EP0953113B1 - Compresseur a piston alternatif - Google Patents

Compresseur a piston alternatif Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0953113B1
EP0953113B1 EP97900186A EP97900186A EP0953113B1 EP 0953113 B1 EP0953113 B1 EP 0953113B1 EP 97900186 A EP97900186 A EP 97900186A EP 97900186 A EP97900186 A EP 97900186A EP 0953113 B1 EP0953113 B1 EP 0953113B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
piston
compressor
cylinder
accordance
support part
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP97900186A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0953113A1 (fr
Inventor
Heinz Baumann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Atlas Copco Schweiz AG
Original Assignee
GreenField AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by GreenField AG filed Critical GreenField AG
Priority to DK97900186T priority Critical patent/DK0953113T3/da
Publication of EP0953113A1 publication Critical patent/EP0953113A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0953113B1 publication Critical patent/EP0953113B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B53/00—Component parts, details or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B23/00 or F04B39/00 - F04B47/00
    • F04B53/14—Pistons, piston-rods or piston-rod connections
    • F04B53/143—Sealing provided on the piston
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B39/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, of pumps or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids, not otherwise provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B25/00 - F04B37/00
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B53/00—Component parts, details or accessories not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B23/00 or F04B39/00 - F04B47/00
    • F04B53/008—Spacing or clearance between cylinder and piston
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2203/00—Non-metallic inorganic materials
    • F05C2203/08—Ceramics; Oxides
    • F05C2203/0804—Non-oxide ceramics
    • F05C2203/0808—Carbon, e.g. graphite
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F05C2251/00—Material properties
    • F05C2251/04—Thermal properties
    • F05C2251/042—Expansivity
    • F05C2251/046—Expansivity dissimilar
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S417/00—Pumps
    • Y10S417/01—Materials digest

