EP1160349B1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke - Google Patents
Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke Download PDFInfo
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- EP1160349B1 EP1160349B1 EP00111129A EP00111129A EP1160349B1 EP 1160349 B1 EP1160349 B1 EP 1160349B1 EP 00111129 A EP00111129 A EP 00111129A EP 00111129 A EP00111129 A EP 00111129A EP 1160349 B1 EP1160349 B1 EP 1160349B1
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title abstract description 14
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 108
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetylene Chemical compound C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005256 carbonitriding Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001345 alkine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 3
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005255 carburizing Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 17
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004992 fission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008570 general process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000930 thermomechanical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/20—Carburising
- C23C8/22—Carburising of ferrous surfaces
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/28—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases more than one element being applied in one step
- C23C8/30—Carbo-nitriding
- C23C8/32—Carbo-nitriding of ferrous surfaces
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for heat treatment of metallic Workpieces, especially for carburizing or carbonitriding Ferrous materials. It also relates to a device with which one can carry out such procedure.
- thermochemical heat treatment To create defined workpiece properties, such as a high one Wear or alternating strength, metallic workpieces become one subjected to thermochemical heat treatment.
- the result of Heat treatment is the enrichment of carburizing or carbonitriding Surface layer of the workpieces with carbon and / or nitrogen, due to the changed material composition of the workpieces after a subsequent hardening to give the required mechanical properties.
- the treatment result is of particular influence general process parameters pressure, temperature and duration of treatment in primarily the composition of the enrichment of the boundary layer Carbon and / or nitrogen causing gas atmosphere. It can be about be required to add a reducing agent to the gas atmosphere in order to obtain a impermissibly high oxidation of the surface of the workpieces due to the Loading the workpieces in a heat treatment furnace due to the to avoid inevitable air intake noticeable oxygen.
- the prior art also includes a number of procedures known to the composition of the gas atmosphere in terms of to adjust the desired treatment outcome.
- the gas atmosphere is in Depending on the carburizing temperature in its carburizing effect on the adapt to the respective requirements.
- This is a common practice So-called saturation compensation method, in which during a Enrichment phase the maximum possible amount of carbon in the Gas atmosphere is provided to saturate the surface layer with Reach carbon in a short time.
- the exchange of substances with the gas atmosphere restricted or prevented by either using a gas atmosphere reduced carbon supply set or the gas atmosphere evacuated or is exchanged for an inert gas.
- EP-A-0 080 124 describes a case hardening process known metallic workpieces, in which by pulsating addition carbon-containing gas components achieved a high carbon potential gradient becomes. The supply of the carbon-containing gas takes place in several cycles instead of and is interrupted as soon as saturation occurs in the boundary layer Carbon is reached.
- GB-A-2 202 238 discloses a method for Carburizing workpieces, in which the enrichment phase and the Diffusion phase periodically until a desired carburization depth is reached alternate to the desired carbon content of the surface layer and the target carburization depth largely independent of each other and in to achieve as short a time as possible.
- a method and a device for thermal or thermomechanical Treatment of steel is also known from US 5,139,584.
- a two-step treatment process which is as follows is carried out: A first phase at possible maximum temperature, defined based on metallurgical criteria, with control of the entry quantity of Hydrocarbons to get a maximum concentration of carbons on the surface, this maximum concentration being at least equal to that Saturation concentration of carbon of austenite; a second phase at the possible maximum temperature, defined based on metallurgical Criteria during which the carbon flow is transferred from the gas phase is zero is the carbon concentration profile and in particular the Set the concentration on the surface to a predetermined value, the is chosen based on metallurgical reasons.
- a disadvantage of all these methods is that they are not always satisfactory Treatment outcome. This is mainly due to the fact that during a diffusion phase following the enrichment phase or Temperature compensation phase no longer has any direct influence on the There is carbon content in the surface layer. This comes in particular Dimensions to be taken into account when there are small amounts of carbon dioxide or Water vapor are in the gas atmosphere, for example due to a Air entry at leaks of a heat treatment furnace are formed and the cause an increased degradation of the carbon in the surface layer. About that also contain those used to regulate carbon levels during the Process gases used in the enrichment phase oxygen-containing components, such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide or Water vapor due to the partial pressure of oxygen in the outside Edge area of the carburized edge layer an undesirable edge oxidation cause.
