Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/001—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof by chemical synthesis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/385—Haptens or antigens, bound to carriers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
  • G01N33/56966—Animal cells
  • G01N33/56977—HLA or MHC typing
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/60—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characteristics by the carrier linked to the antigen
  • A61K2039/6031—Proteins
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/62—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the link between antigen and carrier
  • A61K2039/627—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the link between antigen and carrier characterised by the linker
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
  • G01N2333/005—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from viruses
  • G01N2333/08—RNA viruses
  • G01N2333/115—Paramyxoviridae, e.g. parainfluenza virus
  • G01N2333/12—Mumps virus; Measles virus
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
  • G01N2333/195—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria
  • G01N2333/35—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria from Mycobacteriaceae (F)
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
  • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
  • G01N2333/44—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans from protozoa
  • G01N2333/445—Plasmodium
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
  • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
  • G01N2333/52—Assays involving cytokines
  • G01N2333/54—Interleukins [IL]
  • G01N2333/545—IL-1
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
  • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
  • G01N2333/52—Assays involving cytokines
  • G01N2333/555—Interferons [IFN]
  • G01N2333/57—IFN-gamma
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
  • G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
  • G01N2333/914—Hydrolases (3)
  • G01N2333/948—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
  • G01N2333/95—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99)
  • G01N2333/964—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue
  • G01N2333/96425—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals
  • G01N2333/96427—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals in general
  • G01N2333/9643—Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals in general with EC number
  • G01N2333/96486—Metalloendopeptidases (3.4.24)
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a non-dendritic peptide designed for use as a carrier of an immunogenic substance and/or an immune mediator, a construct of said carrier car- rying an immunogenic substance and/or an immune mediator, a process for the preparation of immunogens with high and predictable immunogenicity which comprises said non-dendritic peptide carrier, use of such immunogens for the production of vaccines and vaccines comprising an immunogenic substance and/or an immune mediator on the peptide carrier.
• the in ⁇ vention also relates to diagnostic or therapeutic embodiments using the non-dendritic peptide carrier to diagnostic or therapeutic compositions and to methods for the use thereof in diagnosis of diseases and pregnancy as well as in therapy.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier is coupled by its C-ter ⁇ minus through a specifically cleavable "linker" to a solid phase forming a solid phase complex for the preparation of the carrier peptide synthesizing or coupling the immunogenic substance thereon before the non-dendritic peptide carrier is released from the solid phase.
• an antiparallel "coiled-coil" heterodimer has been used as an immunogen carrier.
• the preparation of a composition comprising different immunogenic target molecules substances is controlled.
• the preparation involves mixing two different monomers on which the desired two different target molecules are attached, one on each type of monomer, respectively.
• each type of mon ⁇ omer is designed not to form homodimers, only heterodimer formation is favoured.
• the heterodimers obtained comprise both of the desired two different immunogenic target mol ⁇ ecules, one on each monomer.
• the immunogen composition comprises different immunogen molecules which are coupled on the peptide carrier by conventional coupling methods and only one immunogenic substance on each monomer is shown.
• This self-assembling system thus assures the combin ⁇ ation of two different substances in the same dimer, e.g. a B-cell- and a T-cell-epitope, respectively.
• Conformational stabilization was not investigated and the problem of dis ⁇ sociation at low concentrations was not addressed.
• Subunit peptides are between 21 and 70 amino acids.
• structured peptide libraries are shown which are based on the antigenic variations in various pathogenic microorganisms or on a repertoire of T-cell stimulating sequences.
• the aim is to achieve a broad reactivity or immun ⁇ ogenicity both with respect to the variants of the micro ⁇ organism and with respect to the host population.
• the library is synthesized simultaneously in a single peptide synthesis comprising adding a mixture of reactants representing a distribution corresponding to the desired distribution of the final peptide population representing the library.
• the library is synthesized using solid phase, however, no spec ⁇ ific backbone structure is disclosed apart from a con- ventional lysine containing derivatizable polymer.
• an antiparallel intramolecular "coiled-coil" monomer has been used as an immunogen carrier in which the immunogenic substance in the form of peptide sequences are interposed in the linear peptide forming the monomer whereby the total immunogen composition constitutes a pure peptide.
• a carrier is described which is stabilized by an intramolecular, antiparallel arrangement of two amphipathic ⁇ -helices combined by a turn, the stability of which is not concentration-dependent as is the case with oi-helix bundles.
• the structure is not a scaffold designed for carrying mul ⁇ tiple immunogenic substances but rather a template for a stable design.
• the whole peptide can be between 32 and >200 residues.
• GB 2 282 813 A describes a scaffold which is cyclised by a thioether linkage and contains lysine residues providing amino groups as attachment points, whereupon cyclic B-cell epitopes as well as linear peptide T-cell-stimulating antigens can be coupled.
• the scaffold itself is synthesized, cyclised, and purified, and, subsequently, purified peptide antigens, specifically cyclized peptide B-cell antigens and linear T-cell antigens are coupled by chemical means.
• carbohydrates can be coupled and groups with adjuvant activ- ity, e.g. tripalmitate-Cys-structures can be included.
• the products are not readily soluble and are administered with liposomes or emulsified for immunizations. There is no data concerning structure support nor is anything presented with respect to ability to induce protein-cross-reacting anti ⁇ bodies. There is no mentioning of synthesis on solid-phase bound scaffold.
• MAP-core may be derivatized to present other functionalities and/or spacer-moieties (see WO 92/18528 and Tarn 1995) .
• antigenic peptides By attaching antigenic peptides to the outer amino groups of the solid-phase bound MAP-core, followed by cleavage of the completed structure,- a so called high-density presentation is achieved with a minimal "core" carrier structure, each lysine moiety in the outer layer carrying two antigenic peptides.
• MAPs may be highly immunogenic, at least when injected in the presence of adjuvants like Freund's incomplete adjuvant and aluminium hydroxide yielding antibodies exclusively directed against the antigenic peptide "branches".
• MAPs have also been found to be difficult to characterize and purify by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) .
• HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
• MAPs are normally used for immunization in an essenti- ally unpurified state (apart from e.g. a desalting step or a crude gel filtration step) (see e.g. Tarn 1993) , deflating the advantage of using a chemical method to produce the conjug ⁇ ate.
• the chemical conjugation methods comprise coupling with glutaric aldehyde (coupl ⁇ ing to amino- and thiol groups) , carbodiimides (coupling to amino groups) , m-maleimide benzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide esters (coupling from amino- to thiol-groups) , and coupling carbohydrates through oxidation followed by reaction with primary amino groups and reduction as well as coupling thiols by specific reagents (see e.g. van Regenmortel 1988) .
• the carrier is typically a naturally-derived protein, as e.g. albumin, ovalbumin, purified protein derivative (PPD) from . tuberculosis, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, avidin, diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, etc.
• the immunization schedule often and typically entails mult- iple sequential injections of the peptide-carrier conjugate intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intradermally together with adjuvants including Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, Emulsigen R , Titermax R , aluminium hydrox ⁇ ide, etc.
• adjuvants including Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, Emulsigen R , Titermax R , aluminium hydrox ⁇ ide, etc.
• the only adjuvant at the present date allowed for human use is aluminium hydroxide.
• Iscom immunostimulating complex
• This method has especially shown to work with viral antigens.
• Iscoms may be used as a peptide carrier/adjuvant by conjugating the pep ⁇ tides by chemical methods to a preformed Iscom containing a suitable protein (Larsson 1993) .
• Another type of carrier functioning as an adjuvant and usable with synthetic peptides is liposomes containing lipid A and a reactive group for chemical coupling of peptides (Friede 1993) .
• the ratio of peptide to carrier is only measured with some difficulty, e.g. by amino acid analysis, radioactivity count- ing or by estimates based on accurate molecular weight deter ⁇ minations.
• the peptide is coupled to the carrier in random orientation and by the attachment of a varying number of functional groups along the peptide chain possibly leading to the destruction of the charge-distrib ⁇ ution and structure of the peptide.
• Peptide-peptide- and carrier-protein - carrier-protein polymer-formation can only be excluded by careful case-to- case optimization of reaction conditions possibly in combin ⁇ ation with post-reaction clean-up, e.g. by size-exclusion chromatography.
• the conjugation procedure increases the time needed to produce the peptide-immunogens, adding a post-synthesis step, and also increasing loss of material.
• Antibodies formed against the carrier protein and the conjugation group may cause problems.
• the drawbacks mentioned above can be circumvented by using totally synthetic immuno ⁇ gens, e.g. synthetic peptides coupled to a synthetic peptide carrier, provided that this carrier presents the peptide immunogen at high density, supplies the necessary T-cell- epitopes, and supports the conformation of the peptide.
• Benefits include the possibility of direct, sequential syn ⁇ thesis on a solid-phase bound peptide carrier (no need for post-synthesis operations) , and a greater variety of chemical methods being amenable, e.g. allowing different substances to be coupled by orthogonal chemistries and allowing control of orientation of the peptide. Also, the development of anti ⁇ bodies to carrier proteins and coupling groups is avoided.
• the present invention relates to a copolymer consisting of a conventional solid-phase peptide synthesis polymer to which is coupled an oligopeptide cont ⁇ aining a number of freely accessible functional groups on which additional peptides can be synthesized or coupled or other entities can be coupled.
• Peptide synthesis on the copolymer can be performed by conventional methods of solid- phase synthesis. After synthesis or coupling, the whole complex can be cleaved and brought into solution and can be purified and analysed by conventional means. Additionally, the coupled peptides can be sequenced. The complex presents the coupled peptides very efficiently, increasing the immun ⁇ ogenicity of the coupled peptides considerably.
• the complex can thus be used as an immunization means, either alone or in combination with Iscom-forming agents or with other adjuv- ants.
• immunization means either alone or in combination with Iscom-forming agents or with other adjuv- ants.
• a synthesis should be economical and lead to practical amounts of the antigen with the desired purity.
• Such easily and economically synthezisable antigens include short peptides, i.e. peptides comprising fewer than approxim ⁇ ately 30 amino acid residues.
• Antibodies generated against synthetic peptides are directed against predetermined parts of a protein; this is not possible by other methods. Antibodies may also be directed against non-immunogenic parts of proteins or against non-peptide antigens, e.g. carbohydrates or haptens. Cancer, viral, including HIV, bacterial, and parasitic infections have been investigated with respect to peptide-based vac ⁇ cines.
• peptides can be used for the production of antibodies against non-identified proteins of which the gene sequence is known and for mapping sites in a protein.
• totally synthetic vaccines are advantageous for several reasons including economy, high batch-to-batch reproducibility, increased stability, ex ⁇ clusion of impurities, and the above-mentioned possibility of obtaining a "clean" response only directed against the crit ⁇ ical part(s) of the pathogen.
• Such synthetic construct also have many application as antigens in diagnostic assays and as therapeutics.
• a neutralizing response against a whole microorganism raised by a single short synthetic peptide has, however, been demon ⁇ strated in only a few special cases. This is due to the fact that peptides, as a rule, are not immunogenic, i.e. not able to induce a substantial immune response by themselves. Short peptides are not believed to be big enough to ensure a full immune response (humoral as well as cellular response) because the major histocompatibility complex does not bind peptides which do not have the right sequence and which lacks a synergistic or cooperative effect seen with bigger immun ⁇ ogens presenting several epitopes to the host cell at the same time (multivalency) .
• antibodies are obtained, they typically have low affinities, as the conformation of short peptides is not defined very well in aqueous environments; therefore, the resulting antibody is not selected to the constricted conformer of the peptide in its polypeptide- enclosed, natural state.
• short peptides ( ⁇ ca. 30 amino acids) which retain structure in aqueous environment is a major task.
• the structure of short peptides may be increased by chemical derivatizations restricting the conformational freedom of the peptide, e.g. by cyclization or polymerization (see e.g Robey 1992 and Gilon 1991) or by the inclusion in the chain of structure-nucleating substances, eg. turn- or ⁇ -helix- inducers (e.g. Kahn 1993, Unson 1984, Kemp 1990, Hinds 1991, Dias 1993 and Bambino 1994) or chelated metal-ions (e.g. Regan 1995) .
• amphipathic ⁇ f-helix Manton 1993
• An amphi ⁇ pathic helix has a hydrophobic side occupying one half face of the helix along its axis and a hydrophilic side on the other half.
• Amphipatic cu-helices typically combine in "bundles” shielding the hydrophobic face and exposing the hydrophilic side to form parallel or antiparallel homodimers (Zhu 1993) or heterodimers and oligomers (Zhu 1992) .
• a peptide carrier is a substance comprising a peptide that serves as a carrier of one or more moieties which may them ⁇ selves be peptides, each moiety being chemically coupled to said carrier peptide through a linkage involving an amino acid side chain of the carrier peptide.
• a non-dendritic peptide carrier is a peptide carrier that does not contain any double-derivatizable building blocks which are substituted in any of the derivatization groups with another similar or different double-derivatizable build ⁇ ing block, said non-dendritic carrier peptide further provid ⁇ ing at least two derivatizable functional groups.
• non-dendritic peptide carriers and the derivatized non-dendritic peptide carriers, the following terms are used:
• Backbone peptide denotes the non-dendritic peptide carrier itself.
• Branch-pep ide or "branch-moiety” denotes the peptide or moiety coupled to the non-dendritic peptide carrier which thereby is derivatized.
• Attachment point denotes the function ⁇ onal groups in the non-dendritic peptide carrier available for derivatization.
• a lipidic moiety is defined as an alkyl or alkenyl fatty acid bound by its carboxylic function as an amide or an ester.
• a solid-phase linker for peptide synthesis is a molecule with at least two functional groups, one used for providing a stable covalent linkage to the solid phase polymer, and the other one used for attaching the C-terminal amino acid by a stable covalent linkage during peptide synthesis, said amino acid attaching linkage being stable to the peptide synthesis conditions but having a defined lability to specific chemical treatments by which the produced peptide can be liberated either as a free acid or a C-terminally modified peptide, depending on the chemical treatment.
• An antigen is a substance which is reactive with a specific antibody or T-cell.
• An immuno ⁇ en is a substance capable of inducing an antigenic response including antibodies and a T-cell response.
• An immune mediator is a substance which is capable of regul ⁇ ating the activity of the immune system. Such a regulating effect may refer to an activation of the immune system as well as a down regulation of the immune system.
• the term immunomodulator is used interchangeably with the term immune mediator.
• An adhesion molecule is derived from a cell surface and is capable of binding to another specific cell surface derived molecule.
• Selectins and CAM molecules are examples of adhesion molecules.
• a T-cell stimulatory peptide -antigen, -protein and a T-cell antigen are used interchangeably and denote a molecule that is capable of stimulating the proliferation of a specific T- lymphocyte clone in the immunized host resulting in a T- lymphocyte-mediated immunogenic response, as well as a mol ⁇ ecule that is reactive with a specific T-lymphocyte clone.
• a B-cell antigen is a molecule that is reactive with a spec ⁇ ific B-lymphocyte clone or that elicits a B-lymphocyte-medi ⁇ ated immunogenic response in a subject or test animal.
• a benign buffer is a physiologically compatible aqueous buffer with a pH between about 6 and about 8 and a salt concentration between about 50 mM and about 500 mM, pre ⁇ ferably between about 100 mM and about 200 mM.
• Peptide and polypeptide are used interchangeably to denote a polyamide chain of amino acids from 2 amino acids to 100 or more amino acids long.
• a stabilized or supported secondary structure is defined as a preferred conformational state of the peptide in question, obtained by restricting the rotation of the peptide bonds comprising the peptide into a relatively fixed and well- defined structure by a "secondary structure supporting moi ⁇ ety" .
• Peptide amino acid residues are always counted from the N- ter inus, the N-terminus being number 1.
• Sequences for peptides and polypeptides are given in the order from the amino terminus to the carboxyl terminus.
• natural amino acids are the 20 amino acids, either in L- or D-forms commonly found in proteins, e.g. alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, arginine, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, tryphtophan, and alanine.
• Unnatural amino acids include, but are not limited to, D- and L-forms of epsilon-aminohexanoic acid, gainrna-amino butyric acid, alpha-aminobutyric acid, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, alpha-aminoadipic acid, allo-threonine, allo-isoleucine, 7- aminoheptanoic acid, norleucine (2-aminohexanoic acid) , norvaline (2-aminopentanoic acid) , delta-aminovaleric acid (5-aminopentanoic acid) , 11-amino-undecanoic acid, t-Butyl- alanine, t-Butyl-glycine, gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, citrulline, homocysteine, homocitrulline, homoarginine, homophenylalanine, delta-hydroxylysine, 4-hydroxy-proline,
• a PNA or peptide nucleic acid substance is a molecule con ⁇ sisting of a peptide chain of unnatural amino acids selected from amino acids containing naturally occurring DNA- or nucleobases in their side chains (see WO 95/01369) .
• the core peptide carrier is not immunogenic and the construct is chemically unambigous. Coupled antigens are presented very efficiently, increasing their immunogenicity considerably.
• the complex can thus be used as an immunization means, either alone or in combination with Iscom-forming agents or with other ad ⁇ juvants.
• the defined oligopeptide (the non-dendritic peptide carrier) of the present invention comprises more than one accessible functional group and is furthermore derivatized in one or more locations by a strongly hydrophobic moiety, preferably a long-chain fatty acid like palmitic or myristic acid, and bound through its C-terminal amino acid to a polymer called a solid phase.
• a strongly hydrophobic moiety preferably a long-chain fatty acid like palmitic or myristic acid
• antigenic entities can be coupled by chemical methods by direct synthesis or by coupl ⁇ ing "en bloc", leading to a branched complex that can be cleaved in its intact entity from the solid phase and can be characterized and if necessary purified therefrom by standard methods.
• the invention further comprises a method for the synthesis of the oligopeptide as well as the synthesis of branched com ⁇ plexes.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier can be synthesized by standard Fmoc-chemistry using active esters or in situ/preactivated amino acids (e.g. TBTU/HOBt/NMM in NMP) amino acid active esters or symmetric anhydrides (see e.g. Atherton 1989) on a suitable solid phase which include com ⁇ dismissally available polymers as Polyhipe, Wang, Novasyn as well as any other polymers that can be derivatized and are insoluble in the solvents used for synthesis.
• active esters or in situ/preactivated amino acids e.g. TBTU/HOBt/NMM in NMP
• amino acid active esters or symmetric anhydrides see e.g. Atherton 1989
• the substitution should be between 0.01 and 0.1, preferably 0.05 to 0.1 and even more preferably about 0.05 mequivalents pr. gram solid phase; Novasyn is typically used at about 0.05 mequivalents pr. gram.
• the commercially available Novasyn KB resin, which contains the HMB-linker (4-hydorxy-methyl benzoic acid) , hydroxyl groups at around 0.150 mequivalents pr. gram are available for peptide coupling.
• gram is then achieved by performing the esterification of the C-terminal amino acid residue of the peptide with a short incubation time, resulting in partial substitution only of the hydroxyl groups of the linker. Subsequently, and before alpha-amino deprotection of the coupled amino acid, additional free hydroxyl groups are blocked by incubation with a large surplus of acetic anhydride in the presence of the estrification catalyst N,N- dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) . After peptide synthesis, HMB can be cleaved to form either the free acid, the carboxamide, the acylhydrazine, etc.
• DMAP N,N- dimethylaminopyridine
• the linkage of the peptide to the solid-phase can be, but is not limited to be, constituted by base-cleavable linkers. Any other scheme employing orthogonal or graded protection of side-chains, protection of ⁇ -amino- groups and stability of the linker is amenable. In a prefer ⁇ able method lysine residues are orthogonally protected in their epsilon-amino groups as e.g.
• this side chain carbox ⁇ ylic group may lead to formation of lactams with any free amino group generated during branch peptide synthesis or coupling or with the amino groups of the backbone lysine residues themselves, due to the generation of or presence of carboxylic activating species during branch peptide synthesis or coupling.
• a backbone peptide carrier containing two types of protection for lysine, a selectivily cleavable one for attachment point lysines as well as Boc-protected lysines at the "c"-non-attachment positions.
• a solid-phase backbone peptide com ⁇ plex in which a selectively protected subgroup of lysine residues constitute attachment points after deprotection, and in which all other protection groups as well as the solid- phase linker are cleaved by the same chemical treatment, preferably 95% TFA with appropiate scavengers.