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a reciprocating compressor according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Reciprocating compressor of the type mentioned are the piston and the cylinder each with a tread from one wear-resistant material, the piston via a rolling element, e.g. a ball on a with a drive device coupled connecting part supported and movable in the cylinder transversely to the longitudinal axis is led.
  • a rolling element e.g. a ball on a with a drive device coupled connecting part supported and movable in the cylinder transversely to the longitudinal axis
  • the wear-resistant materials must be used the piston and the cylinder so that they at least approximately the same coefficient of thermal expansion have to the leakage loss during operation in the to keep essentially constant.
  • the invention has for its object one further developed for designs with within one relatively large range of selectable dimensions suitable reciprocating compressor of the type mentioned in a simple, inexpensive construction to create which with little construction effort too in the case of relatively long-stroke versions, the formation of a dry-running split ring seal enables a constant leakage flow guaranteed.
  • the Material combination provided according to the invention is also for versions with relatively high Piston speeds suitable, in particular the Sheath body made of plastic also in the case a failure of the split ring seal a blockage prevents the piston and thus a high Operational reliability of the compressor guaranteed.
  • the Plastic of the jacket body can also with a Dry lubricant, e.g. Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene (PE) or the like be endowed.
  • a particular advantage of Execution according to the invention is that the described, essentially non-contact guidance of the Pistons with simple means, especially without additional, elaborate management facility, and under Use of inexpensive, relatively easy to use machining materials can be achieved.
  • Corresponding are also inexpensive versions with relatively large Piston / cylinder and / or stroke dimensions can be realized.
  • the reciprocating compressor shown a four-stage Compressor for the oil-free compression of a gas four horizontally arranged in series Cylinder 1, 2, 3 and 4 with pistons guided therein, from which are only guided by a piston 5 in cylinder 4 is shown.
  • the cylinders 2 and 4 are in one horizontal horizontal line lying on the drawing plane Axis 6 centered, while cylinders 1 and 3 on one common, set back from the drawing level horizontal axis 7 are centered.
  • the pistons of the Cylinders 2 and 4 are each one in the direction of the axis 6 movable guide part 8 and 10 and one connecting yoke 11 coupled to a slider 12.
  • the slider 12 is on a crank pin 13 one vertically arranged crankshaft 14 mounted and between two guideways 15 formed in the yoke 11 guided transversely to axis 6.
  • the pistons of the Cylinders 1 and 3 are each via a guide part 16 or 17 and a second yoke 18 connecting them with a mounted on the crank pin 13, not shown coupled second slider, which in the opposite the first yoke 11 offset by 90 ° second yoke 18 transversely is guided displaceably to axis 7.
  • the crankshaft 14 is in a central crank chamber 20 of the Compressor housing arranged and not with one engine shown, e.g. an electric motor, coupled.
  • the guide part 10 is in via a connecting part 21 a bushing 22 open towards the crank chamber 20, which in a housing part 4a of the cylinder 4th is arranged.
  • the guide parts 8, 16 and 17 are each in correspondingly via a not shown Connected part in a sleeve 22, which in a Housing section 2a or 1a or 3a of the relevant Cylinder 2 or 1 or 3 is arranged.
  • the suction valve 23 of the cylinder 1 forming a first compression stage is connected to a source via a suction line 25 compressing gas can be connected.
  • the pressure valve 24 of the Cylinder 1 is connected via a connecting line 26 to the Suction valve 23 of the second compression stage Cylinder 2 connected.
  • the pressure valve 24 of the cylinder 2 via a Connection line 27 to the suction valve 23 of the third Compression stage forming cylinder 3 connected, its pressure valve 24 via a connecting line 28 the suction valve 23 of the designed for the final pressure Cylinder 4 is connected.
  • the pressure valve 24 of the Cylinder 4 is on a leading away from the compressor Pressure line 30 connected.
  • the connecting lines 26, 27 and 28 each contain a cooling unit 31 for cooling of the subsequent compression stage to be fed Gas.
  • the pistons are in cylinders 1, 2, 3 and 4 each run dry.
  • the cylinders 1, 2 and 3 guided pistons e.g. from the beginning mentioned EP patent 0 378 967 known, each with a sealing arrangement, not shown, and a Guide ring made of a suitable for dry running Material, e.g. Teflon.
  • These pistons can via the guide parts 8 each forming a piston neck, 16 and 17 each rigid with the associated yoke 11 or 18 be connected.
  • the piston 5 of the designed for the final pressure Compression stage is arranged in a cylinder 4 Cylinder insert 33 guided, the bore with the piston 5 one open over the entire common length Annular gap that limits a predetermined leakage flow of the compressed in the compression space 32 of the cylinder 4 Allows gas against the connecting part 21.
  • One in Connection part 21 arranged through opening 34 allows leakage gas to flow into the crankcase 20, from which the leak gas via a not shown Discharge line and if necessary the Suction line 25 can be supplied.
  • the piston 5 is coupled to the yoke 11 via a bracket 36 which Relative movements of the rigidly connected to the yoke 11 Guide part 10 and the connecting part 21 transverse to Longitudinal axis 6 of the piston 5 allows.
  • the tread of the The cylinder insert can be coated with a hard material layer, e.g. one made of amorphous diamond-like carbon (ADLC), titanium nitride or the like.
  • ADLC amorphous diamond-like carbon
  • the guide part 10 is in the form of a Centering projection 37 of the yoke 11 attachable sleeve on which the connecting part 21 is appropriate.
  • the connecting part 21 is in the form of a Pot-shaped guide piston, the According to the illustration, the lateral surface has a guide ring 40 from a suitable for dry running, self-lubricating material, e.g. Teflon or Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), can be provided.
  • a suitable for dry running, self-lubricating material e.g. Teflon or Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