- the invention has for its object to provide a method and an apparatus for the heat treatment of metallic workpieces with which an improved treatment result can be achieved in a comparatively simple manner while avoiding carbide formation on the surface of the workpieces to be treated.
- Such a procedure adopts the knowledge that one can achieve improved treatment results of the workpieces if both during the enrichment phase and during the diffusion phase the carbon content of the boundary layer by varying that of the gas atmosphere supplied volume flows of nitrogen and hydrocarbon in one predetermined interval between a lower limit and an upper limit is set.
- Nitrogen is reduced and the proportion of hydrocarbon is increased high carbon supply in the gas atmosphere, which in a relatively short Time the carbon content of the boundary layer up to the specified upper limit accumulates.
- the temperature to which heating takes place in the heating phase, the length of time for which the workpieces are kept at this temperature during the compensation phase, the temperatures which are set in the enrichment phase and the diffusion phase, and the amounts of nitrogen supplied in the respective process stages and carbon depend primarily on the material of the workpieces to be treated, the specific composition of the gas atmosphere required to achieve the desired carbon content of the surface layer and the desired treatment success, such as the desired carburization depth. Since the process parameters of the material properties depend on the workpieces to be treated, can be obtained from publicly available databases, such as the Calphad (Cal culation of pha se d iagrams), Sweden, necessary for a particular steel composition parameter values with respect to the desired carbon content in the Remove surface layer.
- the amounts of nitrogen and Hydrocarbon in the gas atmosphere during the enrichment phase and / or the diffusion phase advantageously varies such that the Upper limit of the carbon content of the surface layer slightly below the due to carbide formation occurring at the prevailing temperature marked saturation of austenite.
- the upper limit of Carbon content of the surface layer can be so during the diffusion phase be chosen to meet the requirements of one of the following Cooling phase taking place corresponds to the hardening process.
- a particularly advantageous procedure is also given if the workpieces during the heating phase to one for carburizing or Carbonitriding favorable temperature between 750 ° C and 1050 ° C to be heated.
- a carbon content of the surface layer is also of particular advantage during the heating phase in the range between 0.2 wt .-% and 0.5 wt .-%. Possibly existing oxide or passive layers on the workpieces are eliminated in this way or at least converted so that a uniform diffusion of carbon into the material is favored.
- corresponding procedure management also a reduced temperature during the enrichment phase during the diffusion phase be useful.
- a particularly advantageous procedure is also given when unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type C n H 2n , preferably alkenes such as ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) and propylene (C 3 H 6 ), saturated hydrocarbons of the type C n H 2n + 2 , preferably alkanes such as ethane (C 2 H 6 ) and propane (C 3 H 8 ), or alkynes such as acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) are added to the gas atmosphere.
- alkynes which are characterized by a low proportion of hydrogen, offer the advantage that no further fission products are generated and the proportion of hydrogen in the gas atmosphere accordingly remains low.
- a reducing agent preferably hydrogen
- oxygen present in the gas atmosphere which stems, for example, from an air inlet at leaks in a heat treatment furnace constant or variable amount added.
- the point in time and the amount of reducing agent added depend on the prevailing circumstances.
- the supply of the amounts of nitrogen and hydrocarbon into the gas atmosphere is regulated or controlled in a database-dependent manner as a function of a characteristic value representing the carbon content in the surface layer, preferably the carbonation index K c .
- the database-related control is advantageous if a characteristic value representing the carbon content in the surface layer is not available, for example due to measurement difficulties.
- the regulation of the supply as a function of a characteristic value representing the carbon content in the surface layer enables the desired carbon content of the surface layer to be set precisely, without the size of the surface of the workpieces to be treated being particularly important.
- the workpieces are expediently removed during the cooling phase a reducing or neutral gas atmosphere or in a liquid Quench medium cooled to room temperature.
- a device for heat treatment of metallic workpieces which has a heating chamber in which the workpieces can be heated and exposed to a gas atmosphere containing nitrogen and a hydrocarbon, and is characterized in that means are provided with which the supply of the Amounts of nitrogen and hydrocarbon in the gas atmosphere as a function of a characteristic value representing the carbon content in the boundary layer, preferably the carbon index K c , can be regulated or controlled in a database-related manner, with a means arranged within the heating chamber as a means of measuring the characteristic value representing the carbon content in the boundary layer Wire sensor is provided, and that means are provided with which the supply of the amount of a reducing agent, preferably hydrogen, and / or ammonia can be regulated or controlled in a database-related manner.