• Boc-chemi ⁇ stry with benzyl ester side-chain protected amino acids the peptide being linked to the solid phase through base-labile linkers such as HMB, 3-nitro-4- (2-hydroxyethyl)benzoic acid
• NPE 4-nitrobenzophenone oxime or photo-cleavable ones like the acid-stable 2-bromopropionyl- ⁇ ! methylphenacyl ester, Fmoc-chemistry (tBu and Boc side-chain protection) in combin ⁇ ation with typical Boc-linkers (cleavable by HF or TFMSA only) such as substituted benzyl esters (chloromethylphenyl or 4-hydroxymethylphenylacetic acid (PAM) ) , benzhydrylamine derivatives (e.g.
• Nonb leading to the peptide carboxamide
• Both strategies may also be used with hydroxy-crotonyl type linkers cleavable by catalytic hydrogenation by Pd(0) in the presence of a weak nucleophile (see e.g. Atherton 1989) .
• a group of particularly useful linkers are water-cleavable moieties such as glycolic acid derivatives (Hoffmann 1994) .
• the present invention comprises a non- dendritic lipopeptide carrier ("backbone”), preferably con ⁇ sisting of between 10 and 50 amino acids with an o ⁇ -amino- bound fatty acid, preferably palmitic acid or myristic acid or tripalmitate-Cys (see Fig. 4C) , and covalently bound by its C-terminal carboxylic function to a suitable solid phase by a specifically cleavable linker.
• backbone non- dendritic lipopeptide carrier
• This type of peptide can preferably be synthesized on the base-cleavable HMB-linker coupled to the solid phase.
• Acid- labile side-chain protection is used, for lysine (K) , Boc (tert-butoxycarbonyl-).
• lysine (K) Boc (tert-butoxycarbonyl-).
• Boc tert-butoxycarbonyl-
• the amino-terminal Fmoc- group is removed by treatment with piperidine, and palmitic acid is coupled as the symmetric anhydride or by TBTU/- HOBt/NMM in NMP until the Kaiser test is negative.
• lysines are side-chain-deprotected by TFA/water (95%, 1 hour, room temperature) or by TFA/DCM (50%, 6 times 30 minutes, room temperature) and washed extensively before further use or drying and storage.
• the optimal loading dens ⁇ ity of the peptide on the solid phase is typically lower than the initial density of functional groups on the solid phase.
• the loading density is controlled in the esterification step (coupling of the first amino acid to the solid phase) by varying the incubation time; a short incubation time gives a lower loading density. It was found that loading densities in the range 0.05 to 0.1 milliequivalents pr gram solid phase was optimal when using Novasyn resins.
• the complex can be liberated as a free acid by cleavage with aqueous NaOH.
• a peptide amide is liberated, the C- terminal amide being more advantageous with regard to sup ⁇ porting a-helical structures.
• Cleavage with hydrazine in DMF or NMP leads to the peptide hydrazide.
• the lipopeptide backbone contains a number of freely access ⁇ ible functional groups, preferably amino groups, preferably more than 2, spaced evenly along the peptide-chain.
• the lipopeptide backbone conta ⁇ ins as functional groups carboxylates.
• thiols are included as the functional groups.
• carbonyls, haloacetyls, hydrazides, OU- oxoacyl, amino oxyacetyl (i.e. hydroxylamine), cysteine, maleimide-groups are derived by chemical methods from primary amino groups.
• Antigenic entities, or other molecules may be coupled stepwise or en bloc to these backbone-peptide groups and may be peptides/ carbohydrates/haptens.
• Peptides are readily amenable to stepwise chemical synthesis on primary side-chain localised amino-groups, preferably the €-amino group of lysine or the delta-amino group of ornithine. These groups also can function as targets for the chemoselective ligation (see below) of unprotected peptides, carbohydrates, or any other entity containing a suitable functional group. En bloc coupling may be performed by chem ⁇ ical methods well-known to those skilled in the art of conju ⁇ gating proteins to proteins and peptides to proteins, includ ⁇ ing methods for temporary protection of side-chain functionalities in the molecule to be coupled.
• Such preferred coupling methods include: coupling with glutaric aldehyde (coupling to amino- and thiol groups) , carbodiimides (coupl ⁇ ing to amino groups) , m-maleimid benzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (coupling from amino- to thiol-groups) carbohydrates through oxidation followed by reaction with primary amino groups and reduction, thiols by the N-succinimidyl 3- (2- pyridyldithio) propionate- (SPDP-) method (see e.g. van Regenmortel 1988) .
• SPDP- N-succinimidyl 3- (2- pyridyldithio) propionate-
• Preferred temporary protection methods include citraconyl- ation (primary amino group protection, the protecting group being released by low pH) and Fmoc-derivatisation by Fmoc- succinimide (primary amino group protection, the protecting group being released by piperidine) .
• side-chain blocked synthetic peptides may be coupled by such methods in addition to coupling by carboxyl-activation in organic solvents.
• a preferred group of methods for en bloc couplings is "chemo- selective ligation" (reviewed by Tarn (1995) ) because these methods can be used for coupling of unprotected fragments, especially peptides, and especially synthetic peptides and furthermore allows the coupling-polarity or -direction to be controlled. These methods have been used to couple peptides to peptide scaffolds including MAPs (e.g. Lu 1991) and TASPs (e.g. WO 95/04543) .
• a typical example of a preferred chemoselective method is the reaction of a thiol nucleophile with an appropiate electrophilic group.
• One such reaction is the reaction of haloacetyl groups, preferably chloroacetyl and even more preferably bromoacetyl groups with alkylthiols leading to the ready formation of a very stable thioether bond (Wetzel 1990, Robey 1992) .
• Alkylthiol groups may be introduced anywhere in a peptide or another molecule by coupling cysteine, and haloacetylation is readily performed on primary amino groups by reaction with haloacetic acid anhydride (e.g. Robey 1992) .
• haloacetyls are introduced on the free e-amino groups on the lipopeptide backbone peptide bound to the solid phase and the peptide or molecule to be attached is modified with cystein at the desired position (e.g. Lu 1991 and Tarn 1993) .
• a sim ⁇ ilar and also preferred reaction is obtained by reacting an acylthiol (thiocarboxylate) group with a haloacetyl group, by which a thioester is formed (Schn ⁇ lzer 1992) .
• Acylthiol groups can be formed at the C-terminus of the peptide to be coupled (by commonly known methods of solid-phase peptide synthesis (Yamashiro 1988) ) ; by this method, no cysteines need to be introduced.
• the thioester is unstable at neutral and basic pH-values (Tarn 1995) . If, however, the reaction is allowed to take place between a N-terminal cysteine and the acylthiol-group, a spontaneous rearrangement leads to a stable amide bond and reestablishment of the cysteine side- chain thiol (Dawson 1994) .
• This thiol group if undesirable, can be blocked (alkylated) by methods known in the art.
• thiol groups include reaction with maleimide groups (addition reaction) , leading to a stable thioether.
• Maleimide groups may be introduced by acylating primary amino groups or by coupling as the N-terminal entity during solid-phase peptide synthesis (see Tam 1995) .
• thiol-disulfide exchange reactions leading to the establishment of a new disulfide may be preferred as in the SPDP-coupling scheme (Carlsson 1978) .
• This binding although covalent is, of course, very sensitive to reducing condi ⁇ tions, which can be used for the deliberate release of the molecule.
• Another preferred example of a chemoselective reaction is the reaction between an aldehyde and a weak base, preferably the reaction of aldehyde with hydrazide (acyl- hydrazine) leading to a relatively stable hydrazone which may be reduced to a stable substituted hydrazine (see e.g.
• hydrazines can be introduced in solid-phase peptides bound by the HMB-linker to the solid phase by cleaving the linking ester by hydrazine.
• acylhydrazine may be introduced, by derivatising a free primary amino group with Boc-monohydra- zide succinic acid or with 4-Boc-monohydrazinobenzoic acid. Hydroxylamine is conveniently introduced by reaction with protected aminooxyacetic acid (see Tam 1995) .
• carbonyl groups are introduced on primary amino groups by protected acetal alkanoic acids (unstable to HF and thus limited to Fmoc-strategies of solid phase peptide syn ⁇ thesis) (see Tam 1995) .
• a special and preferred method entails the reaction between an aldehyde and a N-terminal cysteine to yield a thiazolidine.
• An especially useful aspect of this method is that it introduces a heterocyclic ring that may provide conformational stability ("rigidity") to the peptide coupled.
• antigens may be coupled through a big number of functional groups and that antigens can be coupled in any orientation desired to the non-dendritic backbone peptide; also, it is clear that syn ⁇ thetic (protected or unprotected) as well as naturally- derived peptides can be coupled, as well as other antigens, especially carbohydrates.
• the lipopeptide non-dendritic backbone as well as the com ⁇ plete branched complex of the present invention are designed to fold into a highly ordered structure in aqueous environ ⁇ ment.
• the amino acid sequence of the oligo ⁇ peptide is defined by a number of repeated "heptads" con ⁇ ferring a tendency to form amphipathic parallel cf-helices (homodimeric coiled coils) to the oligopeptide. This was based on the following design considerations: As facing residues (a and d positions) I, L, and V are pre ⁇ ferred.
• top and bottom residues D and E and K, R, and H, respectively, are preferred.
• Outside (non- interacting) residues are avialable for other interactions including e.g. lactam-bridge form ⁇ ation, histidine chelation, and attachment points.
• a preference for parallel assembly is generally seen, and when a strong hydrophobic interaction is allowed (e.g. I-L) , homodimerization is preferred, even when like-charged e and g pairs are present, but oppositely charged e-g-pairs favours homodimer formation.
• Dimeric coiled coils are concentration dependent which is not suitable for in vivo use.
• An object of the present invention is to exclude or decrease concentration dependence by introd ⁇ ucing further stabilising elements, typically lipidic moi ⁇ eties.
• V and L constitute big hydrophobics at the strand-to-strand interacting a and d positions.
• E and K supply opposite charges at e and g pos ⁇ itions, favouring parallel packing.
• the very high helix pro ⁇ pensity residue A is occupying the rest of the positions, except c, which is used for K creating a side-chain attach ⁇ ment point on the outside of the helix.
• the peptide has the minimal length required for stable helix- formation (2 turns) .
• HX 3 H is introduced at the helix-outside vis-a-vis each other at two separate turns to create a helix- indicating and -stabilising metal-chelating site.
• the N- terminal charge is blocked by the c-N-attached palmitic acid and the C-terminal charge (that is also counteracting the a- helix macrodipole) is preferably blocked, e.g. as the amide.
• a C-terminal GKGKY-sequence is added, however, that serves as an ⁇ -helix C-terminal capping sequence blocking the charge.
• this non-structured stretch can be coupled through its C-terminal residue to other groups without af ⁇ fecting helix-stability.
• Y is included as a 280 nm absorbing reporter group and K-residues as attachment groups.
• the K-residues at the g-pos- itions are selectively protected, in order to preserve the stabilizing positive charge at the g-positions after the deprotection subsequent to attachment of side-chain branches to the other K-residues.
• b-positions are occupied by K-residues too, to allow for even more attachment points on the outside of the helix.
• a lactam-bridge, stabil ⁇ izing the helix is formed between outside-residues at subse ⁇ quent b and f positions in one of the heptads, preferably the N-terminal one, by substituting the H-residues with a E/K- pair.
• This is accomplished easily by a skilled operator by employing orthogonal protection of these side-chains and affecting lactam-formation by BOP/DIEA or TBTU/HOBt/NMM or analoguous activation methods in situ with the peptide still attached to the solid phase.
• the structure of this complex leads to a high-density pres ⁇ entation of attached antigenic entities to the surroundings, either by interaction with hydrophobic surfaces by the lipidic part of the structure or further enhanced by self- aggregation into micellar structures, in both cases retaining the dimer-structure, even at low concentration.
• auxiliary peptides may be introduced, e.g. T-cell stimulating pep ⁇ tides.
• the structure thus represents a totally synthetic, fully chemically defined immunogen.
• the peptide carrier part (the lipopeptide backbone) itself is not immunogenic when derivat ⁇ ized. It is characteristic of the lipopeptide backbone that it can be synthesized by standard solid-phase chemical methods and that antigens, peptides, carbohydrates or haptens and naturally-derived or synthetic molecules may be coupled to the premade solid-phase bound lipopeptide by known methods and that peptides may be synthesized directly on the solid- phase-bound structure by known solid-phase peptide synthesis methods. Following liberation from the solid phase the whole complex form stable aggregates that can be analysed by HPLC and used for immunization.
• Attached peptides are sequencable without interference from the oligopeptide lipopeptide.
• the com ⁇ plex When formulated together with Iscom-forming substances, the com ⁇ plex is inserted into the Iscorn-membrane by its lipid part, presenting the branched structures on the outside.
• the lipopeptide-structure in another preferred embodiment is designed to present a free amino-terminus. This is done by coupling the lipidic part of the molecule to a side-chain of an internal amino acid. This lipid-coupled side-chain is preferably situated at or near one of the termini of the lipopeptide.
• the basic structure is combined with additional (auxiliary) peptides (T-cell epitopes, tuft- sin or other immunomodulating substances) , either as an integral part of the lipopeptide or a part of the coupled antigens.
• additional (auxiliary) peptides T-cell epitopes, tuft- sin or other immunomodulating substances
• the structure is designed to incorporate the peptidic antigen as a loop in a linear sequence, creating loop-mimetics that will also incorporate into lipohilic membranes.
• the structure simply functions as an anchor attaching carbohydrates to lipohilic membranes.
• the peptide is synthesized as the hydrazide, the hydrazide being highly reactive with carbonyl groups on gently oxidised carbohydrate, and the peptide sequence incor ⁇ porating T-cell epitopes, tuftsin or other immunomodulating auxiliary peptides.
• the peptide hydrazide is obtained by cleaving the 4-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid linker with hydrazine.
• a specific "peptide nucleic acid” (“PNA”) sequence or a DNA-intercalat ⁇ ing substance may be included with the purpose of binding a specific piece of DNA by hybridization.
• the invention in addition to the use of using such con ⁇ structs for immunization with the aim of inducing antibodies against the antigenic branches, also comprises using such constructs as therapeutics as well as using such constructs as diagnostics.
• the invention also relates to diagnostic embodiments using the peptide of the solid phase complex according to the invention, to diagnostic compositions containing said peptide, and to methods for the use thereof in diagnosis of diseases and pregnancy.
• the invention further relates to vaccines in which a vaccine component comprising the peptide of the solid phase complex to which an immunogenic agent is Z b linked and to methods of immunizing animals and conferring resistance against diseases using said vaccine component.
• Another important aspect of the invention relates to a thera ⁇ Promotionic component in which a therapeutic agent is linked to the peptide of the solid phase complex, to therapeutic compo ⁇ sitions containing the therapeutic component and the use use thereof for treatment and/or prevention of diseases or for regulations of the immune response.
• a diag ⁇ nostic agent linked to the peptide of the solid phase complex forming a diagnostic component of the inventions may be used in combination with appropriate means, such as a label, to determine the presence of a specific molecule via its binding to the diagnostic component.
• the invention relates to the diagnosis of infectious diseases derived from bacteria, vira, and parasites as well as detection of cancer ⁇ ous diseases, malignant tumours, and autoimmune diseases.
• the invention can be used in the detection of pregnancy by linking molecules capable of binding to mol ⁇ ecules indicative of or derived from pregnancy to the peptide of the invention, and this aspect therefore constitutes another interesting part of the invention.
• the diagnostic agent to be linked to a peptide of the solid phase complex of the invention may be any molecule. It may be naturally derived or chemically synthezised.
• a particular interesting aspect of the invention is the linking of a polypeptide, a carbohydrate, a lipid, and any glycosylated or lipidated form thereof or a nucleotide sequence which is capable of binding to molecules derived from or indicative of pregancy or a disease, including cancerous diseases, autoimm ⁇ une diseases and infectious diseases.
• Typical methods of detection might utilize, e.g., radioactive species, enzyme-active or other marker ligands such as avidin/biotin and hapten/anti-hapten detection systems, which are detectable directly or indirectly.
• enzyme-active or other marker ligands such as avidin/biotin and hapten/anti-hapten detection systems, which are detectable directly or indirectly.
• an enzyme tag such as alkaline phosphatase or peroxidase rather than radioactive or other reagents that may have undesirable environmental effects.
• Enzyme tags e.g., often utilize colorimetric indicator substrates that are readily detectable spectrophotometrically, many in the visible wavelength range. Luminescent substrates could also be used for increased sensitivity.
• One particular interesting embodiment of the invention is the use of an antigen as the diagnostic agent.
• an antigen in both immuno- diagnostics and vaccine preparation, it is often possible and indeed more practical to prepare antigens from segments of a known immunogenic polypeptide or carbohydrate. Certain epito ⁇ pic regions may be used to produce responses similar to those produced by the entire antigenic polypeptide or carbohydrate.
• Potential antigenic or immunogenic regions may be identified by any of a number of approaches, e.g., Kyte-Doolittle antigenicity analyses (see, e.g., Kyte and Doolittle, 1982; or U.S. Patent No. 4,554,101).
• Hydrophobicity analysis assigns average hydrophobicity values to each amino acid residue and from these values average hydrophilicities can be calculated and regions of greatest hydrophilicity determined.
• Preferred immunoassays are contemplated as including various types of enzyme linked immunoassays (ELISAS) , immunoblot techniques, and the like, known in the art.
• EISAS enzyme linked immunoassays
• utility is not limited to such assays, and useful embodiments include radioimmunoassays (RIAs) and other nonenzyme linked antibody binding assays or procedures.
• RIAs radioimmunoassays
• Other immunodiagnostic embodiments of the inven ⁇ tion may be based on immunoprecipitation assays, agglutin ⁇ ation assays or the like.
• an antibody-based method includes obtaining a sample from a patient suspected of having the disease or being pregnant, exposing that sample to the diagnostic component of the invention to which one or more epitopes of a polypeptide, carbohydrate or the like, derived from or indicative of the disease to be diagnosed are linked and finally determining a reactivity of the antibody that may be in the sample with one or more such epitopes.
• the substantial immunological reactivity measured is indicative of the presence or absence of the disease.
• Typical samples obtainable from a patient include human serum, plasma, whole blood, cerebrospinal fluid, seminal or vaginal fluids, exuda- tes, and the like.
• antigen-based methods are contemplated for development; e.g., an indirect ELISA using one or several epitopes attached to the peptide of the invention alone or in various combinations as antigen(s).
• Optimal concentration of the antigen could be determined by checker board titration and diagnostic potential of the epitope or whole molecule, such as a polypeptide or carbohydrate, from which the epitope is derived.
• the assay may be further examined or improved by testing serum from e.g. an experimental animal at different stages of a disease. These results could indicate the rela ⁇ tive time course for sera conversion for each of the assays.
• the present invention concerns a kit for the detection of a molecule, including a polypeptide, a carbohydrate or a nucleotide sequence capable of binding to the specific selected diagnostic agent linked to a peptide of the invention forming the diagnostic component of the inven ⁇ tion, together with means for detecting a specific binding between the diagnostic component and the molecule capable of binding thereto.
• suitable means include labels attached directly to the diagnostic component, or a secondary antibody having specificity for the diagnostic component.
• avidin-biotin mediated Staphylococcus aureus binding could be used.
• the monoclonal antibody may be biotinylated so as to react with avidin complexed with an enzyme or fluorescent compound.
• kits for detection of antibodies directed against an antigen linked to the peptide of the solid phase complex may be a polypeptide, a carbohydrate, a lipid or a part thereof or a nucletide sequence obtained from a natural source or manufactured synthetically.
• the antigen may by produced by a recombinant DNA vector in E. coli or another bacterial or nonbacterial host.
• Samples for the assays may be body fluids or other tissue samples from humans or animals.
• the presence of reactive antibodies in the samples may be demonstrated by antibody binding to the diag ⁇ nostic component followed by detection of the antibody- antigen complex by any of a number of methods, including ELISA, RIA, fluorescence, agglutination or precipitation reactions, nephelometry, or any of these assays using avidin- biotin reactions.
• the degree of reactivity may be assessed by comparison to control samples, and the degree of reactivity used as a measure of present or past infection or disease.
