EP1078553A1 - Schallwiedergabeanordnung nach dem biegewellenprinzip - Google Patents
Schallwiedergabeanordnung nach dem biegewellenprinzipInfo
- Publication number
- EP1078553A1 EP1078553A1 EP99952146A EP99952146A EP1078553A1 EP 1078553 A1 EP1078553 A1 EP 1078553A1 EP 99952146 A EP99952146 A EP 99952146A EP 99952146 A EP99952146 A EP 99952146A EP 1078553 A1 EP1078553 A1 EP 1078553A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sound
- panels
- panel
- acoustic
- driver
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R7/00—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones
- H04R7/02—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones characterised by the construction
- H04R7/04—Plane diaphragms
- H04R7/045—Plane diaphragms using the distributed mode principle, i.e. whereby the acoustic radiation is emanated from uniformly distributed free bending wave vibration induced in a stiff panel and not from pistonic motion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
- H04R1/32—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired directional characteristic only
- H04R1/40—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired directional characteristic only by combining a number of identical transducers
- H04R1/403—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired directional characteristic only by combining a number of identical transducers loud-speakers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R7/00—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones
- H04R7/02—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones characterised by the construction
- H04R7/04—Plane diaphragms
- H04R7/06—Plane diaphragms comprising a plurality of sections or layers
- H04R7/10—Plane diaphragms comprising a plurality of sections or layers comprising superposed layers in contact
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R9/00—Transducers of moving-coil, moving-strip, or moving-wire type
- H04R9/02—Details
- H04R9/025—Magnetic circuit
Definitions
- the invention is concerned with the formation of sound reproduction arrangements which operate according to the bending wave principle, in particular with the improved utilization of the areas provided by such arrangements for sound generation.
- sound reproduction arrangements which operate according to the bending wave principle.
- Such arrangements are essentially formed by a sound panel and at least one drive system, the sound panel being set in vibration when electrical audio frequency signals are supplied to the drive system (s).
- "bending wave radiation” becomes possible from a lower limit frequency, the so-called critical frequency, the bending waves in the plane of the respective sound panel leading to sound radiation with a frequency-dependent direction.
- a section through a directional diagram created shows a main lobe, the direction of which is frequency-dependent.
- These ratios are fully valid for infinitely extended plates and absorber plates, while the ratios for the multi-resonance plates (also known as distributed mode loudspeakers) dealt with in this application are then significantly more complex because of the strong edge reflections
- Multi-resonance plates therefore stirs that the named main lobe with frequency-dependent direction is overlaid by a plurality of further such main lobes, so that a highly diversified directional diagram arises, which also is very frequency dependent.
- a typical characteristic of the multi-resonance plates dealt with here is that their directional diagrams on average tend to point away from the perpendicular. This behavior means that the room is more involved in the projection of the sound waves.
- the sound panel is constructed according to the sandwich principle, in that two opposing surfaces of a very light core layer are each connected to a thin cover layer, for example by gluing.
- the material for the cover layer must have a particularly high expansion wave speed.
- Suitable cover layer materials are, for example, thin metal foils or fiber-reinforced plastic foils.
- the core layer There are also special requirements for the core layer. So it is necessary that the materials that can be used initially have a low mass density and low damping. In addition, the materials for the core layer must have the highest possible shear modulus perpendicular to the surfaces that are provided with the cover layers. Finally, it is necessary that the materials that can be used for core layers have a very low modulus of elasticity in the direction in which the core layer formed from this material later has its greatest extent.
- rigid foams can also be used as core layer materials because, despite their isotropic material properties, they still have suitable shear and elasticity modules. It should not be left unmentioned in this context that when rigid foams are used as the material for the core layer, the cover layers have the task of producing the required anisotropic behavior of the sound panel.
- the sound panels are driven by drivers that
- the invention is therefore based on the object of specifying a sound panel which, with the same space requirement, reduces or excludes the acoustic short circuit and at the same time uses the surface of the sound panel available for sound radiation for increasing the sound level or expanding the frequency range.
- the sound panels and / or the frame are to be provided with sound outlet openings.
- the space formed between the sound panels and the frame can be designed as a bass reflex volume and the respective sound outlet opening as a bass reflex opening. It is also possible to connect a transmission line to the sound outlet opening.