- the method according to the invention can be carried out in a reliable manner with such a device.
- the Heating chamber is hermetically sealed to prevent air from entering and thus avoid oxygen in the gas atmosphere.
- the heating chamber be filled with an inert gas, preferably nitrogen, is flushable, so that regardless of the volume of the heating chamber the content of Oxygen in the atmosphere of the heating chamber after introduction of the treating workpieces in a comparatively short time to ⁇ 1% by volume reducible and undesirable oxidation of the workpieces to be treated this is avoidable.
- the heat treatment method shown in Fig. 1 is primarily used for carburizing metallic workpieces, which can consist of different steels. The entire process can be divided into five phases. In a first phase, the heating phase A, the workpieces are heated to a carburizing temperature ⁇ of, for example, 930 ° C.
- the heat treatment furnace used for this purpose an atmosphere furnace, was flushed with nitrogen in a short time after the workpieces had been introduced, and was then flooded with a gas atmosphere containing nitrogen and acetylene.
- the size of the volume flows of nitrogen V ⁇ N supplied to the gas atmosphere 2 and acetylene V ⁇ C 2 H 2 is such that an edge layer with a carbon content w c of approx. 0.35% by weight is obtained on the workpieces.
- the supply of the amounts of nitrogen V ⁇ N 2 and acetylene V ⁇ C 2 H 2 The gas atmosphere is regulated as a function of a characteristic value representing the carbon content w c in the surface layer, which is determined by a measuring device.
- the gas atmosphere becomes a constant volume flow of hydrogen V ⁇ H during the heating phase A. 2 of approx. 0.3 m 3 / h to put the gas atmosphere in a sufficiently reducing state.
- a compensation phase B following the heating-up phase A the workpieces are kept at the temperature ⁇ reached at the end of the heating-up phase A of approx. 930 ° C. for approx. 20 min.
- the quantities of nitrogen V ⁇ N fed into the gas atmosphere 2 and acetylene V ⁇ C 2 H 2 are further regulated so that there is a carbon content w c in the surface layer of the workpieces of approx. 0.35% by weight.
- the volume flow of hydrogen V ⁇ H 2 is, however, reduced to a value of less than 0.2 m 3 / h.
- the volume flows of nitrogen V ⁇ N supplied to the gas atmosphere become 2 and acetylene V ⁇ C 2 H 2 varies in such a way that a carbon content w c of the surface layer - occurs in an interval between a lower limit G u of approximately 0.7% by weight and an upper limit G o of approximately 1.2% by weight.
- the upper limit G o of approx. 1.2% by weight is below the saturation limit of austenite which is characterized by carbide and soot formation for unalloyed case-hardened steels.
- the volume flow of nitrogen V ⁇ N 2 reduced and the volume flow of acetylene V ⁇ C 2 H 2 elevated.
- the volume flow of nitrogen V ⁇ N is reached in a second section in order to reach the lower limit G u 2 increased again, whereas the volume flow of acetylene V ⁇ C 2 H 2 is reduced.
- the first and second sections are repeated alternately within the enrichment phase C, whereby an adaptation of the enrichment of the surface layer with carbon is achieved in accordance with the absorption capacity of the workpieces depending on the respective material.
- the duration and thus the respective size of the volume flows of nitrogen is V ⁇ N 2 and acetylene V ⁇ C 2 H 2 during the first and second sections unevenly, as can be seen from the steep slopes of the curve of the carbon content w c in FIG. 1.
- the system and process-adapted volume flow of hydrogen V ⁇ H 2 is increased to approximately 0.2 m 3 / h during the enrichment phase C.
- the enrichment phase C is followed by a diffusion phase D in which the temperature ⁇ is reduced to approximately 880 ° C. With regard to a subsequent hardening process, the upper limit G o is reduced to approximately 0.8% by weight.