• the assay(s) could also be used to monitor reactivity during the course of a disease, e.g., to determine the efficacy of therapy.
• a substantial immunological reactivity is meant to designate a marked immunological binding between an anti- body/antiserum on the one hand, and on the other a diagnostic component under well-defined conditions with respect to physicochemical parameters as well as concentrations of diagnostic component.
• a substantial immunological reactivity should be clearly distinguishable from a non ⁇ specific interaction between an antibody/antiserum and a diagnostic component.
• This distinction can, for instance, be made by reacting the antibody/antiserum with a known concen ⁇ tration of a diagnostic component which has previously been shown not to react with the antibody/antiserum, and then using this reaction as a negative control.
• a positive control could suitably be the reaction between the antibody/antiserum and the same concentration of the diagnostic component used for the immunisation resulting in the production of the antibody/antiserum.
• epitope is meant the spatial part of an antigen responsible for the specific binding to the antigen-binding part of an antibody or of a T-lymphocyte.
• polypeptide is understood a molecule comprising at least two amino acids joined by a peptide bond.
• the term polypeptide thus indicates small peptides (less than 10 amino acid residues) , oligopeptides (between 10 and 100 amino acid residues) , proteins (the functional entity including at least one peptide and/or prosthetic groups and/or glycosylation and/or lipidation, such as lipopolypeptides and glycopolypep- tides, etc.) as well as traditional polypeptides (more than 100 amino acid residues) .
• interesting polypeptides for link ⁇ age to the branched polymer of the invention are recombinant polypeptides which may be prepared in accordance with methods generally known.
• mediators or immunomodulators such as cytokines or bioactive cytokine sequences which have important functions in the regulation of the immune response, in particular T-cell reactions.
• a particularly interesting aspect is the use of recombinant, synthetically prepared, or native mediators, e.g cytokines or a part thereof having cytokine activity inserted into immunogenic complexes such as Iscoms or other carriers such as microparticles together with a peptide of the invention to which at least one other molecule is linked.
• Other combina ⁇ tions may be immunogenic complexes carrying cytokines or a part thereof having cytokine activity in mixtures with immunogenic complexes carrying branched peptide-construct or it may be immunogenic complexes carrying peptides of the invention to which an active part of an immunomodulator is linked in combination with other peptides.
• cyto ⁇ kines which may be of relevance are interleukin 1 - 18, TNF (tumour necrosis factor) , lymphotoxin, and interferon-alpha, -beta, -gamma.
• TNF tumor necrosis factor
• bioactive cytokine-specific sequences having cytokine activity may be part of the sequence linked to the peptide of the invention.
• a vaccine composition prepared using a vaccine component in which an immunogenic agent is attached to the peptide of the solid phase complex of the invention is also part of the invention, the amount of the vaccine component being effec ⁇ tive to confer substantially increased resistance to the infection in question in an animal, including a human being, against an infectious agent such as a bacteria, a virus or a parasite as compared the degree of resistance present in an animal not previously exposed to the infectious organism.
• the invention also relates to the use of an immunogenic component for preparing a vaccine composition and to a method for immunizing an animal, including a human being, against an infectious organism using the vaccine composition of the invention.
• Suitable immunogenic agents include polypeptides, carbohy ⁇ drates, lipids or nucleotide sequences alone or in various combinations, optionally together with other substances, such as an immunomodulator mentioned above or a chemical compound capable of increasing the immunogenic effect to the vaccine component.
• interesting aspects of the invention include various combinations of immunogenic agents derived from different infectious organisms whereby a vaccine composition capable of conferring increased resistance to several infec ⁇ tious organisms is obtained.
• the vaccine composition may optionally be formulated in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle and the vaccine optionally further comprising an adjuvant.
• the administration of the vaccine composition to the animal has the effect that disease caused by infections with an infectious agent is avoided or dimin ⁇ ished or at least that the risk of catching the disease is significantly reduced.
• the vaccine composition according to the invention are prepared as injectables either as liquid solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspen ⁇ sion in, liquid prior to injection may also be prepared.
• the preparation may also be emulsified.
• the vaccine composition is often mixed with excipients which are pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient.
• Suit ⁇ able excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, or the like, and combinations thereof.
• the vaccine composition may contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, or adjuvants which enhance the effectiveness of the vaccine composition.
• the vaccine compositions are conventionally administered parenterally, by injection, for example, either subcutaneous ⁇ ly or intramuscularly. Additional formulations which are suitable for other modes of administration include supposi ⁇ tories and, in some cases, oral formulations.
• supposi ⁇ tories traditional binders and carriers may include, for example, polyalkalene glycols or triglycerides; such supposi ⁇ tories may be formed from mixtures containing the active ingredient in the range of 0.5% to 10%, preferably 1-2%.
• Oral formulations include such normally employed excipients as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, and the like. These compositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, sustained release formulations or powders and contain 10-95% of active ingredient, preferably 25-70%.
• the vaccine composition may be formulated as neutral or salt forms.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid addi ⁇ tion salts (formed with the free amino groups of the peptide) and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups may also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, and the like.
• the vaccine compositions are administered in a manner compat ⁇ ible with the dosage formulation, and in such amount as will be therapeutically effective and immunogenic.
• the quantity to be administered depends on the subject to be treated, includ ⁇ ing, e.g., the capacity of the individual's immune system to synthesize antibodies, and the degree of protection desired. Precise amounts of active ingredient required to be admini ⁇ stered depend on the judgement of the practitioner. However, suitable dosage for humans are of the order of several hun ⁇ dred micrograms active ingredient per vaccination with a preferred range from about 1 ⁇ g to 500 ⁇ g, especially in the range from about 10 ⁇ g to 50 ⁇ g. Suitable regimes for initial administration and booster shots are also variable but are typified by an initial administration followed by subsequent inoculations or other administrations.
• the manner of application may be varied widely. Any of the conventional methods for administration of a vaccine are applicable. These are believed to include oral application on a solid physiologically acceptable base or in a physiologi ⁇ cally acceptable dispersion, parenterally, by injection or the like, including nasal application and application on other suitable body surfaces.
• the dosage of the vaccine will O 97/38011 3 4 PC ⁇ 7DK97/00146
• Various methods of achieving adjuvant effect for the vaccine composition of the invention include use of agents such as aluminum hydroxide or phosphate (alum), commonly used as 0.05 to 0.1 percent solution in phosphate buffered saline, admix ⁇ ture with synthetic polymers of sugars (Carbopol) used as 0.25 percent solution, aggregation of the protein in the vaccine by heat treatment with temperatures ranging between 70° to 101°C for 30 second to 2 minute periods respectively. Aggregation by reactivating with pepsin treated (Fab) anti ⁇ bodies to albumin, mixture with bacterial cells such as C.
• agents such as aluminum hydroxide or phosphate (alum), commonly used as 0.05 to 0.1 percent solution in phosphate buffered saline, admix ⁇ ture with synthetic polymers of sugars (Carbopol) used as 0.25 percent solution, aggregation of the protein in the vaccine by heat treatment with temperatures ranging between 70° to 101°C for 30 second to 2 minute periods respectively. Aggregation by reactiv
• parvum or endotoxins or lipopolysaccharide components of gramnegative bacteria emulsion in physiologically acceptable oil vehicles such as mannide mono-oleate (Aracel A) or emul ⁇ sion with 20 percent solution of a perfluorocarbon (Fluosol- DA) used as a block substitute may also be employed.
• physiologically acceptable oil vehicles such as mannide mono-oleate (Aracel A) or emul ⁇ sion with 20 percent solution of a perfluorocarbon (Fluosol- DA) used as a block substitute may also be employed.
• the vaccine will be desirable to have multiple administrations of the vaccine, usually not exceeding six vaccinations, more usually not exceeding four vaccinations and preferably two or three vaccinations.
• the vaccinations will normally be at from two to twelve week intervals, more usually from three to five week intervals. Periodic boosters at intervals of 1-5 years, usually three years, will be desirable to maintain levels of the antibodies.
• the course of the immunization may be followed by assays for antibodies for the antigens.
• the assays may be performed by labelling with conventional labels, such as radionuclides, enzymes, fluores- cers, and the like. These techniques are well known in the art.
• the vaccines of the invention should be effective in activating both arms of the immune system.
• vaccines capable of eliciting a cell-mediated immune reaction are also a part of the invention.
• Methods of actively immunizing animals, including mammals such as human beings against at least one infectious agent with a vaccine according to the invention are also parts of the invention.
• the methods generally consist of the adminis ⁇ tration to the animal of an immunogenically effective amount of the vaccines of the invention.
• the invention further relates to a therapeutic component comprising the peptide of the solid phase complex of the invention to which at least one therapeutic or prophylatic agent capable of treating or preventing a disease, such as an infectious, cancerous or autoimmune disease is linked.
• the therapeutic agent may be any agent capable of acting as a prophylactic agent, a therapeutic agent, or as an agent in the prevention or relapse of a disease or in the prevention or disruption of pregnancy.
• the agent may be a polypeptide, a glycopeptide, a lipopeptide, a phospolipid, a polysaccharide, a lipopolysaccaride, a carbohydrate, a nucleotide sequence or any combination or modifications thereof.
• a therapeutic component comprises one or more therapeutic or prophylactic agents in combination with at least one immunogenic substance or immune mediator capable of control ⁇ ling or enhancing the effect of the therapeutic or prophylac ⁇ tic agent.
• the immunogenic substance or immune mediator may be any molecule such as a carbohydrate or a peptide or a nucleotide which can be naturally, synthetically or recombi ⁇ nantly derived, or the mediator may be a chemical compound.
• the invention also relates to any therapeutic composition containing a therapeutic component of the invention.
• Thera ⁇ Implantic compositions comprising one or more therapeutic compo ⁇ nents to which different therapeutic agents capable of pre ⁇ venting or treating the same or different diseases or dis ⁇ rupting pregnancy constitute another aspect of the invention.
• the invention further relates to the use of a therapeutic composition of the invention in the prevention or treatment of a disease, or the prevention or disruption of pregnancy.
• the therapeutic composition may be administered in any con ⁇ venient way, including intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intradermally, orally, nasally, and intravenously.
• One interesting aspect of this part of the invention consists of a therapeutic composition
• a therapeutic composition comprising a therapeutic compo ⁇ nent of the invention attached to a carrier, such as an immunostimulating complex in combination with at least one mediator or a part thereof having mediator activity.
• the mediator or a part thereof having mediator activity may be linked to the peptide of the invention and may be further attached to an immunostimulating complex which may be the same or different from the immunostimulating complex carrying the therapeutic component.
• Particular interesting mediators include immunomodulators, such as cytokines including inter ⁇ leukins, interferons, tumour necrosis factors or a part thereof having immunomodulator activity.
• Another interesting aspect of this part of the invention comprises a therapeutic component to which a molecule capable of binding to a target molecule present at a specific loca ⁇ tion in a body, including a human being, is attached thereby directing the therapeutic component to said specific location at which the therapeutic component is to exert its effect.
• the molecule capable of binding to a target molecule provide means for targeting the activity of the therapeutic agent.
• Antibodies directed against and capable of binding to the target molecule constitute interesting examples of such molecules.
• Another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the prevention after establishment of being in a high risk group of developing an autoimmune disease, treatment or prevention of a relapse of an autoimmune dis ⁇ ease, a cancerous disease or an infectious disease caused by an infectious agent, said composition comprising the branched polymer of the invention to which a therapeutic agent or a combination of various therapeutic agents are linked.
• the pharmaceutical composition may be formulated according to known methods based on pharmaceutically acceptable exci ⁇ pients.
• the invention relates to the use of a pharma ⁇ ceutical composition according to the invention for combatting, prevention or treatment of infectious agents, autoimmune disease or cancerous diseases.
• non-dendritic peptides may be used without addition of adjuvant or in combination with adjuvants like Freund's adjuvant and aluminium hydroxid or with and without insertion into immunostimulating complexes (Isco s) or liposomes.
• adjuvants like Freund's adjuvant and aluminium hydroxid or with and without insertion into immunostimulating complexes (Isco s) or liposomes.
• any mouse strain (inbreed and outbreed) , rabbits, guinea pigs, minks or other animals may be used. Both humans and animals may be vaccinated with the non-dendritic peptide. The number of and intervals between immunizations may be varied.
• the non-dendritic peptide car ⁇ rier-immunogenic complex according to the present invention may be used for ip., sc. , im. , iv. , oral, nasal, anal, vag ⁇ inal etc. immunizations. Different amounts of immunogenic peptides may be used.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier-immunogenic complex may also be used for the induc ⁇ tion of amamnestic responses.
• the present invention relates to a non- dendritic peptide carrier coupled e.g. by its C-terminus through a specifically cleavable linker to a solid phase forming a peptide carrier-solid phase complex.
• the non- dendritic peptide carrier preferably comprises about 10-50 amino acids capable of forming a secondary structure in a benign buffer after liberation from the solid phase, the peptide complex further comprising an immunogenic substance coupled thereon.
• the secondary structure in the benign buffer results in a stable carrier function of the non-dendritic peptide when liberated from the solid phase.
• the immunogenic substance coupled to the non-dendritic peptide include antigenic substances which is covalently coupled thereon.
• the secondary structure may be any structure selected from the group ⁇ -helices, 3-strand, 0-turns, 7-turns, zinc-finger structures as well as combinations thereof.
• the primary function of the structure is to secure that the immunogenic substance is presented to the environment in a stable and predictable form. Accordingly, any of the secondary struc ⁇ tures which in the given circumstances provides a suitable orientation of the immunogenic substance is within the scope of the invention.
• amphipathic ctf-helix in general is a well-studied (e.g. Mant 1993) and relatively simple peptide structure that retains a well-defined conformation in water.
• An amphipathic helix has a hydrophobic side occupying one half of the helix along its axis and a hydrophilic side on the other half.
• Amphipatic o.-helices typically combine in "bundles" shielding the hydrophobic faces and exposing the hydrophilic side to form parallel or antiparallel homodimers (Zhu 1993) or hete ⁇ rodimers and oligomers (Zhu 1992) .
• Amphipathic helices are generally characterized by "heptads" dictated by the periodicity of the ⁇ n-helical turn, in which positions a, b, c, d, e, f, and g are occupied by amino acid residues following some simple rules: Positions a and d are mainly occupied by hydrophobic amino acids (especially leucine, isoleucine, and valine, and to a lesser extent alanine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine, and tryptophan) while other positions are free to any other residue except proline and glycine; there may be a bias towards residues with high helix propensities (alanine, arginine, leucine, lysine, methionine, glutamine, glutamic acid, isoleucine) .
• Secondary structures can further be stabilised by metal-ion- chelation as well as by lactam- or disulfide bridges.
• Non-dendritic peptide carriers according to the invention may also include mixtures of two or more different secondary structures. Examples of such mixed structures will often include ⁇ -helices, e.g two ⁇ -helices joined by a 8-turn.
• the non-dendritic peptide may in part include a peptide with no well defined secondary structure selected from the group of random coil, ⁇ -loop and undefined loop or combinations thereof. The peptide or peptide fragment having no well defined structure has no influence on the non- dendritic peptide carrier's capability of forming a secondary structure in a benign buffer.
• the number of amino acids in the part having no secondary structure contributes to the overall number o amino acids of the non-dendritic peptide carrier according to the present invention.
• a specific and well-studied metal-ion stabilized, composite structure is "zinc-finger" domains characteristic of DNA- binding proteins, having the general structure Y,F-X-C-X 2 4 - C-X 3 -F-X 3 -H-X 3 4 -H, where X can be any amino acid (Krizek 1991) and where Zn ++ is tetrahedrally coordinated by the C and H residues of two different strands.
• the resulting Zn- supported ⁇ -structure is stable in water.
• a 26 amino acid residues consensus-sequence has been defined by Krizek (1991- ) (PYKCPECGKSFSQKSDLVKHQRTHTG) and used by Bianchi (1995) for creating combinatorial libraries exploiting the stability of the Q!-helix to substitutions along the peptide chain.
• Stru- thers (1996) designed a 23 amino acid-residue conformational- ly stable structure based on the Zn-finger sequence but not needing Zn-support.
• the peptide carrier is in the form of a non-dendritic peptide which forms an amphipathic helix in a benign aqueous solution as the result of an intramolecular anti-parallel arrangement of two CU-helices joined by a turn in a monomer super-secondary hairpin structure.
• non-dendritic peptide is stabilised by the chelation of divalent metal-ions selected from Cu++, Co++, Zn++, Ca++, Ni++, and Cd++.
• the secondary structure of the non-dendritic peptide carrier is obtained by the result of the inclusion in the peptide of one or more cx-helical -, / 3-strand-, turn- or zinc-finger inducing sequences of amino acids, respectively, or combinations thereof.
• the secondary structure may be induced by structure-nucleating molecular building blocks selected from
• the a-helix inducers aminoisobutyric acid, acetylpropyl- prolin with a thiamethylen bridge and HX 3 H, any of the H- residues being replaceable by C, chelating a divalent metal ion; and ii) the jS-strand inducers 4- (2-aminoethyl) 6-dibenzofuran and diacylaminoepindolidione and HXH, any of the H residues being replaceable by C, chelating a divalent metal ion; and iii) the ⁇ - urn-inducers (S) -o ⁇ -methylproline and HX 2 H, any of the H residues being replaceable by C, chelating a divalent metal ion; and
• the peptide is linked by its C- terminus to a dibranching molecule presenting two molecules of the peptide in parallel.
• the dibranching molecule may be known in the art such as ornithine and lysine.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier according to the invention gives rise to parallel homodimers of the oj-helix coiled-coil type.
• the non- dendritic peptide carrier in one embodiment carries at least 2 attachment points, generally defined as derivatizable and accessible functional groups.
• These functional groups include hydroxylamine-, amino-, hydrozy- , thiol-, haloacetyl-, carbonyl-, ⁇ -oxoacyl, 1,2- thiolamin-, acylhydrazine, alkylthiol-, acylthiol, carboxyla ⁇ te-groups, and mixtures thereof.
• the non-dendritic peptide may comprise at least 4 attachment points or any other desired number which is possible accord ⁇ ing to the lenght of the peptide.
• the attachment points may be functional groups well known in the art. Preferred attachment points are chosen from the group of e-amino groups or derivatized e-amino groups in the side-chain of lysine and a free a-amino group.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier according to the invention comprises as attachment points, e- and/or ⁇ -amino groups of a lysine residue coupled to the e-amino group of the lysine residue of the original attachment point, thereby leading to a double-functional attachment point, or, by further derivat ⁇ ization with lysine residues to a multiple-functional attach ⁇ ment point.
• One of the functional groups of the double-func ⁇ tional attachment points, or at least one of the functional groups of the multiple-functional attachment points, may be blocked in one aspect.
• the blocking may be by a protecting group cleavable by a chemical treatment such as orthogonal to both Fmoc- and Boc-cleaving chemical treatments.
• the protect ⁇ ing groups include Dde (1- (4,4-dimethyl-2, 6-dioxocyclohexyli- dine) -ethyl-) and allylic protecting groups such as Aloe (allyloxycarbonyl)
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier according to the invention may also comprise two or more amino groups located in a side- chain attached to the C-terminal amino acid.
• a non-dendritic peptide carrier according to the invention may comprise a subclass of e-amino groups in the side-chain of other lysine residues and a free ⁇ -amino group, said subclass comprising at least one such amino group being protected by a protecting group cleavable by a chemical treatment orthogonal to both Fmoc- and Boc- cleaving chemical treatments.
• amino groups serving as attachment points may further be derivatized by chemical means selected from
• di-acid anhydrides preferably succinic anhydride to yield free side-chain carboxylic acids
• haloacetic acid anhydride preferably bromoacetic acid anhydride to yield free haloacetyl groups, preferably bromoacetyl groups
• non-dendritic peptide carrier may also comprise side-chain functional groups serving as attachment points which are derivatized with secondary struc ⁇ ture supporting, derivatizable building blocks, selected from
• the ⁇ -helix inducers aminoisobutyric acid, acetylpropyl- prolin with a thiamethylen bridge and HX 3 H, any of the H- residues being replaceable by C, chelating a divalent metal ion;
• the side-chain functional groups of the non-dendritic peptide carrier serving as attachment points may, in one embodiment, be derivatised with a dibranching residue being selected from the structures disclosed in Fig. 4A and Fig. 4B.
