 2005-12-15
EP1298232A1 (fr) 2003-04-02
DE10148045A1 (de) 2003-04-24
DE50205170D1 (de) 2006-01-12
DE10148045B4 (de) 2006-01-19
US20030089610A1 (en) 2003-05-15
US6887366B2 (en) 2005-05-03

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