- the arrangement according to the invention is not only fixed on the pure bass reproduction. Rather, it is also possible to implement a combined arrangement in which one sound panel together with the space which has already been mentioned several times above is primarily designed for use in bass reproduction, while the other sound panel is then optimized for reproduction, for example in the mid / high range.
- the latter includes, according to claim 8, that the two sound panels are optimized in terms of material and / or dimensions for their respective transmission areas and can therefore also differ, for example, in terms of their thickness, the core layer material and / or the cover layers used.
- the sound panel which is intended for bass reproduction, in contrast to the other sound panel, does not face the listener directly, is irrelevant, because the human ear has a poor location for frequencies below 100 Hz.
- the one driver which drives the one sound panel simultaneously acts as a counter bearing for the driver driving the other sound panel.
- Such a design is therefore particularly advantageous when the connected drivers, which drive the various sound panels, are operated electrically in parallel and thus oscillate in opposite directions.
- resilient elements are arranged at a distance A between the two sound panels, further stabilization of the two sound panels is achieved through mutual support.
- the springs can also be used to tune the sound panels due to their damping effect.
- the drivers are not attached to the sound panels, but to the elements (frame and / or springs). This type of mounting of the drivers ensures that the bending wave propagation in the sound panels is not or only slightly impaired by mass loads or that the drivers do not cause any damping effects.
- Figure 1 shows a sound reproduction arrangement in side section.
- FIG. 3 shows a further illustration of an arrangement according to FIG. 2;
- FIG. 4 shows a further illustration of an arrangement according to FIG. 2;
- FIG. 5 shows a further illustration of an arrangement according to FIG. 2;
- FIG. 6 shows yet another representation of an arrangement according to FIG. 2. Ways of completing the invention
- FIG. 1 shows a sound reproduction arrangement 10, which is essentially formed by a front sound panel 11.1, a rear sound panel 11.2, three drivers 12 and a frame 13.
- These two completely identical drivers 12.1, 12.2, which are only shown schematically, are designed as ferrite systems in this exemplary embodiment and are connected to the respective sound panels 11.1, 1 1.2 via the voice coil carriers 26. If the voice coils of the two drivers 12.1, 12.2 are conductively connected to an audio signal source (all not shown), both sound panels 11.1, 11.2 are deformed in opposite directions. This deformation of the two sound panels 11.1, 11.2 causes the sound reproduction arrangement 10 to act like a breathing ball or wall.
- the sound reproduction arrangement 10 shown in FIG. 1 is designed as a bass reproduction arrangement.
- An acoustic short circuit between the surfaces of the two sound panels 11.1, 11.2 coupled directly to the listening room 16 is excluded because under the influence of the sound signals the two sound panels 11.1, 1 1.2 move in opposite directions with respect to the center line shown and the radiation emitted into the room 15 Sound energy is separated from the listening room 16 by the sound panels 11.1, 11.2 and the frame 13.
- the volume of the room 15 can be used as a so-called bass reflex volume, in that the interior of the room 15 by means of at least one Sound outlet opening 17 is connected to the listening room 16. 1, the sound outlet opening 17 is formed in the frame 13, in another embodiment (not shown), the sound outlet opening 17 can also be embedded in a sound panel 11.
- a resilient element 18 is used in the interior of the room 15, which additionally supports the two sound panels 11.1, 11.2 arranged at a mutual distance A at the connection points 19 against one another.
- the resilient element 18 can also exert a certain filtering effect on the sound waves to be emitted by the sound panels 1 1.1, 1 1.2.
- This driver 12.3 can be used, for example, to emit high-frequency sound signals from the sound panel 1 1.2. Since, in contrast to low-frequency sound waves, higher-frequency sound waves have a directional characteristic, the sound panel 1 1.2 having the driver 12.3 should face the listener in the listening room 16 directly to the sound reproduction arrangement 10.
- a sound reproduction arrangement 10 is shown in more detail. 2 that the two sound panels 1 1.1, 11.2 are each formed from a core layer 20 with a honeycomb structure and two cover layers 21.
- the drivers 12.1, 12.2, which drive the two sound panels 1 1.1, 11.2 according to FIG. 1 are designed as a common driver 12.4 in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 2.
- this is realized in such a way that a permanent magnet 22 with a ring shape is provided, the respective pole faces N, S of which are provided with a pole disk 23 in the form of a ring ring.
- the unit formed from the permanent magnet 22 and the pole disks 23 surrounds a pole 24 at a lateral distance.