• the non-dendritic peptide may, in one aspect, comprise at least two free carboxylic acids or amino groups located in a side-chain attached to the C-terminal amino acid, preferably a lysine, or said side-chain attached near the C-terminal amino acid, the said non-dendritic peptide further comprising other attachment points not constituted by carboxylic acids.
• One example of a method for preparing a non-dendritic peptide comprising at least two carboxylic groups in a side chain attached to or near the C-terminal amino acid comprises introducing one or multiple glutamic acid residues or aspartic acid residues preferably by synthesis on the e-amino group of one selected C-terminally located lysine residue using orthogonal protection for the ⁇ -amino group, compared to the protection use for the amino acids incorporated in the rest of the peptide and demasking the side-chain carboxylic groups before proceeding with synthesis of the backbone peptide.
• a method for preparing a non-dendritic peptide comprising at least two amino groups in a side-chain attached to or near the C-terminal amino acid comprises introducing one or multiple lysine residues preferably by synthesis on the e-amino group of one selected C-terminally located lysine residue using orthogonal protection for the ⁇ -amino group, compared to the protection use for the amino acids incorpor ⁇ ated in the rest of the peptide and not demasking the side- chain carboxylic groups before proceeding with synthesis of the backbone peptide.
• various lipids with adjuvant effects may be included in the immunogenic compounds accord ⁇ ing to the invention.
• the basic design according to the invention has been developed to adapt a number of different antigens and other entities such as alkyl chains in the structure.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier may comprise one or more alkyl-chains, preferably in the form of a saturated fatty acid bound covalently to the N- ter inus of the peptide or to an amino acid side-chain.
• the carbon chain of the alkyl-chain mentioned above may comprise about 4-25 carbon atoms such as 6-20 carbon atoms, preferably 7-17 carbon atoms in length.
• the carbon chain is a lipidic moiety comprising palmitic acid or myristic acid or mixtures thereof.
• An example of such lipid moiety is the immunostimulatory palm 3 -Cys-molecule as shown in Fig. 4C.
• a non-dendritic peptide car ⁇ rier according to the invention comprises at least one lipidic moiety bound as a thioester to the peptide, preferab ⁇ ly through a cysteine side chain thiol group.
• the lipidic moiety is provided by fatty acids, typically palmitic acid or myristic acid coupled to the side chains of amino acids selected from lysine and serine.
• the lysine and serine may constitute a linear peptidic chain and preferably being of alternating chirality, a D-amino acid being followed by a L-amino acid and a L-amino acid being followed by a D-amino acid.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier comprises a lipidic moiety such as palmitic or myristic acid located at the C-terminus or near the C-terminus.
• a lipidic moiety such as palmitic or myristic acid located at the C-terminus or near the C-terminus.
• the peptide comprises no free and accessible side-chain functionalities but an unprotected N-terminus ⁇ -amino group.
• An aspect of a non-dendritic peptide carrier according to the invention is a carrier comprising 20-50 amino acids and which comprises in its sequence repeated "heptads" having the form “abcdefg".
• the positions "a” and “d” are occupied by hydrophobic amino acids selected from I, V, L, F, and A, positions "e” and “g” by charged amino acids of opposite signs, selected from E, D, and K.
• Positions "b”, “c”, and “f” are preferably occupied by any amino acid residue selected from the group of A, R, N, D, E, C, Q, E, H, I, L, K, M, F, S, T, W, Y or V but preferably A, S, T, C, H or K, yielding 2-10, preferably 4-6 evenly spaced lysine residues with freely accessible derivatizable e-amino groups.
• at least one pair of histidines or a histidine and a cysteine are occupying consecutive "b" and "f" positions in the peptide chain.
• the repeated "heptads” are located in its inner sequence, i.e. the sequence located within the segment of the peptide corresponding to the segment from amino acid 2-5 to n- (2-5) , preferably to the segment from amino acid 3 to n-3, where n is the number of amino acids in the peptide.
• the lysine residues occupying "e” and “g” positions are orthogonally side-chain protected compared to lysine residues occupying "b", "c", and "f” positions.
• the orthogonal protecting group is preferably being stable towards treatments, such as Fmoc- as well as Boc-cleaving treatments.
• at least one "f" position is occupied by C.
• the carrier may also comprise at least one, preferably one lactam bridge linking a "b" and an "f" amino acid in a ter ⁇ minally placed heptad, "b" and “f” being either E and K or K and E, E being in both cases replaceable by D.
• the carrier may comprise one Y or included in the sequence, preferably as one of the 2-5 C-terminal amino acids.
• T-cell help is important for efficient immunizations.
• T-cells are activated by interaction with peptides bound by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on antigen-presenting cells.
• MHC major histocompatibility complex
• the MHC of an individual bind a subset of peptides conforming to the sequence definition of that individual only (see Rammensee, 1995) .
• "Promiscous" peptides have been described that are bound by a large number of individual MHCs covering a large proportion of the species in question.
• T-cell stimulating moieties in synthetic peptide constructs intended for immunizations is well known.
• Peptide-attachable DNA-binding substances include intercalat- ors (e.g. quinoline (Brown 1994) ) which bind DNA unspecifically and peptide nucleic acids (PNA) which can hybridise with DNA in a sequence-specific way (WO 95/01369) .
• intercalat- ors e.g. quinoline (Brown 1994)
• PNA peptide nucleic acids
• imunomodulators e.g. cytokines or cytokine fragments
• cytokines or cytokine fragments may be included (e.g. Kumaratilake 1995, European Patent 0 604 727 Al) .
• T-cell stimulatory peptides in addition to the immunogenic substance, may be included in the immunogen complex according to the invention. This may be done by peptide synthesis using orthogonal chemistry or by attaching composite linear constructs.
• a non-dendritic peptide according to the inven ⁇ tion may comprise one or more copies of a peptide moiety or comprising a combination of peptide moieties.
• the peptide moiety may in one embodiment be situated at either or both ends of the non-dendritic carrier in its side-chain- and N- terminal-blocked form.
• Examples of such peptide moieties include the following: i) [TKPR] N , in which N is preferably from 1-5 (tuftsin oligomer) , muramyldipeptide (N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D- isogluta ine) or variants thereof, and
• T-cell stimulatory peptide selected from QYIKANSKFIGITE (tetanus toxoid 830-843) and FNNFTVSFWLHRVKVSASHLE (tetanus toxoid 947-967) , DQVHFQPLPPAWKLSDALI (Mycobacterium tubercu ⁇ losis 38 kD antigen 350-369), DIEKKIAKMEKASSVFNWNS (Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein 378-398) , KLLSLIKGVIVHRLEGVE, measles virus F-protein 286-302, LDNIKGN- VGKMEDYIKKNNK (Plasmodium falciparum MSP-1, 260-279), LQTMVK- LFNRIK, NSVDDALINSTKIYSYFPSV, QYIKANSKFIGITELK, and PGINGKAIHLVNNESS; and
• T-cell stimulatory peptide selected from poly T-cell- epitope constructs wherein the T-cell-epitope elements are arranged in a substantially linear construction comprising interposed minimal T-cell epitope peptide segments, preferab ⁇ ly without flanking sequences;
• cytokine derived peptide selected from
• IL-1 beta (163-171) VQGEESNDK; and combinations thereof.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier may comprise the specified peptide moiety in its side-chain protected, but N-terminally unprotected form, said peptide moiety being coupled as a branch peptide to at least one side chain attachment point of a backbone peptide.
• An example of such attachment point is an e-amino group in the side chain of lysine.
• the non-dendritic peptide comprises the specified peptide moiety in its side-chain protected, but N-terminally unprotected form, said peptide moiety being coupled as a branch peptide to at least one side-chain attac ⁇ hment point in a backbone peptide, said attachment point being a double-functional or multiple-functional attachment point.
• Relevant groups may be e- and ⁇ -amino groups of a lysine residue coupled to the e-amino group of the lysine residue of the original attachment point,
• the non-dendritic carrier com ⁇ prises the specified peptide moiety in its side-chain pro ⁇ tected and N-terminally protected or N- erminally unprotected form, said peptide moiety being coupled to at least one side- chain attachment point in a backbone peptide.
• the attachment point may be a double-functional or multiple-functional attachment point and in a further embodiment wherein at least one are further protected orthogonally to Fmoc and Boc and other acid-labile side-chain protecting groups.
• the non-dendritic peptide according to the invention may also comprise at least one PNA moiety.
• the PNA may comprise a monomer sequence binding a specific DNA-molecule by hybrid ⁇ ization.
• the non-dendritic peptide comprises at least one functional DNA-intercalator moiety. This intercalator is in one embodiment quinoline.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier may comprise at least one DNA or RNA oligonucleotide moiety.
• the DNA oligonucleotide moiety is preferably one which is coupled through its 3' -end to an amino group of said peptide.
• Fur ⁇ thermore it may comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding a T- cell stimulatory peptide.
• the oligonucleotide sequence binds a specific DNA- or RNA-mol- ecule by hybridization.
• the attached oligonucleotide comprises a hexanucleotide corresponding to the general formula (5' )PuPuCGPyPy(3' ) in which Pu is a purine base, Py is a pyrimidine base and CG represents unmethylated CpG dinucleotide.
• This hexanucleotide motif has been shown to be a potent inducer of cytokines in a range of immunocompetent cells (Klin an 1996) .
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier may comprise a spacer molecule.
• the solid-phase on which the non-dendritic carrier is coupled is preferably a polymer whereby the solid phase complex represents a copolymer. It may be advantageously to bind the non-dendritic peptide to the solid phase through a linker which is selectively cleavable by a specific chemical treat ⁇ ment.
• the solid phase is normally constituted by derivatizable polymers (matrices, resins) , which are insoluble in water and in organic solvents including dimethylformamide, dimethyl ⁇ sulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone, dichloromethan, piperidine, diethylether and aqueous trifluoroacetic acid.
• derivatizable polymers matrices, resins
• Divinylbenz- ene/polystyrene and polyacrylamide polymers sometimes in combination with macroscopic support materials such as kieselguhr and derivatized with a variety of spacers and linkers.
• the amount of peptide on the polymer may vary accor ⁇ ding to size of the peptide or the specific conditions of the synthesis.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier may be substituting the solid-phase polymer to about 0.001 to about 5, preferably such as from about 0.01 to about 1, more pre ⁇ ferred from about 0.02 to about 0.08, still more preferred from about 0.04 to about 0.06, most preferred from about 0.05 to about 0.1 mmoles pr. gram of solid phase.
• the chemical treatment liberating the non-dendritic carrier peptide from the solid-phase bound linker may be orthogonal to the chemical treatment used for the cleavage of protecting groups from the intended attachment points in the side-chains of the peptide.
• Such linkers may be selected from 3-nitro-4- hydroxymethyl benzoic acid type linkers cleavable by photolysis, hydroxy-crotonyl-aminomethyl type linkers cleavable by catalytic hydrogenation, 4-methylbenzhydrylamine type linkers cleavable by hydrofluoric acid or trifluoro- methanesulfonic acid, unmodified Rink-type linker (4- (2', 4'- dimethoxyphenyl Fmoc-aminomethyl) -phenoxyacetic acid) cleavable by aqueous trifluoroacetic acid.
• the non-dendritic carrier peptide is bound as an ester to a linker to the solid-phase said peptide being cleavable by aqueous base.
• the non-dendritic carrier peptide may also be linked to a solid-phase bound 4-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid liberating the peptide as a carboxylic acid upon treatment with hydroxyl- nucleophiles, as an amide upon treatment with methanolic ammonia and as a hydrazide upon treatment with hydrazine.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier according to the invention may, in one embodiment, be linked to the solid phase through a linker releasing the peptide on contact with water, prefer ⁇ ably a glycolic acid linker of the structure given in Fig. 4D or a linker releasing the peptide through diketopiperazine formation.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier in a solid-phase complex comprises 5-50, preferably 10-20 amino acids, the peptide also comprising a covalently bound lipidic moiety, preferably palmitic or myristic acid which is located at the N-terminus or near the N-terminus, the peptide being attached to the solid phase by a hydrazine- clevable linker to form the solid phase complex.
• non-dendritic peptide carrier In order to detect the non-dendritic peptide carrier accord ⁇ ing to the invention, it may comprise a substance having characteristic and measurable spectral or radioactive prop ⁇ erties such as UV-absorbing properties, visibly absorbing or fluorescent properties.
• the invention is directed to the use of a non-dendritic peptide carrier as defined above as a scaffold for carrying other moieties by their covalent at ⁇ tachment to derivatizable groups of the said peptide.
• the derivatizable group is in one embodiment selected from an ⁇ - amino group, an e-amino group of K, a chemically prepared derivative of an e-amino group of K, and a thiol group from the side-chain of C.
• the invention is directed to the use of a non-dendritic peptide carrier as defined above as a scaffold for the production of chemical derivatives, characterised by covalently attached molecules at the at ⁇ tachment points.
• the molecules may be selected from peptides, carbohydrates, haptens, glycopeptides, lipopeptides, DNA, RNA, PNA, proteins and glycoproteins and combinations there ⁇ of.
• the invention is directed to the use of a non-dendritic peptide carrier as defined above coupled to a solid phase as a solid-phase complex scaffold for the stepwise conventional Fmoc- or Boc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis for the stepwise synthesis of peptide moieties with defined sequences on the attachment-points of the solid-phase bound peptide followed by specific cleavage of the whole complex from the solid phase.
• Components which can be coupled on the non-dendritic peptide carrier according to the uses defined above may be selected from chemically synthesized protected peptides, chemically synthesized unprotected peptides, recombinant synthesized peptides, naturally-derived peptides, naturally-derived or synthetic carbohydrates, naturally-derived or synthetic glycopeptides, naturally-derived or synthetic lipopeptides, naturally-derived or synthetic nucleic acids, naturally- derived or synthetic ribonucleic acids, peptide nucleic acids, haptens or other antigens or non-antigens, or other amino-, carboxylate-, haloacetyl-, maleimide-, thiol-, 1,2- thiol-amino- , hydroxylamine-, ⁇ -oxoacyl-, carbonyl-, and acylhydrazine-reactive substances and mixtures thereof.
• the non-dendritic peptide carriers of this invention can also be used for the production of structured synthetic peptide libraries which in contrast to normal peptide libraries is characterized by a higher degree of conformational definition achieved by a structure-supporting framework in the present invention provided by the non-dendritic peptide carrier.
• the libraries that can be achieved by the pres ⁇ ent invention can be used for immunization.
• one par ⁇ ticular aspect of peptide libraries derived from non- dendritic peptide carriers according to the present invention is that a structured library is obtained which is recognized easily by natural antibodies.
• the library can be used for immunization with the aim of achieving broad protec ⁇ tion e.g. against a range of pathogenic virus variants.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier can be used in standard methods of preparing peptide libraries, including the split- combine approach which results in a population of derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier molecules in which only ident ⁇ ical branch peptides are coupled to the same non-dendritic peptide carrier molecule.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier according to the invention may be used as a scaffold for the coupling of one or more components selected from chemically synthesized protected peptides, chemically synthesized unprotected peptides, recom ⁇ binant synthesized peptides, naturally-derived peptides, cyclic peptides, naturally-derived or synthetic carbohy ⁇ drates, naturally-derived or synthetic glycopeptides, nat ⁇ urally-derived or synthetic lipopeptides, naturally-derived or synthetic nucleic acids, naturally-derived or synthetic ribonucleic acids, peptide nucleic acids, haptens or other antigens or non-antigens, or other amino-, carboxylate-, haloacetyl-, maleimide-, thiol-, 1,2-thiol-amino- , hydroxylamine-, ⁇ -oxoacyl-, carbonyl-, and acylhydrazine- reactive substances and mixtures
• This use as a scaffold can be performed when the non-dendritic peptide carrier is liberated from the solid phase. However, it is preferred that the coupling of one or more components as mentioned above is performed with the non-dendritic peptide carrier still attached to the solid phase.
• the peptide carrier-solid phase complex according to the invention may also be used as a scaffold for the attachment of moieties through the C-terminally located carboxylic acids in the said peptide carrier-solid phase complex, said attached moieties being typically amine-containg compounds, most typically synthetic or natural peptides or proteins with which a selective coupling through their amino groups can be achieved by known methods for conjugating peptides and pro ⁇ teins to proteins, then cleaving off protecting groups of the backbone lipopeptide as well as of the coupled peptides if any, followed by liberation of the whole complex.
• a further method of using the non- endritic peptide carrier- solid phase complex according to the invention is by combina- ting it with a free peptide acid preferably comprising 5-20 amino acids and containing a lipidic moiety located at the N- terminus or near the N-terminus, said lipidic moiety being preferably palmitic or myristic acid, said peptide further carrying no other free functional groups than the C-terminus carboxylic acid.
• the method comprises coupling, preferably by sequential peptide synthesis a target peptide to the peptide carrier-solid phase complex, terminating the synthesis by coupling the free lipopeptide to the ⁇ -amino group of the solid-phase bound peptide and subsequently cleaving off protecting groups and liberating the whole complex, which then, upon liberation will expose the synthesized target peptide as a loop.
• the peptide structure may be stabilized by including a moiety bridging the two ends of the peptide by a structure selected from an intramolecular lactam-linkage, an intramolecular S-S-linkage and a suitable bifunctional spacer molecule.
• the lipopeptide hydrazide deriving from hydrazine-cleavage of peptide carrier-solid phase complex may be used for coupling aldehyde-containing compounds, such as reducing carbohydrates which may be naturally-occuring or synthetic carbohydrates or such carbohydrates mildly oxidized to accomplish ring open ⁇ ing, said method consisting of mixing said reducing carbohy ⁇ drate with the lipopeptide hydrazide.
• aldehyde-containing compounds such as reducing carbohydrates which may be naturally-occuring or synthetic carbohydrates or such carbohydrates mildly oxidized to accomplish ring open ⁇ ing
• Glycoconjugates chosen from glycoproteins, glycopeptides or glycolipids, which may be glycosylated immunomodulatory glycoconjugates selected from interleukin 6, interferon-7, other glycosylated cytokines and immunoglobulins may be coupled selectively through its carbohydrate moiety to the hydrazide group of the free lipopeptide by the above method.
• a non-dendritic peptide carrier immunogen complex may be incorporated into Immunostimulating Complexes (Iscoms) or liposomes by virtue of the lipidic moiety resulting in a non- dendritic peptide carrier-Iscom complex.
• Iscoms Immunostimulating Complexes
• Two or more different complexes may be incorporated into the same Iscom or liposome.
• the complexes may be used for the preparation of a vaccine.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier according to the invention is non-cyclic.
• the present invention relates to a method for preparing a non-dendritic peptide carrier comprising an immunogenic substance coupled thereon comprising the steps of
• step ii) synthesizing the immunogenic substance directly on the non-dendritic peptide carrier, and iii) cleaving the non-dendritic peptide carrier from the solid phase.
• step ii) may further comprise covalent attaching other moieties to the peptide carrier by use of derivatizable groups thereon.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier according to the invention may also be used as a scaffold for the production of chemical derivatives, characterised by covalently attached molecules at the attachment points, the molecules being selected from peptides, carbohydrates, haptens, glycopeptides, lipopepti ⁇ des, DNA, RNA, PNA, proteins and glycoproteins and combina ⁇ tions thereof.
• the scaffold-peptide complex may be incorporated into Immunostimulating Complexes (Iscoms) by use of a lipidic moiety resulting in a non-dendritic peptide carrier-Iscom complex. Two or more different complexes may be incorporated into the same Iscom.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier as defined above is suit ⁇ able as a diagnostic component for detecting a molecule or a substance as one or more diagnostic agents, e.g an antigen or antibody such as a polypeptide, lipopolypeptide, a glycopoly- peptide, a phospholipid, a carbohydrate, a lipopolysaccharide or a nucleotide sequence (including a DNA sequence, an RNA sequence, or any modification thereof) , PNA or any combina ⁇ tions or modifications thereof which may be linked to the carrier.
• the diagnostic component may comprise at least two different diagnostic agents capable of detecting the same or different molecules.
• Such a diagnostic component may be used use in vivo directly in an animal or in vitro by use of a sample.
• the diagnostic agent is used in an amount which is effective to detectably react with said molecule to be detected and to which the diagnostic agent is capable of binding.