  • the Bracket 36 contains the connecting part 21 and the Guide part 10 penetrating into the yoke 11th screw-in support part 38, one against the Connecting part 21 and the guide part 10 braced Head portion 41, and a transverse to the longitudinal axis 6 of the Cylinder 4 or the piston 5 movable support element in the form of between the head section 41 and the piston 5 insertable piston rod 42 which on the piston 5 and in the Head section 41 is held tiltable on all sides.
  • the piston rod 42 is included convex support surfaces formed on their end faces 43 provided in the form of spherical caps and each of these on one in the head section 41 or in the piston 5 arranged attachment section supported.
  • the support surfaces 43 can each be shown with a radius of curvature r be made of substantially half the length corresponds to the piston rod 42 and each one of Free rolling movement of the concerned Support surface 43 allowed on the touchdown.
  • the attachments can as shown on two bearing parts 46 and 47 be formed, each in an axial blind bore 44 or 45 of the head section 41 or of the piston 5 are arranged.
  • the holes 44 and 45 are like this executed that they all-round deflection movements of the Allow piston rod 42, the bore 45 of the Piston 5 has such a depth that the Penetration depth of the piston rod 42 at least approximately half the length, approximately ca. the length of the Piston 5 corresponds. This allows the in his Pistons 5 held movably in the head region each automatically set to a position that one All-round flow through the leak gas enables.
  • the Bore 44 of the head section 41 is shown for Inclusion of a retaining ring 56 surrounding the bearing part 46 certainly.
  • the bearing parts 46 and 47 can each from one hardened steel or with a contact surface made of a wear-resistant material, e.g. Hard metal, be provided.
  • the piston-side end of the piston rod 42 is in the Bore 45 of the piston 5 through an in an annular groove 50 the resilient snap ring 51 arranged on the piston rod 42 performed, which deflection movements of the piston rod 42nd by rolling movements of the support surface 43 on the bearing part 47 allows.
  • the snap ring 51 is through a in the bore 45 insertable spacer sleeve 52 held on a in an inner groove 53 of the piston 5 insertable, resilient Support ring 54 is supported and by which the Piston rod 42 held against the bearing part 47 is.
  • the other end of the piston rod 42 is through one correspondingly arranged second snap ring 51 in the in the bore 44 of the head portion 41 arranged retaining ring 56 held by an in an inner groove 57 of the Head section 51 insertable second support ring 54 secured is.
  • the retaining ring 56 is shown with a Bore 55 executed which one for receiving the Circlips 51 certain shoulder shoulders 58 and one of them is conical towards the piston 5 has widening end portion 60, the corresponding Deflection movements of the piston rod 42 through Rolling movements of the support surface 43 on the bearing part 46 allows.
  • the Head section 41 may also be provided with a bore 44, which extends deeper into the support part 38 and thus the inclusion of a correspondingly longer one End portion of the piston rod 42 allows. Thereby can optionally have a longer piston rod 42 corresponding to a larger radius r of the contact surfaces 43 be used. Execution is also possible, in which the piston 5 is provided with a bore 45, their depth e.g. that of the bore 44 of the head section 41 corresponds to the illustrated embodiment.
  • the piston 5 has a metallic, e.g. from one Ni-Fe alloy, manufactured base body 61 and one this at least partially, as shown in essentially the entire length, surrounding Sheath body 62, which consists of a Plastic material, e.g. a polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is made, and on which the tread of the piston 5 is formed.
  • PEEK polyether ether ketone
  • the materials of the piston 5 and him receiving cylinder insert 33 are so on top of each other voted that the coefficient of thermal expansion of the Cylinder material at least approximately from the Combination of thermal expansion coefficients Materials of the base body 61 and the jacket body 62 resulting coefficient of the piston 5 corresponds. This is through a combination of materials with each different thermal expansion behavior Compressor design with a predetermined one Temperature range constant annular gap between Piston 5 and cylinder 4 or cylinder insert 33 realizable.
  • the jacket body 62 can be in the form of a Base body 61 shrinkable over its length running sleeve or, as in Fig.2 shown, consisting of several, each side by side attachable to the base body 61, e.g. aufpressbaren Ring sections 63 may be composed.
  • the coat body 62 can also have several, in the axial direction staggered annular grooves 64 can be executed, which, according to the illustration, are due to each other adjacent ends of the ring portions 63 are formed.
  • the ring grooves 64 enable a uniform Distribution of the pressure in the annular gap, the degraded in each case in the narrow gap between the ring grooves 64 becomes.
  • the Jacket body 62 or each of the ring portions 63 with a reinforcement structure composed of a plurality of long fibers 65 be provided, each in a substantially transverse plane extending to the longitudinal axis 6 of the casing body 62 are arranged.
  • the long fibers 65, in the illustrated Carbon fibers can, as indicated in Fig. 2, each in a circumferential direction of the jacket body 62 penetrating winding or, after another, not illustrated embodiment, each in a flat Be arranged from several, each in a structure crossing at right angles to the longitudinal axis 6 Long fiber pieces is formed.
  • the yoke 11 is through the two connecting parts 21 in Housing of the compressor in the direction of the longitudinal axis 6 slidably guided and above that described Support arrangement with the under the corresponding final pressure standing piston 5 in the direction of the longitudinal axis 6 without play connected.
  • a transfer of transverse forces from the Connecting parts 21 with corresponding lateral play sliding yoke 11 prevented on the piston 5, so that one of vibrations of the yoke 11 unaffected parallel guidance of the piston 5 within of the cylinder 4 or the cylinder insert 33 achievable is.
  • relatively long-stroke ones High pressure compressors e.g.