- the present exemplary embodiments are two annular holding members 25 made of non-ferromagnetic material available.
- One holding member 25.1 connects the permanent magnet 22 to the pole 24, while the other holding member 25.2 is guided by permanent magnets 22 to the resilient elements 18 arranged at a lateral distance from the common driver 12.4 and is connected to the latter.
- This holding member 25.2 can also be connected to other drivers 12 and / or also to the edge 13 (FIG. 1) in another embodiment (not shown).
- the holding members 25.1, 25.2 can be made of a resilient material and act like a leaf spring due to their parallel position to the sound panels 1 1.1, 11.2.
- a permanent magnet 22 made of a rare earth alloy in the form of a neodymium alloy was used to provide a sufficiently large induction in the embodiment according to FIG. 2.
- further permanent magnets can be connected to the common driver 12.4, according to Faclimannic developments of the arrangement according to FIG. 2, for example by forming part 24.1 of the pole core 24 from a permanent magnetic material.
- the sound reproduction arrangement 10 has no sound outlet opening 17 which connects the room 15 to the listening room 16, the room 15 should be at least partially filled with a sound-absorbing material (not shown).
- the pole 24 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 does not necessarily have to be connected to the permanent magnet 22 via the holding member 25.1, but can also be connected to the sound panels 11.1, 11.2 in another embodiment. To avoid damping, the connection between Polkem 24 and the sound panels 11.1, 1 1.2 should then be elastic.
- FIG. 3 shows a common driver 12.4, which is modified compared to driver 12.4 according to FIG. 2.
- This driver 12.4 (FIG. 3) also comprises an annular permanent magnet 22 and two voice coil carriers 26 provided with voice coils 27.
- FIG. 2 shows a common driver 12.4, which is modified compared to driver 12.4 according to FIG. 2.
- This driver 12.4 (FIG. 3) also comprises an annular permanent magnet 22 and two voice coil carriers 26 provided with voice coils 27.
- FIG. 2 shows a common driver 12.4, which is modified compared to driver 12.4 according to FIG. 2.
- This driver 12.4 also comprises an annular permanent magnet 22 and two voice coil carriers 26 provided with voice coils 27.
- the voice coil 27 ' which is connected to the sound panel 11.2 via the voice coil support 26, is adjacent to the south pole S of the radially magnetized Daue ⁇ nagneten 22 with a narrow lateral distance, while the other voice coil 27 "with the other pole N of the Daue ⁇ nagneten 22 when the sound reproducing device 10 is at rest
- the sound reproduction arrangement 10 shown in FIG. 3 can be used to emphasize different frequency ranges of the two sound panels 11.1, 11.2 .
- driver 12.4 according to FIG. 4 has pole disks 23, although the inference there between the two poles N, S of the Daue ⁇ nagneten 22 also takes place via the air gap. Therefore, the pole disks connected to the pole faces N, S of the axially magnetized Daue ⁇ nagneten 22 do not have a direct inference effect, but only contribute to a concentration effect of the field lines provided by the Daue ⁇ nagneten 22 on the voice coils 27 'and 27 ". In contrast to all previously described embodiments 4, the provision of a separate voice coil former is dispensed with.
- the voice coils 27 ', 27 are connected to the edges 28 of cutouts 29, which are embedded in each of the two sound panels 11.1, ⁇ 1.2.
- the driver 12.4 formed from the permanent magnet 22 and the two pole disks 23 is inserted at a distance A using the cutouts 29.
- the direct connection between the pole discs 23 and the sound panels 11.1, 11.2 takes place with the interposition of a holding member 25.4.
- holding members 25.4 which can also be provided by the respective sound panel 1 1.1 or 11.2 itself by a corresponding milling 29 in another embodiment (not shown), it is essential that they have the greatest possible lateral distance A "between the voice coils 27 '. , 27 "and the respective Have joints of the sound panels 1 1.1, 1 1.2 with the drivers 12 in order to achieve a particularly good force impression in the sound panels 1 1.1, 1 1.2.
- Fig. 3 also between the voice coil support 26, which is connected to the sound panel 11.2, and the sound panel 11.2, an additional holding member (not shown), which has a reduced diameter compared to the named voice coil support 26.
- FIG. 6 a driver 12.4 modified compared to FIG. 4 is shown in FIG. 6.
- This driver 12.4 is essentially formed by three axially magnetized permanent magnetic disks 22.1 to 22.3, two pole disks and a return rotor 30.