• the diag ⁇ nostic component is used for detection a molecule by incubat ⁇ ing the diagnostic component with the molecule for a time sufficient for the diagnostic component, e.g. in a suitable composition to react with the subject and forming a complex and detecting the presence of bound molecule by subjecting said complex to a detecting means.
• the diagnostic component be used according to the invention for detection of a molecule derived from or indicative of pregnancy, of a disease, such as an infectious disease, an autoimmune disease, a cancerous disease or any other disease wherein an indicative molecule is known, e.g by use of a sample derived from tissue including a biopsy or tissue extract, a cell culture or the animal, including a human being.
• a sample may be derived from serum, plasma, whole blood, cerebrospinal fluid, seminal or vaginal fluids, exudates, saliva, urine, faeces, or the like.
• the diagnostic component is administered directly to the aminal in which the diagnostic agent is complementary to a molecule present in the animal and indica ⁇ tive of the disease or pregnancy of said animal.
• the derivatized non-dendritic peptide carriers according to the invention is used for the selection of specifically peptide binding oligo ⁇ nucleotides, especially oligoribonucleotides ("aptamers") .
• aptamers oligoribonucleotides
• Such aptamers have been shown to be able to bind specifically and with high affinity to specific peptides in an induced-fit mode resembling antibody binding (Xu 1996) .
• Anti-peptide aptamers are of interest as an alternative to antibodies in diagnostic assays and in therapy based on binding to and blocking of e.g. virus-derived mRNA-binding proteins.
• Ap ⁇ tamers are selected in an in vi tro process from a large pool of random oligonucleotides by their binding to the solid- phase coupled peptide.
• the derivatized non-dendritic peptide carriers which are objects of this invention, it is believed that better and more specifically binding aptamers can be selected as the peptide is presented in a more well- defined and structure-supported way.
• the selection procedure itself is simplified as the solid-phase coupled complex is used directly.
• the present invention relates to a vaccine component comprising a non- dendritic peptide carrier as defined above on which at least one immunogenic agent or mediator is attached.
• the immunogenic agent may be a polypeptide, a glycopeptide, a lipopeptide, a phospholipid, a polysaccharide, a lipopolysac ⁇ caride, a carbohydrate, a nucleotide sequence, PNA or any combination or modifications thereof.
• at least one mediator capable of affecting the immunogenic effect of the vaccine component or the reaction of the immune system exposed to the vaccine component may also be linked or form part of the peptide carrier.
• mediators examples include a tuftsin, an immunomodu ⁇ lator including a cytokine such as an interleukin or interferon, an enhancer, or a part or modification of the above having mediator activity.
• the mediator may be nat ⁇ urally, synthetically or recombinantly derived.
• the vaccine component is attached to a second carrier, such as an Immunostimulating Complex (Iscom) or liposome, optionally in combination with a mediator or a part thereof having mediator activity and attached to the non-dendritic peptide carrier and/or second carrier.
• a second carrier such as an Immunostimulating Complex (Iscom) or liposome
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier of this invention may also be used with other secondary carriers, including proteinoid microspheres constituted of derivatised alpha-amino acids (Haas 1996) and poly(lactide-coglycolide) polymer slow release biodegradable microparticles (PLG) (Ertl 1996) .
• Proteinoid microspheres are prepared by derivatized alpha- amino acids that spontaneously form microspheres at low pH and encapsulate antigens by simple mixing of the amino acids with the antigen followed by acidification (Haas 1996) .
• PLG an emulsion of the PLG and the antigen is formed fol- lowed by lyophilization (Ertl 1996) .
• the particles preferably have diameters from 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m, preferably from 0.5 to 2 ⁇ m and in both cases are biodegradable.
• Such particulate formulations have the advantage that they may be administered orally and are immunogenic by oral admin ⁇ istration.
• the invention also relates to a vaccine composition
• a vaccine composition compris ⁇ ing at least one vaccine component as defined above.
• the composition preferable comprises an effective amount of the vaccine component to confer increased resistance to one or more infection(s) in the animal, the composition optionally further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle, enhancers or adjuvants.
• an adjuvant is the combination of the non-dendritic carrier peptide combined with Schiff-base- forming components which are known to act like adjuvants and enhance the Schiff-base formation between carbonyl-groups and amino groups on antigen-presenting cells and T-cells occuring during a natural response (Gao 1990) .
• This can be done by including a Schiff-base forming substance in the vaccine formulation directly activating T-cells by binding to amino- groups on their surface (Rhodes 1995a) or by administering simultaneously with the immunogenic sustance the two carbohy ⁇ drate-modifying enzymes neauraminidase and galactose oxidase ("NAGO" adjuvant) (Rhodes 1995b).
• a Schiff-base forming aldehyde as e.g. tucaresol (4(2- formyl-3-hydroxyphenoxymethyl)benzoic acid) is bound as an auxiliary moiety in the non-dendritic peptide carrier. This can be achieved by coupling to a selectively deprotected a ino-group in the non-dendritic peptide carrier through activation of the carboxylic acid in tucaresol.
• the vaccine composition according to the invention may be used for immunizing an animal including an human being by administering the vaccine composition nasally, subcutaneous ⁇ ly, intramuscularly or by any other convenient route.
• the present invention relates to a therapeutic component comprising a non-dendritic peptide carrier as defined above to which at least one therapeutic or prophylactic agent is attached, e.g as defined for the vac ⁇ cine component above.
• a therapeutic component according to the invention may further comprise at least one mediator, e.g as defined for the vaccine above, capable of controlling or enhancing the effect of the therapeutic or prophylactic agent linked to the carrier.
• the therapeutic component according to the invention may also comprise a second car ⁇ rier, such as an Immunostimulating Complex (Iscom) or liposome, optionally in combination with a mediator or a part thereof having mediator activity and attached to the non- dendritic peptide carrier and/or second carrier.
• a second car ⁇ rier such as an Immunostimulating Complex (Iscom) or liposome
• a therapeutic component according to the invention may also comprise a targeting molecule capable of binding to a target substance present at a specific location in the animal thereby direct ⁇ ing the therapeutic component to said specific location where the therapeutic component is to exert its effect.
• tar ⁇ geting molecule is e.g an antibody.
• the thera ⁇ cookeric component may be capable of preventing, including preventing relapse, or treating a disease or capable of preventing or disrupting pregnancy in an very effective way. Any disease wherein a target substance is identified may be treated according to the invention.
• diseases to which the invention is applicable include infectious diseases, cancerous diseases and autoimmune diseases.
• the pharmaceutical component may be used in a composition comprising the therapeutic component together with a pharma ⁇ ceutically acceptable carrier. Accordingly, the present invention also relates to a method of treatment and/or prevention of a disease, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition described above.
• the present invention also relates to a detecting component for detecting a molecule or a substance, the compo ⁇ nent comprising a non-dendritic peptide carrier as defined above to which a detecting agent is linked.
• Fig. IA shows a non-dendritic peptide carrier-solid phase complex before attachment of an immunogenic substance.
• Fig. IB shows another embodiment of a non-dendritic peptide carrier-solid phase complex in which an auxiliary segment has been attached.
• Fig. IC shows a branched peptide complex consisting of a non- dendritic peptide carrier-solid phase complex on which immunogenic branch peptides have been attached.
• Fig. ID shows a similar branched peptide complex as shown in Fig. IC which in addition comprises an auxiliary segment coupled to a double attachment point.
• Fig. IE shows a similar branched peptide complex as shown in Fig IC which but including an auxiliary segment coupled in a linear arrangement in the branch peptide.
• Fig. 2 shows HPLC-analysis of a backbone-peptide before (A) and after (B) coupling of palmitic acid (raw products) (see Example 1) .
• Fig. 3 shows Matrix-assisted Laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of palmitoylated backbone-peptide (HPLC-purified) prepared as described in Example 1, using a Fisons linear mode mass spectrometer, and alpha-cyano 4- hydroxy cinnamic acid as the matrix. The results are cali ⁇ brated and centroid adjusted.
• Fig. 4A and 4B show two dibranching linkers A and B respect ⁇ ively.
• Fig. 4C shows the structure of the tripalmitate moiety, N- palmitoyl-S- [2,3-bis (palmitoyl-oxy) - (2RS) ] -propyl- [R] -cyste- inyl.
• Fig. 4D shows a glycolic acid linker
• Fig. 5 shows antibody reactivity of a HIV-1 seropositive donor against dilution curves of peptide, gp4l (aa598-609), being tested alone and linked, respectively, to the non- dendritic peptide carrier as described in Example 19.
• Fig. 6 shows dilution curves of sera obtained from HIV-2 seropositive donors ( ) and HIV-2 seronegative donors
• Fig. 7 shows the results from fixed dilutions of sera obtained from a panel of HIV-2 seropositive and HIV-2 seronegative donors tested against the peptide coupled to a non-dendritic peptide carrier and alone (see Example 19) .
• the sera were also tested against recombinant protein HIV-2 gp36. All the seropositive donorsera were reactive in the assay while no reactivity was detectable with the seronegative control sera.
• Fig. 8 shows dilution curves of sera obtained from one HIV-2 seropositive donor and one HIV-2 seronegative donor tested against the gp36 peptide alone and coupled to a non-dendritic peptide carrier. The sera were also tested against recombi ⁇ nant protein HIV-2 gp36. The peptides, when coupled to the non-dendritic peptide carrier, were recognized at higher dilutions of the seropositive serum compared to the peptide alone, see Example 19.
• Fig. 9 shows that mice produced antibodies in response to the derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier EBA peptide-PPD conjugate after immunization by antibody production as described in Example 9. The strongest antibody response was detectable after 3 immunizations. Absorption to aluminium hydroxide enhanced antibody production after one immunization but not after two or three immunizations, (see Example 20)
• Fig. 10 shows that mice responded to the EBA peptide after immunization with the derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier EBA peptide alone intraperitoneally or after immuniz ⁇ ation with the derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier EBA peptide mixed with Freund's adjuvant subcutaneously. Levels of antibody reactivities were higher when mixing the branched peptide construct with Freund's adjuvant. (See Example 20)
• Fig. 11 shows that mice responded to the gpl20 peptide after immunization with this peptide derivatized to the non- dendritic peptide carrier and mixed with Freund's adjuvant subcutaneously. The strongest antibody response was detect ⁇ able after 3 immunizations, (see Example 20)
• Fig. 12 shows percentage inhibition of IL-6 secretion from human mononuclear cells stimulated with antigens from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum : ( ) inhibition by the beta-2-glycoprotein I peptide coupled to the non- dendritic peptide carrier; ( ) inhibition by the peptide alone. Means of 2 different experiments are shown, (see Example 22)
• Fig. 13 shows HPLC analysis of a non-dendritic peptide car ⁇ rier structure type 2 (see Table 1) derivatized with HIV gpl20-peptide.
• "X” is the injection peak
• "Y” is a system peak
• "P” is the desired product peak.
• Fig. 14 shows that mice produced IgGl in response to subcu ⁇ taneous immunization with the EBA peptide derivatized non- dendritic peptide carrier mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 15 shows that mice produced IgG2a in response to subcu ⁇ taneous immunization with the EBA peptide derivatized non- dendritic peptide carrier mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 16 shows that mice produced IgG to the LERLLL HIV-l gp41 peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the LERLLL HIV-l peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide car ⁇ rier mixed with HIV-l gpl20 (aal52-176) peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier peptide with and without Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 17 shows that mice produced IgG to recombinant HIV-l gpl20 in response to subcutaneous immunization with the HIV-l gpl20 (aal52-176) peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 18 shows that mice produced IgG to recombinant HIV-l gp41 in response to subcutaneous immunization with the LERLLL HIV-l peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier mixed with HIV-l gpl20 (aal52-176) peptide derivatized non- dendritic peptide carrier peptide with Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 19 shows that mice produced IgGl to HIV-l gpl20 (aal52- 176) peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the HIV-l (aal52-176) peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 20 shows that mice produced IgG2a to HIV-l gpl20 (aal52- 176) peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the HIV-l (aal52-176) peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 21 shows that mice produced IgGl to the LERLLL HIV-l gp41 peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the LERLLL HIV-l peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier mixed with HIV-l gpl20 (aal52-176) peptide derivatiz ⁇ ed non-dendritic peptide carrier peptide.
• Fig. 22 shows that mice produced IgG2a to the LERLLL HIV-l gp41 peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the LERLLL HIV-l peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier mixed with HIV-l gpl20 (aal52-176) peptide derivatiz ⁇ ed non-dendritic peptide carrier peptide.
• Fig. 23 shows inhibition of TNF secretion in vivo stimulated by LPS by CKNKEKKC- and KNGMLKGDKVS-derivatized non-dendritic peptide carriers.
• Fig. 24 shows that mice produced IgG in response to three subcutaneous immunizations with the EBA peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant but that the IgG response was d.minished by a fourth immunization with the EBA peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant and murine recombinant IL-10 compared to a fourth immunization with the EBA peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide car ⁇ rier mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant alone.
• Fig. 24 shows that mice produced IgG in response to three subcutaneous immunizations with the EBA peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant but that the IgG response was d.minished by a fourth immunization with the EBA peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide
• Fig. 26 shows that mice produced IgG2a to the LI leishmania peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the LI leishmania peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier with murine recombinant TNF or with Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 27 shows that mice produced IgGl to the LI leishmania peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the LI leishmania peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier with tuftsin or with Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 28 shows that mice produced no IgG2a to the LI leishmania peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the Ll leishmania peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier with tuftsin.
• Fig. 29 shows that mice produced IgGl to the Ll leishmania peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the Ll leishmania peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier with different gamma-interferon specific peptides or with Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 30 shows that mice produced IgG2a to the Ll leishmania peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the Ll leishmania peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier with different gamma-interferon specific peptides or with Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 31 shows that mice produced IgGl to the Ll leishmania peptide in response to intraperitoneal immunization with the Ll leishmania peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier with different gamma-interferon specific peptides.
• Fig. 32 shows that mice produced no IgG2a to the Ll leishmania peptide in response to intraperitoneal immuniz ⁇ ation with the Ll leishmania peptide derivatized non- dendritic peptide carrier with different gamma-interferon specific peptides.
• Fig. 33 shows that mice produced IgGl to the Ll leishmania peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the Ll leishmania peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier with recombinant TNF or a TNF specific peptide or with Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 34 shows that mice produced IgG2a to the Ll leishmania peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the Ll leishmania peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier with recombinant TNF or with Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 35 shows that mice produced IgGl to the L2 leishmania peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the L2 leishmania peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier with or without a TNF specific peptide or with and without tuftsin.
• Fig. 36 shows that mice produced IgG2a to the L2 leishmania peptide in response to one single subcutaneous immunization with the L2 leishmania peptide derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier with a TNF specific peptide.
• Fig. 37 shows that mice produced IgGl to the HIV-l gpl20 (aal52-176) peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the HIV-l gpl20 (aal52-176) peptide derivatized non- dendritic peptide carrier with a TNF specific peptide or with gamma-interferon specific peptides or with tuftsin.
• Fig. 38 shows that mice produced IgG2a to the HIV-l gpl20 (aal52-176) peptide in response to one and three subcutaneous immunizations with the HIV-l gpl20 (aal52-176) peptide deriv- atized non-dendritic peptide carrier with a TNF specific peptide or with gamma-interferon specific peptides.
• Fig. 39 shows that mice produced IgG to the HIV-l gpl20 (aal52-176) peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the HIV-l gpl20 (aal52-176) peptide derivatized non- dendritic peptide carrier with or without an IL-1 specific peptide or tuftsin or mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 40 shows that mice produced IgG to the HIV-l gpl20 (aal52-176) peptide in response to subcutaneous immunization with the HIV-l gpl20 (aal52-176) peptide derivatized non- dendritic peptide carrier with or without an IL-1 specific peptide.
• Fig. 41 shows the development of antibodies against Tbp- peptide after immunizations with peptide conjugated to PPD and with the peptide coupled to a non-dendritic peptide carrier (NDPC) with and without use of adjuvant.
• NDPC non-dendritic peptide carrier
• Fig. 42 shows the development of antibodies against PalA- peptide after immunizations with peptide conjugated to PPD and with the peptide coupled to a non-dendritic peptide carrier (NDPC) .
• NDPC non-dendritic peptide carrier
• Fig. 43 shows the reactivity of different constructs (back ⁇ bone structure numbers refer to Table 1) with a monoclonal antibody raised against PPD-coupled Tbp-peptide 4.
• the dif ⁇ ferent constructs were used for coating of the microtiter plate and then probed with the monoclonal antibody. The analysis was performed by ELISA.
• Aib alpha amino isobutyric acid.
• Aio allyloxycarbonyl.
• BCG Bacterin Calmette Guerin Boc: butyloxocarbonyl .
• BrAc bromoacetyl.
• CA citraconic anhydride.
• DCC dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.
• DCM dichloromethane.
• Dde 1- (4,4dimethyl-2, 6-dioxocyclohexylidine) ethyl.
• DMAP dimethylaminopyridine.
• DMSO dimethylsulfoxide.
• DSS disuccinimidyl suberate
• EBA erythrocyte binding antigen
• EDC 1-ethyl-3 [dimethyl (aminopropyl) ] carbodiimide
• ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
• Fmoc fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl.
• HOBt hydroxybenzotriazole.
• HMB 4-hydroxymethyl benzoic acid.
• HMPA 4-hydroxymethyl phenoxyacetic acid.
• IFN interferon IL: interleukin i.p.: intraperitoneally
• SPDP N-succinimidyl 3- (2-pyridyldithio) propionate.
• TBTU 2- (lH-benzotriazol-1-yl) -1,1,3, 3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate.
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid.
• palm palmitoyl residue (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 14 C0-) .
• Histidine residues were included to support helix-formation upon divalent metal-ion chelation, and tyrosine was included as a 280 nm reporter group.
• the peptide corresponds to two turns of an ⁇ -helix with a loosely structured hydrophilic C-ter ⁇ minal stretch (GKGKY) .
• the amino acids used were ⁇ - amino-Fmoc-protected derivatives with the following side- chain protections: Asn, Cys, Gin, His: trityl (Trt), Lys, Trp: butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) , Glu, Asp, Ser, Thr and Tyr: tertbutyl (tBu) , Arg: 2,2,4,6,7-pentamethyl dihydrobenzofur- an-sulfonyl (Pbf) .
• Peptide synthesis was performed on a Mark- Ill peptide synthesizer from Schafer-N (Copenhagen) using dedicated software. All operations were performed in a fume hood.
• the quantitative Kaiser test (Kaiser 1970) was used to detect free amino groups. Measurement of liberated Fmoc (after piperidine) was done at 301 nm as described by Grant (1992) using the formula [E 301 x dil. x vol.]/ [10 x weight gram ] ( ⁇ mol/g), where dil. and vol. are the dilution and the volume, respectively, of the sample used for measurement. Weight is the weight of the peptide-resin from which the Fmoc-group is derived.
• Palmitic acid corresponding to 10 times the ⁇ -amino groups on the peptide-resin was mixed with TBTU, HOBt and NMM (1/1/2 (mol/- mol/mol) corresponding to the palmitic acid) in NMP and activated by shaking at RT for 10 minutes before incubating with the peptide-resin for 30 minutes at RT.
• the Kaiser test yielded a clear colourless solution and a small sample was retained for analysis (peptide after palmitoylation, Fig. 2B) .
• the peptide resin was washed with NMP, 2-propanol, and DCM.
• branches side-chain antigens
• e-amino-protecting Boc-groups in lysine were removed by treatment with 6 x 5 ml 50% TFA in DCM for 6 x 30 minutes in a closed bottle with shaking at RT. This was followed by washing the resin on a filter with DCM, 4% NMM in NMP, NMP, water, and ether.
• the peptide-resin was ready for coupling of branch-antigens (see examples below), and the Kaiser test was deep blue. Coupling of a protected amino acid to these attachment points was performed by the normal activation chemistry and yielded a clear peptide-resin by the Kaiser test.