  • each with a dry-running split ring seal are executed, which one during operation has a constant annular gap, the one constant, the piston 5 over its entire length enveloping leakage flow of the compressed gas and thus a kind of storage of the piston 5 by the compressed gas guaranteed.
  • the described embodiment enables the Formation of flow-through ring gaps in compressors, where the difference between the diameter of the Bore of the cylinder insert 33 and the diameter of the Piston 5 less than 0.02 mm, e.g. 0.005 mm, where the thickness of the annular gap by each between the compression space 32 and the crank space 20 operationally established, as acceptable considered leakage loss is determined.
  • an operationally acceptable Leakage loss e.g. kept constant less than 10% become.
  • the invention is not based on the embodiments of the above described and illustrated type, still on applications limited in the high pressure range.
  • the illustrated Example can include at least one more Compression stage, such as the cylinder 3, according to the invention be trained.
  • the embodiment according to the invention is also for other, single or multi-stage versions, e.g. Compressors for low temperature technology, suitable.
  • the compressor contains at least one Piston running dry, which with a Cylinder insert one over the common Length section open annular gap limited, one Leakage flow of the compressed medium allows.
  • the piston is about a piston rod with one towards it Coupled longitudinally guided support part coupled, which is connected to a drive device.
  • the Piston rod interacts with the piston and the support part end convex support surfaces together, which cross relative movements of the Allow support part opposite the piston. Corresponding becomes one of vibrations of the drive parts unaffected parallel guidance of the piston in the Cylinder insert achieved.
  • the piston has one metallic body and one from one Plastic body manufactured on the body the tread of the piston is formed.
  • the cylinder is made of a material whose Thermal expansion coefficient at least approximately one resulting coefficient of thermal expansion of the Materials of the base body and the jacket body equivalent.
  • the compressor according to the invention is especially for the oil-free compression of a gas suitable.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Compressor (AREA)
  • Compressors, Vaccum Pumps And Other Relevant Systems (AREA)
  • Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Compresseur à piston alternatif avec au moins un vérin (4) et un piston (5) guidé dans celui-ci, qui est couplé par un élément d'appui mobile transversalement à l'axe longitudinal (6) du vérin (4) et une partie d'appui (38) guidée d'une manière déplaçable dans la direction de l'axe longitudinal (6) à une installation d'entraínement, où l'élément d'appui coopère avec le piston (5) et avec la partie d'appui (38) respectivement par une face d'appui convexe (43), et le vérin (4) délimite avec le piston (5) une fente annulaire étroite, respectivement ouverte sur le tronçon de longueur commun, qui permet un écoulement de fuite prédéterminé du milieu comprimé, caractérisé en ce que le piston (5) présente un corps de base métallique (61) et un corps d'enveloppe (62) entourant celui-ci au moins sur une partie de sa longueur, fabriqué en un matériau synthétique, auquel est réalisée la face de roulement du piston (5), et en ce qu'au moins une partie (33) du vérin (4) contenant une face de roulement correspondante est réalisée en un matériau dont le coefficient de dilatation thermique correspond au moins approximativement à un coefficient de dilatation thermique résultant des matériaux du corps de base (61) et du corps d'enveloppe (62) du piston (5), de telle sorte que la fente annulaire est constante sur une plage de température prédéterminée.
  2. Compresseur selon la revendication 1, où le corps d'enveloppe (62) contient une structure de renforcement traversant celui-ci en plusieurs fibres longues (65), par exemple en fibres de carbone qui sont disposées respectivement sensiblement dans un plan s'étendant transversalement à l'axe longitudinal (6) du corps d'enveloppe (62).
  3. Compresseur selon la revendication 1 ou 2, où le corps d'enveloppe (62) est formé par plusieurs tronçons annulaires (63) pouvant être appliqués par pression les uns à côté des autres sur le corps de base (61).
  4. Compresseur selon l'une des revendications précédentes, où sont réalisées au corps d'enveloppe (62) plusieurs rainures annulaires (64) formées à son pourtour extérieur, décalées dans la direction axiale les unes contre les autres.
  5. Compresseur selon l'une des revendications précédentes, où est prévue comme élément d'appui une tige de piston (42) insérable entre le piston (5) et la partie d'appui (38), retenue au piston (5) et à la partie d'appui (38) de manière à pouvoir être inclinée, aux extrémités de laquelle sont réalisées les faces d'appui convexes (43), et en ce que le piston (5) et la partie d'appui sont pourvus chacun d'une partie d'application associée à la face d'appui concernée (43).
  6. Compresseur selon la revendication 5, où les faces d'appui (43) de la tige de piston (42) sont chacune réalisées sous la forme d'une calotte sphérique, qui est réalisée avec un rayon de courbure (r) qui correspond sensiblement à la moitié de la longueur de la tige de piston (42).
  7. Compresseur selon la revendication 5 ou 6, dans lequel au moins l'une des parties à coupler - piston (5) et partie d'appui (38) - présente un alésage axial (45 respectivement 44, 55) destiné à recevoir un tronçon d'extrémité de la tige de piston (42) qui entoure la tige de piston (42) avec un jeu qui permet des mouvements de déviation de la tige de piston (42).
  8. Compresseur selon la revendication 7, où l'alésage axial (45) prévu dans le piston (5) s'étend sur une profondeur qui correspond au moins à la moitié de la longueur du piston (5).
  9. Compresseur selon l'une des revendications 5 à 8, où au moins l'une des parties d'application est réalisée à une partie de palier (47 respectivement 46) insérable dans l'alésage axial (45 respectivement 44, 55) du piston (5) ou de la partie d'appui (38).
  10. Utilisation d'au moins un compresseur selon l'une des revendications précédentes comme étage haute pression d'un agencement constitué de plusieurs ensembles à vérin/piston montés en série pour la compression exempte d'huile d'un gaz.
EP97900186A 1997-01-17 1997-01-17 Compresseur a piston alternatif Expired - Lifetime EP0953113B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DK97900186T DK0953113T3 (da) 1997-01-17 1997-01-17 Stempelkompressor