- the thermodynamic equilibrium between the gas atmosphere and the boundary layer of the workpieces to be treated is varied by varying the volume flows of nitrogen V ⁇ N supplied to the gas atmosphere 2 and acetylene V ⁇ C 2 H 2 set in first and second sections such that the carbon content w c of the boundary layer lies in the interval between the lower limit G u of approximately 0.7% by weight and the upper limit G o of approximately 0.8% by weight.
- the system and process-adapted volume flow of hydrogen V ⁇ H 2 is again reduced to a value below 0.2 m 3 / h during the diffusion phase D.
- the workpieces are cooled to room temperature during a cooling phase E following the diffusion phase D.
- ammonia V ⁇ NH can additionally be present in the gas atmosphere during the enrichment phase C and the diffusion phase D, as can be seen in FIG. 1 3 are supplied, the amount of ammonia supplied V ⁇ NH 3 in the order of 2 vol.% to 20 vol.% of the total gassing rate.
- the method described above is characterized by the volume flow regulation of the quantities of nitrogen V ⁇ N supplied to the gas atmosphere 2 and acetylene V ⁇ C 2 H 2 in the individual stages of the process, whereby an improved treatment result is achieved in comparison with conventional carburizing processes.
- the main reason for this is that the carbon supply in the gas atmosphere can be adapted in this way according to the material and the surface of the workpieces to be treated and thus the absorption capacity of the surface layer.
- the possibility to provide alternating first and second sections of different carbon contents w c during the enrichment phase C and the diffusion phase D also contributes to this result to a particular extent.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
- Furnace Details (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
Description
- A
- Aufheizphase
- B
- Ausgleichsphase
- C
- Anreicherungsphase
- D
- Diffusionsphase
- E
- Abkühlungsphase
- t
- Zeit
- ϑ
- Temperatur
- wc
- Kohlenstoffgehalt
- Go
- Obergrenze Kohlenstoffgehalt
- Gu
- Untergrenze Kohlenstoffgehalt
-
V ˙
C
2 H2 - Volumenstrom Acetylen
-
V ˙
N
2 - Volumenstrom Stickstoff
-
V ˙
H
2 - Volumenstrom Wasserstoff
-
V ˙
NH
3 - Volumenstrom Ammoniak
Claims (16)
- Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke, insbesondere zum Aufkohlen oder Carbonitrieren von Eisenwerkstoffen, bestehend aus folgenden Verfahrensschritten:a) Erwärmen der Werkstücke auf eine bestimmte Temperatur (ϑ) in einer Stickstoff und einen Kohlenwasserstoff enthaltenden Gasatmosphäre während einer Aufheizphase (A), wobei die Zufuhr der Mengen an Stickstoff (V ˙ N
2 ) und Kohlenwasserstoff (V ˙ C2 H2 ) in die Gasatmosphäre derart geregelt wird, dass sich auf den Werkstücken eine Randschicht mit einem Kohlenstoffgehalt (wc) innerhalb eines vorgegebenen Bereichs bildet;b) Halten der Werkstücke auf der am Ende der Aufheizphase (A) erreichten Temperatur (ϑ) für eine bestimmte Zeitdauer während einer sich anschließenden Ausgleichsphase (B), wobei durch die mit der Gasatmosphäre zugeführten Mengen an Stickstoff (V ˙ N2 ) und Kohlenwasserstoff (V ˙ C2 H2 ) der Kohlenstoffgehalt (wc) der Randschicht weiterhin innerhalb des vorgegebenen Bereichs liegt;c) Variieren der Mengen an Stickstoff (V ˙ N2 ) und Kohlenwasserstoff (V ˙ C2 H2 ) in der Gasatmosphäre während einer sich an die Ausgleichsphase (B) anschließenden Anreicherungsphase (C) und einer hierauf folgenden Diffusionsphase (D), wobei jeweils zunächst in einem ersten Abschnitt zum Erreichen einer vorgegebenen Obergrenze (Go) des Kohlenstoffgehalts (wc) der Randschicht der Anteil an Stickstoff (V ˙ N2 ) reduziert und der Anteil an Kohlenwasserstoff (V ˙ C2 H2 ) erhöht wird und nachfolgend in einem zweiten Abschnitt zum Erreichen einer vorgegebenen Untergrenze (Gu) des Kohlenstoffgehalts (wc) der Randschicht der Anteil an Stickstoff (V ˙ N2 ) erhöht und der Anteil an Kohlenwasserstoff (V ˙ C2 H2 ) reduziert wird;d) Abkühlen der Werkstücke auf Raumtemperatur während einer sich an die Diffusionsphase (D) anschließenden Abkühlungsphase (E). - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet durch eine abwechselnde Wiederholung der ersten und zweiten Abschnitte während der Anreicherungsphase (C) und/oder der Diffusionsphase (D).