• the two peptide- resin samples (the non-palmitoylated sample and the finished lipopeptide-resin) were treated to remove side-chain protect ⁇ ing groups as above and then cleaved from the resin in the following way:
• the peptide resin (100 mg) was treated with 5 ml 1 M NaOH for 10 minutes on ice in an ultrasonic water bath. The resin was then filtered off and the filtrate was collected in 0.1 M acetic acid on ice. This was repeated and followed by 2 times water (MilliQ) incubations for 2 x 10 minutes and 100% acetonitrile in the same way, collecting all filtrates separ ⁇ ately in acetic acid. These fractions were then analysed for peptide-yield and purity by HPLC, and relevant fractions were pooled, desalted by preparative reverse-phase HPLC (see Example 5) , and freeze-dried. The non-palmitoylated peptide was predominantly found in the first NaOH-wash, while the palmitoylated peptide was found in both NaOH-washes.
• HPLC- analysis Solvent A: 0.1% TFA/10% acetonitrile in milliQ water, solvent B: 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile. Flow. 1 ml/min.
• the effluent was monitored at 220 nm on a Varian 9050 detector. Data were collected by Varian Star chromatography software. Load: 50 ⁇ l 1 mg/ml, freeze- dried, desalted raw-product pool. The main impurities in the palmitoylated peptide derived from incomplete palmitoylation. The palmitate-coupled non-dendritic peptide elutes consider ⁇ ably later than the non-palmitoylated control-peptide (in this HPLC-gradient around 5 minutes later, the HPLC-analysis is disclosed in Fig. 2) . Typical raw product yields were around 80% and desalting yields also around 80%.
• Matrix-assisted Laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of the products yielded a molecular ion with a mass corresponding well to the expected mass (within 2 D from the expected mass of 2473.1 for the palmitoylated product, see Fig. 3) .
• Various analyses for the secondary structure and the aggregation state of the non-dendritic peptide including chelation of Zn++- and Co++-ions and spectrocopy, circular dichroism, tyrosine fluorescence qu ⁇ enching, and gel filtration, are to be performed.
• the non-dendritic peptide derivatized resin was washed, dried, and stored and used directly for standard peptide synthesis of branch peptides or used for coupling of presyn- thesized peptides or other whole molecules.
• An equally useful peptide was obtained by replacing the double-histidine chelating site using A at these positions.
• the peptide will be synthesized using the modified Rink linker (4- (2' ,4' -dimethoxyphenyl Fmoc-aminomethyl)phenoxy acetic acid) and the amino acid derivatives listed above.
• Boc will be removed from K by 25% TFA in DCM by a 3 x 10 minutes treatment. This does not affect the binding to the modified Rink linker. This leads to a final, preferred peptide amide product.
• the cleavage and work- up procedure is simpler than with the 4-hydroxymethyl benzoic acid linker described above.
• the modified Rink- linker is stable to hydrazine, allowing extensive use of Dde- protection (see below) .
• alpha-amino lipid- coupling and selective lysine-side chain demasking, synthesis or coupling of branch peptides or moieties can then be accom ⁇ plished with no risk of interference from unmasked functional groups in the side chains of other amino acids in the back ⁇ bone peptide, especially the carboxylic acid deriving from E.
• the change to a selectively cleavable protecting group for side-chain amino groups decreases the heterogeneity in the raw product of the final side-chain derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier (see Example 5) , because of the exclusion of the possibility of lactam-formation between free side-chain carboxylic groups being activated by TBTU/HOBt/NMM from the branch peptide synthesis and reacting with the deprotected amino groups of the peptide carrier and of the side-chain peptide being synthesized.
• selective chemistry allows the deprotection of only a part of the lysine epsilon amino groups present, retaining the charge on the lysines taking part in the stabilization of the amphipathic helix (Table 1, structure nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, see below) and/or allowing the inclusion of stimulatory peptides not to be side-chain deriv ⁇ atized (Fig. 1, structure nos. 4 and 5).
• a non-dendritic peptide carrier contain ⁇ ing only a single class of attachment sites was synthesized on the acid-labile modified Rink-linker in combination with either hyper acid-labile side-chain amino-protecting groups (methyltrityl- (Mtt-) group, structure nos. 3 and 6) or the hydrazine-labile Dde-group (1- (4,4-dimethyl 2,6-dioxocyclo- hexylidine) -ethyl) (structures 2, 4, 5).
• the modified Rink-resin (4- (2' ,4' -dimethoxyphenyl-Fmoc-aminomethyl) phe- noxyacetamido-norleucyl methylbenzhydrylamine polystyrene) , Novabiochem 01-64-0037) was treated with 20% piperidine in NMP for 2 x 5 minutes, washed with NMP and coupled with the amino acid in a molar surplus of 8 times using TBTU/HOBt/NMM activation for 10 minutes and coupling for 30 minutes at RT. After a second coupling using the same conditions, the coup ⁇ ling yields were typically from 80-90%.
• Mtt 1% TFA in 5% triisopropylsilane in DCM, 3 x 5 minutes treatment. Liberated Mtt was monitored at 470 nm.
• the yield of side-chain attachment points were generally from 60-80 %.
• a number of heptad-containing model non-dendritic peptide carriers will also be synthesized, in which two types of protections for lysine were employed; a selectively cleavable one for attachment-point lysines, which includes only lysines at the "c"-positions in the heptads and Boc-protected lysines at the "g"-positions. This allows derivatization at the "c"- positions and, at the same time, retention of charge at the "g"-positions. Also, another design will be used in which an additional selectively deblockable K-residue will be intro ⁇ poker at the f-positions.
• K the following model peptides will synthesized with the selectively deblockable lysine residues being denoted K: VAKLEAKVAKLEAK (1) VAKLEAKVAKLEAK (2) VAKLEKKVAKLEKK (3)
• Helix- as well as homodimer-formation is expected to decrease in the derivatized peptide (2) compared to the two other peptides, which are expected to be good alpha-helix- and dimer-formers even after side-chain derivatisation.
• peptides (1) and (3) are expected to present the side-chain peptides more efficiently to the monoclonal antibody, result ⁇ ing in a more efficient recognition in an indirect ELISA than peptide 2.
• variants include a peptide carrier that is lactam-stabilized by sub ⁇ stituting the histidine pair with a lysine-glutamic acid pair and, subsequently, allowing their side-chains to react by selectively deprotecting the side-chains; another variant is substituted with secondary structure nucleators at the attac ⁇ hment points; yet another variant will be synthesized on a dibranched linker molecule, yielding a non-dendritic peptide consisting of two peptide chains held together at their C- terminal; also, a variant with the tripalmitate structure of Fig. 3 instead of a linear palmitate will be synthesized.
• non-dendritic carrier peptide in which the palmitate is attached by a thioester linkage to the side- chain thiol group in a N-terminal cysteine will be syn ⁇ thesized and used for immunization experiments.
• NDPC non-dendritic peptide carrier
• HMPA 4-hydroxymethylphenoxy acetic acid
• HMB base-labile 4-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid
• NDPC non- dendritic peptide carrier
• a Novasyn base resin will be partially substituted by the HMPA-linker by incubation of the resin with TBTU/HOBt/NMM-activated linker in a 0.1 molar ratio to the number of amino groups on the resin, coupling in NMP for 1 x 30 minutes at room temperature under shaking. Then the resin will be washed with NMP, and the remaining amino groups will be blocked by a 5 times molar surplus of Fmoc-norleucine activated as above for 2 x 30 minutes at room temperature with shaking.
• Boc- glycine wi' " be coupled to the free hydroxyl-group of the HMPA-linke by a mesitylene/imidazole coupling (see Example 1) .
• the ⁇ -amino group of the Fmoc-L will be removed by 20% piperidine in NMP.
• the HMB-linker will be attached by activation and coupling twice as described above with 5 times molar surplus.
• the NDPC will be synthesized on this solid phase as detailed in Example 1. Side-chain protecting groups as well as the Boc-G coupled to the HMPA-linker will be cleaved by 95% TFA in water.
• HMPA is now ready for coupling another amino acid as an ester.
• the resulting solid phase can be used for the simultaneous synthesis of the free peptide and the peptide- derivatized NDPC, the former being liberated and deprotected in one step by TFA-treatment (95% TFA in water) , while the derivatized NDPC is only released by base-treatment (see Example 1) .
• the resin will be partially substituted by a Fmoc-protected RINK-linker by incubating the resin with TBTU/HOBt/NMM-activated linker in a 0.1 molar ratio to the number of amino groups on the resin, coupling in NMP for 30 minutes (once) at room temperature with shaking. Subsequently, the HMB-linker will be coupled by activation as above to the rest of the available amino groups on the resin coupling twice (30 minutes, room temperature, shaking) with 5 times molar surplus.
• the Fmoc-group is removed from the Rink-linker by 20% piperidine/NMP, and a Boc-G is coupled to the free amino group by TBTU/HOBt/NMM activation chemistry. These coupling conditions favour coup ⁇ ling to the amino groups compared to esterification to the hydroxyl-groups of the HMB-linker.
• the NDPC is now syn ⁇ thesized on this solid phase as shown in Example 1.
• the Boc-groups pro ⁇ tecting the e-amino group of the backbone lysines as well as the Boc-group of the Rink-linker-bound G will be removed.
• the resulting solid phase can be used for the simultaneous syn ⁇ thesis of the free peptide and the peptide-derivatized NDPC, the former being liberated and deprotected by extensive TFA- treatment (95% TFA in water) , while the derivatized NDPC is only released by base-treatment (see Example 1) .
• the free peptide will be extended in the carboxylic end by one glycine residue.
• Loops are very common and easily distinguishable features of most proteins of which the tertiary structure is known. Moreover, such loops often constitute immunodominant parts of the protein, and a method for their easy and general prepara ⁇ tion in a loop-inducing set-up is therefore highly interest ⁇ ing. As an example, this can be done by synthesizing a first non-dendritic building block, palmitoylated tetrapeptide PC(Trt)K(Palm)L, on a Novasyn KB resin by the solid-phase method detailed in Example 1. The Fmoc-group will be left on K, and the e-amino group will be deprotected by treatment with 50% TFA in DCM as in Example 1.
• Palmitic acid will be coupled to this amino group as described in Example 1, the completeness of coupling being followed by the Kaiser test.
• the ⁇ amino Fmoc-group will be cleaved and the rest of the peptide will be synthesized.
• the peptide will be left on the resin after cleavage of the last Fmoc-group.
• the other building block could be an identical peptide but soluble and cleaved from the resin by NaOH-treat ⁇ ment as described in Example 1, but not deprotected by acid and still containing the last Fmoc-group.
• Palm-PC(Trt)LG will also be synthesized.
• Palm-PK(BrAc)LB will be synthesized, in which BrAc is a bromoacetyl moiety introduced by reacting the 6-amino group of the K residue with bromoacetic acid after side-chain deprotection with TFA/DCM.
• target peptides to be included will be peptides corresponding to loops in human IL-13 (LQGQDMEQQV (aa31-40 in the circulating form of the protein) , DPKNYPKKKMEKRF (aa86-99 in the circulating form of the protein), VQGEESNDK (aa47-55 in the circulating form of the protein) , GGTKGGQDIT (aal35- 144 in the circulating form of the protein and the correspon- ding loops in porcine interleukin-1 / 5) are now synthesized on the free alpha-amino group of the solid-phase bound peptide by standard methods (Example 1) .
• target peptides contain ⁇ ing cysteine
• target peptide C will be protected orthogonally to C(Trt).
• the free building block will be activated in a big molar surplus (10 times) and coupled with TBTU/HOBt/NMM in NMP to the solid-phase bound peptide as described in Example 1 for palmitic acid until the Kaiser test is negative.
• the Fmoc-group and side-chain protecting groups will be removed as described in Example 1, and cycliz ⁇ ation on the resin will be done by oxidation with I 2 /NMP until a negative Ellman-reaction (Ellman, 1959) .
• Examples to be perfomed include lactam-bridge formation between glutamic acid or aspartic acid and lysine. After synthesis and cleavage, peptides will be analysed on HPLC as described in Example l. Cyclic peptides are expected to elute before the corresponding linear ones.
• the HMB-linker allows the preparation of peptide hydrazides (C-acyl-hydrazines) by cleavage with hydrazine.
• Peptide hydrazide is an excellent reagent for coupling mildly oxi ⁇ dized or reducing carbohydrates or carbohydrate-containing compounds, e.g. glycoproteins.
• An example of the possible synthesis of such a peptide is as follows:
• a peptide such as the ones listed below, will be synthesized as described in Example 1 and derivatized with o;-N-terminal palmitic acid before deprotection with 50% hydrazine-hydrate in dioxane/methanol (9/1) for 2 hours at 4°C, followed by filtration, wash in the same solvent and neutralization of the filtrate, evaporation, and finally dissolution in water and lyophilization (NovaBiochem 1994) .
• the peptide will be selected from the following:
• a general T-cell stimulatory peptide such as QYIKANSKFIG ⁇ ITE (tetanus toxoid 830-843) , FNNFTVSFWHRVKVSASHLE (teta ⁇ nus toxoid 947-967) , DQVHFQPLPPAWKLSDALI (Mycobacterium tuberculosis 38 kD antigen 350-369) , DIEKKIAKMEKASSV- FNWNS (Plasmodium fal ciparum circumsporozoite protein 378-398), KLLSLIKGVIVHRLEGVE (measles virus F-protein 286-302), LDNIKGNVGKMEDYIKKNNK ( Plasmodium falciparum MSP-1, 260-279) , and polyepitope constructs consisting of a linear covalent arrangement of a number of different T- cell epitopes without flanking sequences (see Thomson 1995) ; a generally stimulating peptide such as tuft
• the hydrazide anchoring peptide will then be desalted, freeze-dried, and used for conjugating a carbohy ⁇ drate with accessible carbonyl groups either obtained by controlled mild oxidation by periodate or provided by the reducing end of the carbohydrate (see Example 10) .
• the non-dendritic backbone peptide carrier coupled to the solid phase can be used directly for conventional solid-phase peptide synthesis.
• One way of doing this is to use conven ⁇ tional sequential petide synthesis methodology, using Fmoc- based chemistry on base- or acid-cleavable backbone-peptides of the types described in Example l.
• a Novasyn KB resin derivatized with the backbone lipopeptide of Example l (Table 1, structure l) was estimated to contain a maximum of 6 times the original amino groups as 6 e-amino groups are introduced at each amino group on the resin.
• 150 mg derivatized resin, corresponding to 100 mg original resin was used for synthesis using standard Fmoc-chemistry and TBTU/HOBt/NMM preactivation as described in Example 1. After synthesis, the last Fmoc-group and side-chain protecting groups were removed, and the whole branched peptide complex was cleaved from the solid phase by the standard treatments described in Example 1.
• Peptide-containing fractions were desalted as a pool by semi-preparative chromatography on a Waters PrepPak 25 x 10 cartridge holder containing a radially compressed Delta-Pak C18 300 A cartridge at 10 ml/min using two Jasco PU880 pumps and a step-gradient, eluting at 100% acetonitril/TFA, collecting the complete peptide peak and freeze-drying.
• the freeze-dried material was highly soluble in aqueous buffers.
• HPLC analysis showed that the branched lipopeptide complex had a lower retention time than the free lipopeptide-backbone alone.
• Mass spectrometry as well as a calculation of the actual number of branches obtained in the synthesis were performed. The calculation being based on the E 2 go of a known concentration of the branched peptide, com ⁇ pared to its theoretical Y/W-content and molecular weight, will be performed.
• a modified Rink-MBHA- resin was used for the synthesis in combination with the selective chemistries mentioned in Example 1, i.e. Mtt- and/or Dde-protected lysine in addition to standard Boc- protected lysine.
• the principles of branch-peptide synthesis are as above, the only difference being the simpler TFA- cleavage and work-up procedure (see Example 1) and, of course, that attachment points are created by selective deblocking.
• Leishmania peptides (on backbone no. 6 (Table 1)) YDQLVTRWTHEMAHA EAEEAARLQA
• Tbp-2 Transferin-binding protein type 2 SGGKGSFDLEDV (peptide 1) AELGGQFHHKSENG (peptide 4)
• More complex structures were synthesized in which the non- dendritic peptide carrier contained two or more different side-chain protecting groups for lysine e-amino groups.
• structure no. 7 in Table 1 was synthesized.
• side-chain Mtt-groups were removed by 1% TFA/5% TIS in DCM, followed by attachment of branch peptides either by sequential synthesis or by en bloc couplings.
• the alpha-amino groups of the side-chain peptides were acetylated with acetic anhydride.
• the Dde-group was removed by 2% hydrazine in NMP and the liberated amino-group was derivatiz ⁇ ed with SPDP. Finally, this was coupled with a cysteine- extended peptide.
• Lys(Dde) and Lys (Mtt) denote lysine residues protected by Dde and Mtt respectively during synthesis.
• IL-l ⁇ pep VQGEES ⁇ DK (II-l p (163-171) )
• IFN72 (95-133) : AKFEVNNPQVARAAFNELIRWHQLLPESSLRKRKRSRC
• TNF- ⁇ (70-80) (C)PSTHVLLTHTI gpl20: GEIKNCSFNISTSIRGKVQKEYEAFF
• Leishmania 1 YDQLVTRWTHEMAHA
• (C) denotes a cysteine residue, not part of the natural sequence, added for the purpose of coupling through SPDP (see Example 7) .
• the peptides will be analysed for purity by HPLC and the molecular weight will be analysed by mass spectrometry.
• the raw products are expected to contain easily identifiable and purifiable main peptide products (>60%) conforming to the molecular weights given above within 5 Da.
• the following peptides will be synthesized on a number of backbones including the types no. 3, 5, 6, and 7 depicted in Fig. 1:
• [QGPGAP] 4 (malarial circumsporozoite protein) GHPLQKTY (band-3 peptide) LTPLEELYP (band-3 peptide) KNGMLKGDKVS ( ⁇ 2 -glycoprotein-I peptide) CKNKEKKC ( ⁇ 2 -glycoprotein-I peptide)
• a model peptide GHPLQKTY was coupled to the non-dendritic backbone peptide solid phase complex by direct synthesis as above, and the Kaiser test was performed and the Fmoc value measured at each step throughout synthesis. It was observed that the maximum number of branches were more easily coupled with higher homogeneity with the low-loaded solid-phase complex.
• Multiplied attachment points are introduced by coupling Oj-Fmoc-K(e-Fmoc) to the non-dendritic backbone peptide car ⁇ rier amino groups.
• a multiplied attachment point may be introduced at any point during synthesis of branch-peptides, including after the first lysine, to provide a dendritic aspect to the attachment point.
• Coupling concentration of amino acids and coupling reagents should be adjusted accord ⁇ ing to the increased number of equivalents. Prolonged coup ⁇ ling times may be necessary in order to overcome the increased "crowdedness" of the backbone.
• a two turn ⁇ -helical amphipathic peptide containing Y [VYKLEAKVAKLEAK] will be synthesized on a normal non-dendritic peptide carrier backbone as well as to a double-attachment point substituted backbone by the methods outlined above. Fmoc-values will be determined and the Kaiser test will be performed after all coupling steps. The E 280 of the final product will also be measured and compared to the theoretical value derived from the knowledge of the number of tyrosine residues in the molecule (see Perkins 1986) . Final ⁇ ly, mass spectrometry and circular dichroism will be per ⁇ formed.
• lysine with an e-amino protection group that is stable both to TFA and to piperidine.
• One such group is Dde ( (1- (4,4-dimethyl-2,6- dioxocyclohexylidine) -ethyl) which is cleaved by 2% hydrazine in NMP.
• Another such group is Aloe (allyloxy- carbonyl) which is cleaved by Pd(0) -catalyzed hydrogena ⁇ tion.
• peptides or polypeptides may be included in a branched peptide complex using a non-dendritic backbone peptide, intro ⁇ quizzed by -differently protected attachment points (two different peptides) .
• the non-dendritic backbone peptide according to Example 1 was synthesized with a C-terminal extension consisting of the IL-l-jS peptide VQGEESNDK, with a Dde-protected lysine (see Example 1, Table 1, structure nos. 4 and 5).
• This backbone peptide was then used to couple the antigenic HIV gpl20 peptide, GEIKNCSF ⁇ NISTSIRGKVQKEYAFF (see Example 5) by direct synthesis and compared with the same construct without the IL-l- peptide extension in the immunization experiment in examples below.