- the two pole faces N, S of the Daue ⁇ nagneten 22.2 are connected to the two pole disks 23.
- another Daue ⁇ nagnet 22.1, 22.3 attached and connected so that on each side of the two pole disks 23, which with the Daue ⁇ nagneten 22.2, 22.1 and 22.3, 22.1 are connected, the same poles N or S act.
- the arrangement of the pole disks 23 and the Daue ⁇ nagneten 22.1 to 22.3 is inserted into a return path 30, which surrounds the arrangement with a lateral distance.
- the two provided with the voice coils 27 ', 27 ", and immerse in the voice coil supports 26 acting on the two sound panels 1 1.1, 11.2, also dip into this annular gap.
- the yoke roller 30 is connected to the edges 28 of the bevel 29 in the sound panels 1 1.1, 11.2.
- a damping element 33 is inserted between the bottom 31 and the end faces 32 of the return tube 30, which reduces the damping otherwise emanating from the return tube 30.
- FIG. 5 shows two sound panels 11.1, 11.2 arranged at a mutual distance A, each of which has a driver 12.1, 12.2 and a voice coil support 26 with a voice coil 27 ', 27 "arranged thereon.
- the mutual arrangement of driver 12.1, 12.2 and voice coil support 26 or voice coil 27 ', 27 " is selected such that the voice coil 27", which is physically connected to the sound panel 11.1, engages in the driver 12.2, which is connected to the sound panel 1 1.2 and is pot-shaped, and the voice coil 27' engages in the driver 12.1 on the sound panel 1 1.1.
- the mutual support of the two drivers 12.1., 12.2, which is not present in FIG. 5, is compensated for by the fact that the drivers 12.1, 12.2 or better their Daue ⁇ nagnete 22 as seismic masses provide a sufficient counter bearing.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Otolaryngology (AREA)
- Audible-Bandwidth Dynamoelectric Transducers Other Than Pickups (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
- Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19821862 | 1998-05-15 | ||
DE19821862A DE19821862A1 (de) | 1998-05-15 | 1998-05-15 | Schallwiedergabeanordnung |
PCT/EP1999/003314 WO1999060819A1 (de) | 1998-05-15 | 1999-05-14 | Schallwiedergabeanordnung nach dem biegewellenprinzip |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1078553A1 true EP1078553A1 (de) | 2001-02-28 |
EP1078553B1 EP1078553B1 (de) | 2003-07-30 |
Family
ID=7867905
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99952146A Expired - Lifetime EP1078553B1 (de) | 1998-05-15 | 1999-05-14 | Schallwiedergabeanordnung nach dem biegewellenprinzip |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6622817B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1078553B1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE19821862A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1999060819A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19825866A1 (de) | 1998-06-10 | 1999-12-16 | Nokia Deutschland Gmbh | Plattenlautsprecher |
DE10001410C2 (de) * | 2000-01-14 | 2001-12-06 | Harman Audio Electronic Sys | Flachlautsprecheranordnung |
US7372968B2 (en) * | 2000-11-08 | 2008-05-13 | New Transducers Limited | Loudspeaker driver |
CA2340845A1 (en) * | 2001-02-23 | 2002-08-23 | Cotron Corporation | Built-in micro-speaker for wireless communication device |
MXPA03009073A (es) * | 2001-04-05 | 2004-02-17 | New Transducers Ltd | Altavoz. |
US6813362B2 (en) | 2001-04-05 | 2004-11-02 | New Transducers Limited | Loudspeaker and method of making same |
US7187776B2 (en) * | 2001-07-13 | 2007-03-06 | Harman Becker Automotive Systems Gmbh | Planar loudspeaker |
GB0221503D0 (en) * | 2002-09-17 | 2002-10-23 | 1 Ltd | Loudspeaker |
CN102158170B (zh) * | 2002-09-26 | 2013-01-02 | 精工爱普生株式会社 | 驱动机构 |
CN1853444A (zh) * | 2003-09-16 | 2006-10-25 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | 高效音频换能器 |
FR2865608B1 (fr) * | 2004-01-23 | 2007-02-09 | Robert Rigondeau | Transducteur electoacoustique et enceinte le comportant |