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/CH1997/000015 WO1998031936A1 (fr) 1997-01-17 1997-01-17 Compresseur a piston alternatif

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0953113A1 EP0953113A1 (fr) 1999-11-03
EP0953113B1 true EP0953113B1 (fr) 2004-05-26

Family

ID=4550854

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97900186A Expired - Lifetime EP0953113B1 (fr) 1997-01-17 1997-01-17 Compresseur a piston alternatif

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US6293764B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP0953113B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE267957T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU727704B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2278039C (fr)
DE (1) DE59711674D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2221684T3 (fr)
NO (1) NO327494B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1998031936A1 (fr)

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WO2017028923A1 (fr) 2015-08-20 2017-02-23 Haug Kompressoren Ag Compresseur à piston alternatif, kit de rattrapage pour un compresseur à piston alternatif et utilisation d'une tige de liaison dans un compresseur à piston alternatif
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO993511D0 (no) 1999-07-16
AU727704B2 (en) 2000-12-21
AU1364197A (en) 1998-08-07
NO993511L (no) 1999-09-16
DE59711674D1 (de) 2004-07-01
NO327494B1 (no) 2009-07-20
CA2278039C (fr) 2006-12-19
WO1998031936A1 (fr) 1998-07-23
ATE267957T1 (de) 2004-06-15
US6293764B1 (en) 2001-09-25
ES2221684T3 (es) 2005-01-01
EP0953113A1 (fr) 1999-11-03
CA2278039A1 (fr) 1998-07-23

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