• a T-cell stimulatory peptide included in the list given in Example 4 will first be synthesised on the ⁇ -amino group, followed by palmitoylation and synthesis of an antigenic peptide on the e-amino groups.
• T-cell stimulatory peptide QYIKANSKFIGITE Tetanus toxoid 830- 843
• GEIKNCSFNISTSIRGKVQKEYAFF HV gpl20 peptide
• the same antigenic peptide will be coupled in combination with the IL-l-jS-derived stimulatory peptide VQGEESNDK.
• the peptide to be coupled will be synthesized, using Fmoc-chemistry on Novasyn KB, and cleaved from this solid-phase in its side-chain, and ⁇ -amino blocked form by aqueous base treatment leaving out piperidine- and TFA-treatments.
• This blocked peptide will be used directly without further purification, preactivated by TBTU/HOBT/NMM in NMP, and subsequently incubated in 10 times molar excess with the backbone peptide on the solid phase, until the Kaiser test is negative.
• coupling will be repeated with a new portion of activated, blocked peptide.
• the peptide to be coupled will be syn ⁇ thesized on the very acid-labile 3- (amino-4-methoxybenzyl) - 4,6-dimethoxyphenyl-propionic acid linker coupled to a Nova ⁇ syn base solid-phase, including a final piperidin-cleavage of the ⁇ -amino Fmoc-group, yielding the side-chain protected peptide as the amide.
• This peptide will be coupled to the amino groups of a solid- phase bound standard non-dendritic backbone peptide carrier by glutaraldehyde or by EDC (see Example 7) , washed, cleaved, and purified.
• Preferred temporary protection methods include citraconylati- on (primary amino group protection, the protecting group being released by low pH) and Fmoc-derivatization by Fmoc- succinimide (primary amino group protection, the protecting group being released by piperidine) .
• presynthesized peptides will be dissolved to 2 mg/ml in 0.1 M NaHC0 3 , pH 9, and 10 ⁇ l pr ml citraconic anhydride (CA) will be added, and the pH readjusted to 9 with IM NaOH, followed by another addition of CA. This will be repeated until the pH remained stable upon addition of CA. Incubation will then be performed overnight at 4°C. Then 10 mg EDC (l-ethyl-3 [dimethyl (a inopropyl) ] carbodiimide, (from Pierce Ltd.)) will be added per mg peptide and incu ⁇ bated for 10 minutes before addition of a non-dendritic backbone peptide carrier, still attached to the solid phase. Subsequently, this suspension will be allowed to react under agitation for 2 hours at room temperature. The product will be worked up, using the procedure outlined in Example 1
• temporary protection will be achieved by Fmoc, introduced as the succinimide (1 equivalent) to a 1 M solution of the peptide in carbonate (1 equivalent) in water/acetone (1/1, vol/vol) incubating overnight under stirring. Then pH will be adjusted to 2 with cone. HCl and acetone will be removed in vacuo. The product will be taken up in chloroform and washed with 0.1 M HCl and recovered from the organic phase.
• Cysteine can be included at any position in a synthetic or recombinant peptide as long as it does not interfere with the reactivity of the peptide. It can, of course, also be intro ⁇ quizzed in the backbone peptide, preferably by attaching it to the e-amino groups of the lysine residues. As shown in the examples below, this is important as the cysteine side-chain thiol group can be targeted selectively by a variety of chemical methods, leading to disulfide bonds or more stable thioether bonds, and even, in the special case of thiol reacting with thiocarboxyl, an amide bond is formed by rear ⁇ rangement.
• peptides to be coupled were syn ⁇ thesized with cysteine either at positions corresponding to cysteine positions in the natural sequence or in the part of the peptide that was preferred to be turned inward to the backbone peptide.
• the following peptides were coupled in this way to a non-dendritic peptide carrier, structure 1 (Table 1), or, in the case of IL-1, IFN ⁇ -1, IFN ⁇ -2, and TNFa, the lysine side-chain formerly protected with Dde in the struc ⁇ ture 7 non-dendritic peptide carrier of Table 1: VQGEESNDKC (IL-1/3) CVQGEESNDK (IL-1/3) CPSTHVLLTHTI (TNF ⁇ )
• HGTVIESLESLNNYFNSSGIDVEEKSLFLDI RNWQK(C) (IFN7-I) AKFEVNNPQVARAAFNELIRWHQLLPESSLRKRKRSRC (IFN ⁇ -2) CGMTAEDLQTRYN (PalA) CTEADYAKNRAVLEY (PalA) CSGGKGSFDLEDV (Tbp-2) CPKGGNYKYIGTWD (Tbp-2) NGSVGAVFGAK (Tbp-2) AELGGQFHHKSENG (Tbp-2) CASQRDRFQVHNPHENDA (SIF) CKSQSGIEKTTRILHHANISESTQQN (SIF) CQATAKMAEEQLTTLHVRSEQQS (SIF)
• these and other cysteine containing peptides will be coupled to a bromoacetyl-modified backbone peptide as thioethers.
• bromoacet- ylated peptides will also be coupled to a cysteine-derivatiz- ed backbone peptide; in these peptides, the bromoacetyl group will be introduced by bromoacetic anhydride (on primary amines, typically on the ⁇ -amino group) , or by using special amino acids (BBAL (Inman 1991) ) with bromoacetylated side- chains during synthesis, to include the functionality at any site in the chain.
• BBAL Inman 1991
• bromoacetic anhydride natural peptide fragments will also be coupled, ensuring ⁇ - amino reactivity of the bromoacetic anhydride by keeping the pH at 6.0, performing the reaction in aqueous buffer at 0°C, adding bromoacetic anhydride in organic solvent below 1/100 volume.
• N-terminal coupling of a Ser N-terminated (poly) - peptide can be obtained after oxidation under specific condi ⁇ tions. Such oxidation yields an N-terminal carbonyl function, specifically reactive with acylhydrazines (hydrazides) and with hydroxylamines, yielding hydrazones and oximes, respect ⁇ ively.
• the peptide to be coupled will be synthesized with an N-terminal S, cleaved and purified, and oxidized in solution by 2 mM periodate in 50 mM imidazole/HCl, pH 6.9 for 10 minutes before SepPack purification.
• a hydrazide-derivatized non-dendritic back ⁇ bone peptide carrier in which free amino groups have been derivatized to hydrazides by TBTU/HOBt/NMM-mediated coupling of Boc-monohydrazide succinic acid
• a hydrazide-derivatized non-dendritic back ⁇ bone peptide carrier in which free amino groups have been derivatized to hydrazides by TBTU/HOBt/NMM-mediated coupling of Boc-monohydrazide succinic acid
• Reduction of the formed hydrazone to the substituted hydrazine will be performed for two days with 0.2 M cyanobo- rohydride at pH between 4 and 5.
• NDPC non-dendritic peptide carrier
• the peptide to be coupled will be synthesized on a Novasyn KB-resin and then cleaved after the final piperidine treatment followed by a TFA-treatment. Cleavage will be performed by hydrazine in dioxane/methanol as detailed in Example 4, to yield the peptide hydrazide, which will then be purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC.
• the NDPC will be derivatized with S (serine) on all attachment points, periodate oxidized to yield ⁇ -oxoacyl- groups (neutral pH in imidazole buffer, see Example 7) and then reacted with the peptide-hydrazide at a pH between 4.5 and 5, followed by cyanobor ⁇ hydride reduction of the hydrazone to hydrazine as shown in Example 7 (all operations performed on the solid phase attached peptide) .
• introduction of carbonyl groups on the NDPC may be accomplished with 2,2-dimethoxyacetic acid, being deprotected with concentrated HCl.
• the peptide to be coupled may be synthesized as its thiocarboxylic acid on a solid phase, using the special linker of Yamashiro (Yamashiro 1988, used by Schn ⁇ lzer 1992, and Dawson 1994), 4- [ (Boc-aminoacyl) hio- benzyl] -phenoxy acetic acid, yielding the thiocarboxylic acid upon cleavage with HF/10% p-cresol. After purification, the peptide thiocarboxylic acid is coupled to a solid-phase bound NDPC that is further derivatized with bromoacetic acid to yield bromoacetyl-substituted amino groups as attachment points. The final product is expected to contain the branch- peptides attached as stable thioesters.
• Chemical unambiguity is most easily obtained by a high degree of chemical selectivity. This way a defined orientation and stoechiometry is obtained. This is most easily obtained if the natural peptide has a cysteine or a N-terminal serine that can be used for coupling by the methods given above. If this is not the case, peptides may be temporarily protected and coupled as shown in Example 7. If this is not suitable, some selectivity can be obtained, using conventional coupling methods, that is e.g.
• glutaric aldehyde (coupling to amino- and thiol groups) , carbodiimides (coupling to amino groups) , and m-maleimide benzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide esters (coupling from amino- to thiol-groups) , by optimizing relative reactant concentrations, pH, temperature and solvent. This may also be combined with a purification step.
• Another example is the use of haloacetic anhydride to selectively introduce e.g. bromo- or chloroacetyl groups at the ⁇ -amino group only in a free peptide. This group will then react with thiol groups.
• this will be performed with a presynthesized peptide as a model of a naturally occurring peptide.
• the peptide will be bromoacetylated in solution in 0.1 M 2- (N- morpholino)ethane sulfonic acid, pH 6.0, using bromoacetic anhydride prepared from the acid by DCC-mediated activation, in ⁇ MP, added at 1/100 (vol/vol) to the aqueous peptide solution, and incubating for 3 x 3 minutes at room tempera ⁇ ture (adding new reagent each time) . After purification, the peptide will be coupled to a cysteine-derivatized standard backbone peptide until negative Ellman-test.
• Example 10 Example 10
• a carbohydrate immunogen is derived from Salmonella typhimurium LPS (lipopolysaccharide) .
• the salmonella LPS is cleaved by mild acid treatment into its lipid part (insoluble precipitate) and its carbohydrate part (soluble) .
• the soluble LPS carbohydrate is obtained after centrifugation and then oxidized by sodium metaperiodate for 10 min. at 0.1 M in the dark, followed by rapid desalting on a Pharmacia PD-10 column.
• N-acetyl-D-galactosamine is coupled. Both the LPS oligosaccharide and N-acetyl-D-galac- tosamine constitute well-known carbohydrate epitopes and may be shown by monoclonal antibodies to remain intact after coupling as decribed below.
• Blomberg's methodology (Blomberg 1993) is used to introduce the carbohydrate at amino groups in a non-dendritic backbone peptide.
• the oxidized carbohydrate is allowed to react in molar excess with the solid-phase bound backbone peptide in DMSO overnight at 60°C, followed by cooling to room tempera ⁇ ture and reaction with acetic anhydride (10 equivalents) for 4 hours at room temperature.
• N-acetyl-D-galactosamine is coupled by its reducing end to the non-dendritic peptide carrier (NDPC) to constitute a Tn-antigen that is reactive with a monoclonal antibody against Tn-antigen.
• NDPC non-dendritic peptide carrier
• the retention of the antigenic structure of the carbohydrate is shown by performing an ELISA, coating with the easily coatable carbohydrate derivatized NDPC, and detecting it with a mouse monoclonal antibody against Salmonella typhimurium LPS carbohydrate (0-chain specific antibodies) in the first embodiment and with the monoclonal antibody directed against Tn-antigen in the second embodiment.
• the oxidized carbohydrate is mixed at room temperature with the backbone peptide hydrazide (see Example 4) at 1/1 mol/mol in 0.1 sodium acetate, pH 5.5, and incubated for 1 hour.
• the resulting conjugate is easily purifiable by Sephadex G50 gelfiltration, monitored at 280 nm. HPLC-analysis will show that it elutes before the noncon- jugated peptide on a C-18 reverse phase column (running conditions as decribed for Fig. 1) .
• the retention of the antigenic structure of the carbohydrate is shown by perform ⁇ ing an ELISA, coating with the easily coatable lipopeptide- carbohydrate complex, and detecting it with a mouse monoclonal antibody against Salmonella typhimurium LPS carbo ⁇ hydrate (O-chain specific antibodies) .
• N-acetyl-D-galactosamine is coupled by its reducing end to the NDPC to constitute a Tn-antigen, that is reactive with a monoclonal antibody against Tn-antigen.
• the carbohydrate is derivatized with a general amino- and hydroxyl-reactive substance such as a carbodiimide, divinyl- sulfone or cyanogen bromide. This is followed by reaction with a diamine spacer such as, e.g., 1,4-butanediamine, and, subsequently, the derivative is bromoacetylated and then reacted with a cysteine-derivatized NDPC. In another embodi ⁇ ment, the said derivative is reacted with SPDP before reac ⁇ tion with the cysteine-derivatized NDPC.
• a general amino- and hydroxyl-reactive substance such as a carbodiimide, divinyl- sulfone or cyanogen bromide.
• a diamine spacer such as, e.g., 1,4-butanediamine
• Haptens are useful as labels for model experiments as they can be detected specifically either by commercially obtain ⁇ able antibodies (with the haptens digoxigenin and trinitro- phenyl) or by avidin or streptavidin (with the hapten biotin) .
• Biotin was easily incorporated into the non- dendritic peptide backbone either using the succinimide ester or activating free biotin by TBTU/HOBt/NMM in NMP before coupling to the amino groups.
• Digoxigenin could also be coupled as the succinimide.
• Trinitrophenylsulphonic acid reacted rapidly with amino groups to introduce triphenyl groups. In all cases, the reaction could be followed by the Kaiser test.
• DNA or RNA may be incorporated into the non-dendritic peptide carrier or coupled as any other antigenic moiety as a branch, part of a branch, or as an "orthogonal" branch, condensing the aldehyde of a C-formyl nucleoside to form an imine link ⁇ age which is reduced by reductive alkylation to form a methyl alkylated amine bond (Vasseur 1992) .
• the resul ⁇ ting 3'-bound nucloside can be prolonged to an oligonuclotide using automated DNA-synthesis, preferably coupling the DNA before peptide and using the coupled DNA either directly for encoding an interesting peptide or for binding a piece of "natural" DNA to be expressed in the host by hybridization to the non-dendritic peptide carrier or for direct stimulation as with the CG oligonucleotide of Klinman (1996) .
• NDPC non- dendritic peptide carrier
• an oligonucleotide corre ⁇ sponding to a T-cell stimulatory peptide will be coupled to one specific lysine selectively deprotected side-chain using Dde or Mtt as an orthogonal protecting group to Boc. Subsequently, the rest of the lysine side-chains is deprotec ⁇ ted by TFA-treatment and antigenic peptides are coupled directly by the methods outlined above.
• Antigenic peptides to be used may include GEIKNCSFNISTSIRGKVQKEYAFF (gpl20 peptide) , and the DNA-encoded T-cell stimulatory peptide may be, e.g., QYIKANSKFIGITE (tetanus toxoid peptide).
• a piece of binding DNA will be incorpor ⁇ ated into the NDPC to bind the polyepitopic DNA defined by Thomson (1995) as mentioned in Example 4.
• NDPC non-derivatized peptide carrier
• NDPC non-derivatized peptide carrier
• polylysine chain consisting of 10 and 15 Dde-protected lysines (two different experiments) , the N-terminal lysine being capped by acetic anhydride.
• This chain will be left in the protected state, while the rest of the backbone lysine side-chains is deprotected and used for coupling of an antigenic peptide including GEIKNCSFNISTSIRGK ⁇ VQKEYAFF (gpl20 peptide) .
• Another way to bind nucleic acids is to enclose in the struc ⁇ ture an intercalator. This will be done by coupling quinoline as a thioether to a cysteine side-chain (Brown 1994) included in the C-terminal part of the non-dendritic peptide carrier. The cysteine thiol will be deprotected before Fmoc-deprotect ⁇ ion to allow for substitution with quinoline.
• synthesis will be continued and, as the last step, lysine side-chains will be deprotected and used for coupling of an antigenic peptide including GEIKNCSFNISTSIRGKVQKEYAFF (gpl20 peptide) .
• NDPC non-dendritic peptide carrier
• An NDPC will be synthesized on a RINK-MBHA-type solid phase from Novabiochem to a substitution of from about 0.05 ⁇ moles/g to 0.2 ⁇ moles/g, preferably between about 0.05 to 0.1 ⁇ moles/g.
• the NDPC will be included in the sequences listed in Example 1 and will, for illustrative purposes, include a normal NDPC without any auxiliary segments in addition to NDPCs containing one side-chain protected auxili ⁇ ary segment selected from a tuftsin tetramer, the interleukin-1 nonapeptide (VQGEESNDK), and T-cell stimulatory peptides mentioned in Example 4.
• attachment points will be created by cleavage of side-chain protection groups that are protected orthogonally to the other side- chain functionalities of the NDPC (see Example 1) .
• the NDPC-solid-phase will then be derivatized with SPDP, washed, dried, and stored for different time periods until tested for the ability to bind Cys-containing peptides as measured by the release of pyridin-2-thion and by the ability to react with antibodies against the immobilized peptide.
• Peptides to be immobilized will include the Tbp-2-- peptide of Example 5 and a biotinylated peptide which can be detected by avidin.
• an NDPC derivatized with bromoacetyl groups will be used for the attachment of the same Cys-containing peptides.
• peptides will be attached by EDC, DSS, and by carboxylic activation with TBTU/HOBt/NMM or other equival ⁇ ent activation procedures. Also, blocked peptides will be attached.
• haptens including biotin and digoxigenin, and carbohydrates will be shown.
• Such conjugations are expected to be performed in a quick two-step procedure consisting in a conjugation reaction followed by liberation and work up as usual.
• Iscoms are easily prepared using standard methods (Morein 1984, Mowat 1992, Current Protocols in Immunology, 1992, section IV: "Preparation of Immune Stimulating Complexes", 2.11.1-2.11.12), and lipopeptides insert themselves with a minimal perturbation of the Iscom structure and orientating their hydrophilic parts outwards.
• a non-dendritic backbone peptide carrier will be synthesized as above, side-chain deprotected, and used for coupling or synthesizing side-chain antigenic peptides before cleavage. After purification, peptides will be incorporated into Iscoms by mixing with cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, and quil A, according to standard procedures referred to above.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier palmitate-GKGKGKGKGKGG was synthesized in a 130 ⁇ mol/g scale on a Pepsyn KB solid phase (on the base-labile 4-hydroxyme ⁇ thyl benzoic acid linker) .
• Boc-protection groups on the K-residues were removed by a 2 x 15 minutes wash in 95% TFA/water with a concurrent change from negative to a positive Kaiser test.
• biotin was attached by TBTU/HOBt/NMM, using a 2 times surplus of biotin and 2 couplings of 30 minutes at room temperature preceeded by 10 minutes of preactivation.
• Iscoms were characterized by sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation, and fractions were analysed by electron microscopy for Iscom-formation and by HRP-streptavidin ELISA for biotin.
• the Iscom-containing fractions showing well- defined normal Iscom-structures by electron microscopy were found by the ELISA to contain also the biotin-peptide in a presentation where the biotin was accessible to the reaction with the HRP-streptavidin-reagent.
• the purified Iscom-frac ⁇ tion retained avidin-reactivity even after extensive dia ⁇ lysis, which was easily shown by dot-blotting.
• peptides were demonstrated in the purified Iscoms by direct reverse-phase HPLC analysis of the Iscoms.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier (NDPC) lipopeptide of the invention is included in an Iscom before coupling antigenic branch-moieties. This allows the prepara ⁇ tion of ready-made "loaded” Iscoms, ready for en-bloc coup ⁇ ling of branch-moieties in a manner which is special by employing a synthetic and specifically designed NDPC lipopep ⁇ tide as the Iscom-inserted carrier.
• a standard backbone-lipopeptide will be synthesized by the methods given above, deprotected, cleaved from the solid phase, purified, lyophilized and solubilized, and incubated together with Iscom-forming substances according to Morein (1984) . In a series of incubations, the peptide-to-quil A ratio will be varied around 1:5, such as from 1:2 to 1:10.
• Iscoms After preparation of Iscoms, they will be analysed for inte ⁇ grity and general appearance by electron microscopy, for accessibility of backbone-peptide amino groups by hapten- derivatization of free amino groups (using gold-labelled immunoglobulin indirectly binding to trinitrophenyl groups introduced on the amino groups, or by gold-labelled avidin labelling biotinylated amino groups) followed by inspection by electron microscopy and for loading "density" (amount of peptide pr. quil A) by quantitative HPLC of peptide-loaded Iscoms.