CN1954639B (zh) * | 2004-05-14 | 2012-12-05 | 索尼昂荷兰有限公司 | 双隔膜电声换能器 |
JP2008219202A (ja) * | 2007-02-28 | 2008-09-18 | National Institute Of Information & Communication Technology | 音響振動再生装置 |
DE102012025313B3 (de) * | 2012-12-22 | 2014-02-20 | Audi Ag | Schallwandler zur Wandlung elektrischer Signale in Luftschall |
DE102014218427B4 (de) * | 2014-09-15 | 2016-06-02 | Kendrion Kuhnke Automotive GmbH | Lautsprecher, insbesondere elektrodynamischer Lautsprecher |
US9820035B2 (en) * | 2016-03-25 | 2017-11-14 | Bose Corporation | Audio systems and apparatus for vibration isolation |
EP4161096A1 (de) * | 2021-09-30 | 2023-04-05 | Harman Becker Automotive Systems GmbH | Lautsprecher |
Family Cites Families (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4242541A (en) * | 1977-12-22 | 1980-12-30 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Composite type acoustic transducer |
JPS57152299A (en) * | 1981-03-16 | 1982-09-20 | Nippon Soken Inc | Ultrasonic cable transmitter and receiver |
FR2503516B1 (fr) * | 1981-04-01 | 1986-02-07 | Klein Siegfried | Haut-parleur electrodynamique omnidirectionnel pour les frequences basses et medium du spectre sonore |
DE3405635A1 (de) * | 1984-02-17 | 1985-08-22 | Rainer J. 5000 Köln Haas | Elektrodynamischer lautsprecher mit rundum-schallabstrahlung |
US4969197A (en) * | 1988-06-10 | 1990-11-06 | Murata Manufacturing | Piezoelectric speaker |
JP2673002B2 (ja) * | 1989-03-31 | 1997-11-05 | 株式会社ケンウッド | スピーカシステム |
BR9610436A (pt) | 1995-09-02 | 1999-02-17 | New Transducers Ltd | Transdutors de vibração inerciais |
US6192136B1 (en) * | 1995-09-02 | 2001-02-20 | New Transducers Limited | Inertial vibration transducers |
US6327369B1 (en) * | 1995-09-02 | 2001-12-04 | New Transducers Limited | Loudspeakers comprising panel-form acoustic radiating elements |
ES2131958T3 (es) | 1995-09-02 | 1999-08-01 | New Transducers Ltd | Transductores de vibraciones inerciales. |
DE19757098C2 (de) | 1997-12-20 | 2003-01-09 | Harman Audio Electronic Sys | Aufhängung für Schallwiedergabeanordnungen nach dem Biegewellenprinzip |
DE19757099A1 (de) * | 1997-12-20 | 1999-06-24 | Nokia Deutschland Gmbh | Kontaktierung für eine Schallwiedergabeanordnung nach dem Biegewellenprinzip |
DE19757097B4 (de) | 1997-12-20 | 2004-04-15 | Harman Audio Electronic Systems Gmbh | Schallwiedergabeanordnung |
DE19821861A1 (de) | 1998-05-15 | 1999-11-18 | Nokia Deutschland Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur dynamischen Anregung von Plattenlautsprechern |
DE19821860A1 (de) | 1998-05-15 | 1999-11-18 | Nokia Deutschland Gmbh | Treiber für flaches Klangpaneel |
DE19821624A1 (de) | 1998-05-15 | 1999-11-18 | Nokia Deutschland Gmbh | Projektionswand |
DE19840375C2 (de) * | 1998-09-04 | 2003-08-28 | Harman Audio Electronic Sys | Schallwand |
DE10001410C2 (de) | 2000-01-14 | 2001-12-06 | Harman Audio Electronic Sys | Flachlautsprecheranordnung |
DE10025460B4 (de) | 2000-05-23 | 2004-03-18 | Harman Audio Electronic Systems Gmbh | Hochtonlautsprecher |
-
1998
- 1998-05-15 DE DE19821862A patent/DE19821862A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1999
- 1999-05-14 US US09/700,301 patent/US6622817B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-05-14 WO PCT/EP1999/003314 patent/WO1999060819A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1999-05-14 DE DE59906440T patent/DE59906440D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-05-14 EP EP99952146A patent/EP1078553B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9960819A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1078553B1 (de) | 2003-07-30 |
WO1999060819A1 (de) | 1999-11-25 |
DE19821862A1 (de) | 1999-11-18 |
DE59906440D1 (de) | 2003-09-04 |
US6622817B1 (en) | 2003-09-23 |
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