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass während der Anreicherungsphase (C) und/oder der Diffusionsphase (D) der Gasatmosphäre Ammoniak (V ˙ NH
2 ), vorzugsweise in einer Größenordnung von 2 Vol.-% bis 20 Vol.-% der Gesamtbegasungsrate, zugesetzt wird. - Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Mengen an Stickstoff (V ˙ N
2 ) und Kohlenwasserstoff (V ˙ C2 H2 ) in der Gasatmosphäre während der Anreicherungsphase (C) und der Diffusionsphase (D) derart variiert werden, dass die Untergrenze (Gu) des Kohlenstoffgehalts (wc) der Randschicht zwischen 0,5 Gew.-% und 0,8 Gew.-% liegt. - Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Mengen an Stickstoff (V ˙N
2 ) und Kohlenwasserstoff (V ˙ C2 H2 ) in der Gasatmosphäre während der Anreicherungsphase (C) derart variiert werden, dass die Obergrenze (Go) des Kohlenstoffgehalts (wc) der Randschicht geringfügig unterhalb der durch eine bei der jeweils herrschenden Temperatur (ϑ) auftretenden Carbidbildung gekennzeichneten Sättigung von Austenit liegt. - Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Werkstücke während der Aufheizphase (A) auf eine Temperatur (ϑ) zwischen 750°C und 1050°C erwärmt werden.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, gekennzeichnet durch einen Kohlenstoffgehalt (wc) der Randschicht während der Aufheizphase (A) im Bereich zwischen 0,2 Gew.-% und 0,5 Gew.-%.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Werkstücke während der Ausgleichsphase (B) für eine Zeitdauer von 0,1 h bis 1 h auf der am Ende der Aufheizphase (A) erreichten Temperatur (ϑ) gehalten werden.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, gekennzeichnet durch eine bezüglich der Anreicherungsphase (C) reduzierte Temperatur (ϑ) während der Diffusionsphase (D).
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe des Typs CnH2n, vorzugsweise Alkene wie etwa Ethylen (C2H4) und Propylen (C3H6), gesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe des Typs CnH2n+2, vorzugsweise Alkane wie etwa Ethan (C2H6) und Propan (C3H8), oder Alkine wie etwa Acetylen (C2H2) der Gasatmosphäre beigegeben werden.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein Reduktionsmittel, vorzugsweise Wasserstoff (V ˙ H
2 ), der Gasatmosphäre in konstanter oder variabler Menge beigegeben wird. - Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Zufuhr der Mengen an Stickstoff (V ˙ N
2 ) und Kohlenwasserstoff (V ˙ C2 H2 ) in die Gasatmosphäre in Abhängigkeit von einem den Kohlenstoffgehalt (wc) in der Randschicht repräsentierenden Kennwert, vorzugsweise der Kohlungskennzahl Kc, geregelt oder datenbankbezogen gesteuert wird. - Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Werkstücke während der Abkühlungsphase (E) in einer reduzierenden oder neutralen Gasatmosphäre oder in einem flüssigen Abschreckmedium auf Raumtemperatur abgekühlt werden.
- Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke, insbesondere zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 13, mit einer Heizkammer, in der die Werkstücke erwärmbar und einer Stickstoff und einen Kohlenwasserstoff enthaltenden Gasatmosphäre aussetzbar sind,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, , dass Mittel vorgesehen sind, mit denen die Zufuhr der Mengen an Stickstoff (V ˙ N2 ) und Kohlenwasserstoff (V ˙ C2 H2 ) in die Gasatmosphäre in Abhängigkeit von einem den Kohlenstoffgehalt (wc) in der Randschicht repräsentierenden Kennwert, vorzugsweise der Kohlungskennzahl Kc, regelbar oder datenbankbezogen steuerbar ist, wobei als Mittel zur Messung des den Kohlenstoffgehalt in der Randschicht repräsentierenden Kennwertes ein innerhalb der Heizkammer angeordneter Drahtsensor vorgesehen ist, und daß Mittel vorgesehen sind, mit denen die Zufuhr der Menge eines Reduktionsmittels, vorzugsweise Wasserstoff (V ˙H2 ), und/oder Ammoniak (V ˙NH3 ) regelbar oder datenbankbezogen steuerbar ist. - Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Heizkammer hermetisch abschließbar ausgebildet ist.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 14 oder 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Heizkammer mit einem Inertgas, vorzugsweise Stickstoff, spülbar ist.
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE50007480T DE50007480D1 (de) | 2000-05-24 | 2000-05-24 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
| EP00111129A EP1160349B1 (de) | 2000-05-24 | 2000-05-24 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
| AT00111129T ATE274073T1 (de) | 2000-05-24 | 2000-05-24 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur wärmebehandlung metallischer werkstücke |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP00111129A EP1160349B1 (de) | 2000-05-24 | 2000-05-24 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1160349A1 EP1160349A1 (de) | 2001-12-05 |
| EP1160349B1 true EP1160349B1 (de) | 2004-08-18 |
Family
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP00111129A Expired - Lifetime EP1160349B1 (de) | 2000-05-24 | 2000-05-24 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1160349B1 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE274073T1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE50007480D1 (de) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7550049B2 (en) | 2002-10-31 | 2009-06-23 | Seco/Warwick S.A. | Method for under-pressure carburizing of steel workpieces |
| CN100569992C (zh) * | 2005-04-19 | 2009-12-16 | 机械研究与制造公司 | 低压渗碳氮化方法和设备 |
| DE102010028165A1 (de) * | 2010-04-23 | 2011-10-27 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zur Carbonitrierung von metallischen Bauteilen |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10221605A1 (de) * | 2002-05-15 | 2003-12-04 | Linde Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
| WO2005038076A1 (fr) * | 2003-10-14 | 2005-04-28 | Etudes Et Constructions Mecaniques | Procede et four de cementation basse pression |
| US20080149226A1 (en) * | 2006-12-26 | 2008-06-26 | Karen Anne Connery | Method of optimizing an oxygen free heat treating process |
| EP2627795A1 (de) | 2010-10-11 | 2013-08-21 | Ipsen International GmbH | Verfahren und einrichtung zum aufkohlen und carbonitrieren von metallischen werkstoffen |
| DE102014113846A1 (de) * | 2014-09-24 | 2016-03-24 | Härterei Technotherm Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zur Behandlung eines Eisenwerkstoffs und behandelter Eisenwerkstoff |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3146042A1 (de) * | 1981-11-20 | 1983-05-26 | Linde Ag, 6200 Wiesbaden | Verfahren zum einsatzhaerten metallischer werkstuecke |
| US5139584A (en) * | 1989-07-13 | 1992-08-18 | Solo Fours Industriels Sa | Carburization process |
| DE19704871C1 (de) * | 1997-02-10 | 1998-10-15 | Will Haertetechnik Gmbh | Verfahren zum Härten von Hohlwellen und nach diesem Verfahren hergestellte Hohlwellen |
| FR2777911B1 (fr) * | 1998-04-28 | 2000-07-28 | Aubert & Duval Sa | Procede de carbonitruration a basse pression de pieces en alliage metallique |
-
2000
- 2000-05-24 AT AT00111129T patent/ATE274073T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-05-24 EP EP00111129A patent/EP1160349B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-05-24 DE DE50007480T patent/DE50007480D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7550049B2 (en) | 2002-10-31 | 2009-06-23 | Seco/Warwick S.A. | Method for under-pressure carburizing of steel workpieces |
| CN100569992C (zh) * | 2005-04-19 | 2009-12-16 | 机械研究与制造公司 | 低压渗碳氮化方法和设备 |
| DE102010028165A1 (de) * | 2010-04-23 | 2011-10-27 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zur Carbonitrierung von metallischen Bauteilen |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATE274073T1 (de) | 2004-09-15 |
| DE50007480D1 (de) | 2004-09-23 |
| EP1160349A1 (de) | 2001-12-05 |
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