• the NDPC will be synthesized on a solid phase using a water-cleavable linker (see Hoffmann, 1994) . Then the peptide is expected to be obtained in its Iscom-enclosed form simply by mixing the finished, but still solid-phase bound peptide with Iscom-forming agents in aque ⁇ ous buffer for between 2-24 hours, then filtering off the solid-phase.
• Compatible coupling schemes for the subsequent coupling of antigenic branch structure include methods that do not involve the use of organic solvents and/or extremes of pH (e.g. Regenmortel 1988) .
• peptides included in the list in Example 5 will be coupled using such coupling schemes.
• the resulting peptide-loaded Iscoms will be analysed by electron microscopy and by HPLC for loading "density" .
• Carrier with a C-terminal hydrazide for coupling oligosaccha ⁇ rides
• a backbone-peptide containing a C-terminal hydrazide prefer ⁇ ably obtained by cleaving the peptide from the solid-phase by hydrazine/NMP as detailed above (Novabiochem 1994) , will be included as such in an Iscom, simply by mixing the components in PBS and incubating at room temperature for 24 hours, then purifying Iscoms by sucrose gradient-centrifugation.
• the carbohydrate moiety will be either N-acetyl galactosamine or natural or oxidized Salmonella LPS 0-carbohydrate (see Example 10) and will be attached as detailed in Example 10.
• Iscom will be inspected by electron microscopy and further analysed by studying the binding to the Iscoms of a number of carbohydrate-specific antibodies, including anti-Tn anti ⁇ bodies and anti-LPS antibodies both by gold-labelled anti ⁇ bodies in electron microscopy and by ELISA using the loaded Iscoms for coating.
• virus capsid peptide DGAVQPDGGQPAVRNER
• canine parvovirus constitutes a protective epitope (Langeveld 1995) against mink enteritis virus induced disease.
• this peptide will be coupled in the "C-out ⁇ ward" orientation by including a N-terminal cysteine and coupling to a SPDP-derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier.
• "N-outward" orientation will be achieved by normal sequential synthesis on the same type of backbone peptide.
• the non-dendritic backbone peptide carrier the backbone peptide no. 6 of Table l will be used as well as the same peptide extended C-terminally with either
• T-cell stimulatory peptide TT (QYIKANSKFI ⁇ GITE)
• TT QYIKANSKFI ⁇ GITE
• VQGEESNDK IL-l ⁇ nonapeptide
• immunization will be per ⁇ formed by one subcutaneous injection of 50-200 ⁇ g pep ide- construct in 1000 ⁇ l PBS in the following groups of animals:
• Non-dendritic peptide carriers for use as diagnostics in the diagnosing of infectious diseases
• non-dendritic peptide carrier in a diagnostic immunoassay is illustrated by the following example in which peptide sequences derived from an infectious agent are being recognized by antibodies present in samples from humans exposed to the infectious agent.
• Test serum panels from Boston Biomedica, Inc. are used thro ⁇ ughout the diagnostic testing.
• HIV-l The following peptide sequence specific for HIV-l and often recognized by HIV-l infected patients is selected for HIV-l:
• HIV-2 The following peptide sequence specific for HIV-2 and often recognized by HIV-2 infected patie.-r.s is selected for HIV-2:
• gp36 (aa587-605) :
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier provides a multimer presen ⁇ tation of each of the peptide sequences which can then be used in a variety of diagnostic assays, including ELISA, line-blotting, and agglutination assays.
• Each non-dendritic peptide carrier carrying the HIV specific peptides is tested in parallel with the same peptide not linked to the carrier peptide and with the corresponding recombinant protein HIV-l gp41.
• Synthetic peptides were coated on Maxisorp microtitre plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) .
• Peptides (10 ⁇ g/ml) were coated to the plates in 100 mM NaHC0 3 at pH 9.6 or in 0.1 mM glycin-HCl at pH 2.5. All coatings were performed overnight at 4°C.
• the wells were washed 4 times in 0.5 M NaCl, 3mM KC1, ImM KH 2 P0 4 , 8mM Na 2 HP0 4 ,2H 2 0, 1% Triton X-100. This washing procedure was repeated after each of the following incubation steps:
• Plasma samples 1% (v/v) in incubation buffer (washing buffer plus 15 mM bovine albumin, pH 7.2) , were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature.
• Enzyme activities were quantitated after addition of 100 ⁇ l per well of 0.67 mg/ml 1,2-phenyldiamine hydrochloride (DAKO) dissolved in 100 mM citric acid-phosphate buffer, pH 5.0 containing 0.015% (v/v) H 2 0 2 .
• the reactions were stopped by adding 50 ⁇ l per well of 2.5 M H 2 S0 4 , and the optical den ⁇ sities were measured in an ELISA scanner at 492 nm.
• ELISA procedure was optimized by testing different con ⁇ centrations of the peptides alone and coupled to the car ⁇ riers, respectively.
• Fig. 5 shows antibody reactivity of a HIV-l seropositive donor against dilution curves of the gp41 (aa598-609) peptide, being tested alone and linked to the carrier.
• the ELISA procedure is optimized by testing diffe ⁇ rent concentrations of the peptides.
• Fig. 6 shows dilution curves of sera obtained from HIV-2 seropositive donors and HIV-2 seronegative donors tested against the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with gp36 (aa 587-605) peptide. Positive signals were obtained at all dilutions of HIV-2 seropositive sera tested while the seronegative control sera were negative in all the dilutions tested.
• Fig. 7 shows the results with fixed dilutions of sera obtained from a panel of HIV-2 and HIV-2 seronegative donors tested against gp36 peptide alone and coupled to the non- dendritic peptide carrier. The sera were also tested against recombinant protein HIV-2 gp36. All the seropositive donor sera were reactive in the assay using gp36 peptide coupled to the non-dendritic peptide carrier, while no reactivity was detectable with the seronegative control sera.
• Fig. 8 shows dilution curves of sera obtained from one HIV-2 seropositive donor and one HIV-2 seronegative donor tested against the gp36 peptide alone and coupled to the non- dendritic peptide carrier. The sera were also tested against recombinant HIV-2 gp36. The peptide coupled to the carrier was recognized at higher dilutions of the seropositive serum compared to the peptide alone.
• the HIV-2 specific gp36 peptide coupled to the non-dendritic peptide carrier without any modifications was as useful for diagnostic purposes as was the whole recombinant HIV-2 gp36 protein.
• the gp3 ⁇ peptide coupled to the non-dendritic car ⁇ rier was recognized by HIV-2 seropositive sera at lower dilutions than the peptide alone.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with HIV pepti ⁇ des (app. 50 ⁇ g/ml) as well as the peptide alone is coated on nitrocellulose membranes in 2.5 ⁇ l volumes. Blocking of nitrocellulose is performed for 10 min with 0.05 M Tris buffer, pH 7.4 + 0.5 M NaCl + 0.5% Tween 20. Test-sera are incubated for one hour diluted in assay-buffer: Tris buffer, pH 7.4 + 0.5 M NaCl + 0.05% Tween 20. After washing, the nitrocellulose membrane is incubated two times with assay- buffer, incubation with peroxidase-conjugated anti-human immunoglobulin follows. Human immunoglobulin reactivities with peptides are detected using the substrate 3-amino-9- ethylcarbazole. The test results are inspected visually.
• First screening is performed with a panel of sera from app. 10 HIV-l patients, 5 HIV-2 patients, and 50 uninfected indi ⁇ viduals.
• Sensitivity and specificity of the assay are estimated, and the reproducibility of the assay is tested by repeated tests of the serum samples.
• 2nd Screening Second screening is performed using 14 sera with low titers of antibodies against HIV-l virus. This test using sera with low or uncertain reactivities against HIV allows for evalu ⁇ ation of the sensitivity and specificity of the non-dendritic peptides in detecting antibodies against HIV infection as compared to that of other commercial assays.
• Third screening is performed using sera from app. 5 donors from which several blood samples have been collected around the time of sero conversion following infection. This test estimates the size of time-window from exposure to sero conversion at which point people start producing HIV-l-speci ⁇ fic antibodies
• Non-dendritic peptide carriers derivatized with immunogenic peptides for use as vaccines
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with immunogenic peptides can be used for immunization purposes to stimulate antibody and T-cell responses against any immunogenic agent.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier can thus be used for vaccination purposes to protect against pathogenic microorganisms.
• One example of this use of the non-dendritic peptide carrier is given below where mice are immunized against the parasitic disease malaria.
• mice Immunization of mice with a non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with a peptide sequence from the erythrocyte binding antigen-175 from Plasmodium falciparum Materials and methods
• mice were immunized with a non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with the synthetic peptide:
• This peptide is derived from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
• the peptide covers a sequence of the erythrocyte binding antigen-175 (EBA-175) involved in the parasite invasion of erythrocytes. However, the sequence is normally not recognized by the immune system during infections.
• mice Female 6-8 weeks old (C57BlxBALB/c)Fl mice were used in these studies.
• mice were immunized intraperitoneally 3 times, day 0, 21, and 49, with 16 ⁇ g of the non-dendritic peptide car ⁇ rier derivatized with EBA-175 peptide conjugated to Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) with and without absorption to aluminium hydroxide.
• PPD Purified Protein Derivative
• mice were immunized with the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with the EBA- 175 peptide without any conjugations. Some mice were immu ⁇ nized intraperitoneally 3 times, day 0, 21, and 49, with 16 ⁇ g of the derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier, while some other mice were immunized subcutaneously 3 times, day 0, 21, and 49, with 16 ⁇ g of the derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier mixed 1+1 with Freund's complete (1st immu ⁇ nization) or incomplete (2nd and 3rd immunization) adjuvant.
• mice were bled on days -1, 12, 33, and 61.
• Sera were collected from the bleedings and tested in ELISA for antibody reactivity against the peptide used for immunization.
• the synthetic peptide conjugated to ovalbumin (1 ⁇ g/ml) was coated in 100 mM NaHCO-3, pH 9.6 on Maxisorp microtitre plates (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) . All coatings were performed overnight at 4°C. The wells were washed 4 times in 0.5 M NaCl, 3mM KC1, ImM KH 2 P0 4 , 8mM Na 2 HP0 4 , 1% Triton X-100. This washing procedure was repeated after each of the following incubation steps:
• Enzyme activities were quantitated after addition of 100 ⁇ l per well of 0.67 mg/ml 1, 2-phenyldiamine hydrochloride (DAKO) dissolved in 100 mM citric acid-phosphate buffer, pH 5.0 containing 0.015% (v/v) H 2 0 2 .
• the reactions were stopped by adding 50 ⁇ l per well of 2.5 M H 2 S0 4 , and the optical den ⁇ sities were measured in an ELISA scanner at 492 nm.
• Fig. 9 shows that mice produced antibodies in response to immunization with the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivati ⁇ zed with EBA-175 peptide-PPD conjugate. The strongest anti- body response was detectable after 3 immunizations. Absorp ⁇ tion to aluminium hydroxide enhanced antibody production after one immunization but not after two or three immuniz ⁇ ations.
• Fig. 10 shows that mice produced peptide-specific antibodies in response to subcutaneous immunization with the non- dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with EBA-175 peptide mixed with Freund's adjuvant. The response was detectable after two immunizations. Some mice showed a weak peptide- specific antibody reactivity in response to the non-dendritic branched peptide alone after 3 immunizations intraperitoneal ⁇ ly-
• IgGl reactivity is a marker of Th2 reactivity
• IgG2a reactivity is a marker of Thl reactivity
• mice immunized with the non-dendritic peptide carrier deriva ⁇ tized with EBA-175 peptide and Freund's adjuvant showed both IgGl and IgG2a reactivity to the peptide (Fig. 14 and 15) .
• mice were immunized with a non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with the peptide aa 152-176 from HIV-l gpl20 having the amino acid sequence:
• This peptide has known B- and T-cell epitopes.
• Another peptide for use as a vaccine linked to the non- dendritic peptide carrier is the peptide from HIV-l gp41 comprising the following amino acid sequence:
• mice Female 6-8 weeks old mice, BALB/cJ, were used in these studies.
• mice One group of mice was immunized intraperitoneally 3 times, day 0, 21, and 49, with 16 ⁇ g of the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with the HIV-l peptides, while another group of mice was immunized subcutaneously 3 times, day 0, 21, and 49, with 16 ⁇ g of the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with the HIV-l peptides mixed 1+1 with Freund's complete (1st immunization) or incomplete (2nd and 3rd immu ⁇ nization) adjuvant.
• mice were bled on days -1, 12, 33, and 61.
• Sera were collected from the bleedings and tested by ELISA for antibody reactivity against the peptide, using ELISA assays as described for the malaria peptide.
• Fig. 11 shows that mice responded to the gpl20 peptide after subcutaneous immunization with the derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier mixed with Freund's adjuvant. The strongest antibody response was detectable after 3 immunizations.
• mice responded weakly to the gp41 peptide after intrape ⁇ ritoneal immunization with the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with the gp4l peptide alone (Fig. 16) .
• Some mice received two non-dendritic peptide carriers derivatized with gp-120 and gp-41 peptides in combination. These mice produced GP-41 specific antibodies (Fig. 16) .
• mice also showed reactivity to the recombinant proteins gpl20 and gp4l in response to subcutaneous immunization with the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with gp-120 peptide mixed with Freund's adjuvant respectively two non-dendritic peptide carriers derivatized with gp-120 peptide and gp-41 peptide mixed with Freund's adjuvant (Fig. 17 and 18).
• mice produced gp-120 peptide-specific IgGl and IgG2a anti ⁇ bodies in response to subcutaneous immunization with the non- dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with gpl20 peptide mixed with Freund's adjuvant, but the IgG2a responses were eliminated if the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with gpl20 peptide was mixed with the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with gp41 peptide during the immuniz ⁇ ations (Fig. 19 and 20) .
• mice produced gp-41 peptide-specific IgGl and IgG2a anti ⁇ bodies in response to subcutaneous immunization with a mix ⁇ ture of two non-dendritic peptide carriers derivatized with the gp-41 peptide and the gp-120 peptide mixed with Freund's adjuvant, while no response was detectable after subcutaneous immunization with the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivati ⁇ zed with the gp-41 peptide mixed with Freund's adjuvant alone (Fig. 21 and 22) .
• the gp-120 peptide functioned as a carrier for the gp41 peptide providing T-cell stimulation to induce IgG reactivity to the gp41 peptide.
• the immunogenicity of the peptide construct may be further improved in several ways such as by the inclusion of one or more B-cell and T-cell epitopes as peptides in the non- dendritic peptide carriers in addition to the molecule against which immunity is desired.
• T-cell epitopes may have the effect of overcoming MHC restriction. This aspect will be tested by linking peptides from T-cell epitopes to the non-dendritic peptide carrier in combination with a peptide against which immunization is desired. Combinations of immunogenic peptides and peptides having T-cell epitope function will be used both based on the use of the peptides:
• Such interesting epitopes include Tcyt epitopes for stimulation of cytotoxic T-cells, lipids or tuftsin sequence for activation of the immune system, and cytokines or bioactive cytokine sequences.
• Recombinant or native immunomodulators such as cytokines may be inserted into Iscoms together with non-dendritic peptide carrier constructs.
• the cytokines may include e.g. interleukin 1-18, interferon-gamma, interferon-alpha, interferon-beta, and TNF (tumour necrosis factor) .
• bioactive cytokine-specific amino acid sequences may be part of the sequence included in the branched peptide- construc .
• HIV-l peptides can also be used following the experiment described above.
• Such peptides include various other peptide sequences from gpl20 and gp41.
• Non-dendritic peptide carriers for use as therapeutic agent in therapy of various diseases
• Non-dendritic peptide carriers derivatized with peptide sequences capable of preventing or curing diseases or dimin ⁇ ishing disease manifestations constitute a very interesting aspect of the invention.
• Sepsis-like disease manifestations are induced by phospholi ⁇ pids from microorganisms like lipid A of gram-negative bacteria and phosphatidylinositol containing structures of malaria parasites.
• Beta-2-glycoprotein I is a serumprotein known to bind in general to negatively charged phospholipids. By linking sequences of this glycoprotein to the non- dendritic peptide carrier, binding to phospholipids can be mediated, whereby specific targeting of any non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with a disease preventing or curring agent can be achieved.
• beta-2-glycoprotein I peptide aa268-278 beta-2-glycoprotein I peptide aa268-278:
• This peptide binds antibodies against phospholipids and is, therefore, also relevant in connection with autoimmune dis ⁇ eases,
• This peptide binds phospholipids.
• TNF tumor necrosis factor
• mice 8-12 weeks old (C57BLxBALB/c)Fl mice grouped with 2 mice in each group were used.
• the peptides were mixed with the stimulating toxins (10 ⁇ g lipopolysaccharide), and the mixture was injected i.p. into the mice.
• Murine TNF-alpha levels in sera were measured by a commercial ELISA method performing according to the instructions of the manufacturer (Genzyme, Cambridge, MA) .
• the non-dendritic peptide carriers decrease lipopolysacchari ⁇ de toxicity in mice as measured by tumour necrosis factor concentrations in murine sera.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with CKNKEKKC peptide or the KNGMLKGDKVS peptide inhibited TNF secretion in vivo in mice induced by lipopolysaccharides, while the con ⁇ trol peptide alone caused no blocking (Fig. 23) .
• non-dendritic peptide car ⁇ riers include linking of HIV-l protease inhibitor peptides to the construct or the linking of blood-brain barrier specific peptides such as E- selectin having the amino acid sequence:
• THLVAIQNKEEIEYL or the pertussis toxin, S 2 having the amino acid sequence:
• P. falciparum malaria parasites appears to be associated with the parasites multiplication, cytoadherence to endothelial cells, and their induction of cytokines like TNF-alpha and IL-6.
• Malaria drugs are designed to block parasite multiplication, but their ability to interfere with parasite cytoadherence or parasite induction of cytokine secretion is rarely investigated although a recent study showed that chloroquine decreased TNF-alpha secretion from human monocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. African children may die even after they have had their parasites eliminated by malarial drugs probably because of inflammatory reactions in the brain.
• Drug-mediated interference with parasite cytoadherence or parasite induced production of cytokines is likely to reduce mortality and morbidity caused by malaria parasites.
• KNGMLKGDKVS This peptide binds antibodies against phospholipids and is therefore also relevant in connection with autoimmune dis ⁇ eases.
• This peptide binds phospholipids.
• the P. fal ciparum isolate 3D7 was kept in continuous cultures using RPMI 1640 supplemented with 21 mM sodium bicarbonate, 25mM HEPES buffer, and 10% human serum.
• the parasites were grown in 4% v/v group 0 positive human erythrocytes.
• Exoantigens were affinity purified from culture medium essen ⁇ tially as described previously (Jakobsen et al., 1988), using as a ligand a pool of IgG from clinically immune African adults. Before chromatography, the culture medium was centri ⁇ fuged at 7000 g for 10 min, filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m mem ⁇ brane, and dialysed overnight at 4°C against column buffer.
• Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from different Danish donors were suspended in 3% (v/v) human serum in RPMI 1640 and adjusted to 2X10 6 cells per ml; subsequently, 0.1 ml volumes were dispensed into wells of 96-well microtiter plates. Peptides in two-fold dilutions (0-100 ⁇ g/ml) and optimal concentrations of stimulating malaria antigens, diluted in RPMI 1640 with 3% serum, were then added to a total volume of 0.2 ml. per well. Mononuclear cells incubated with stimulating antigens without peptides, and cells incu- bated with medium alone served as positive and negative controls, respectively. The cultures were incubated overnight for IL-6 and TNF assays.
• ELISA Maxisorp plates (NUNC, Roskilde, Denmark) were coated for 24 hours at 4°C with 100 ⁇ l per well of 2.5 ⁇ g/ml rabbit polyclonal IgG to human recombinant IL-6 in 100 mM NaHC0 3 , pH 9.6. Non-attached sites were blocked for 1 hour by 100 ul per well of 2% human serum albumin in phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.2 (1 hour at 37°C) .
• Non-dendritic peptide carriers inhibited malaria parasite toxin activity in vitro as measured by secretion of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-6.
• the peptides did not affect lipopolysaccharide toxity in vi tro.
• the inhibition of malaria parasite toxin activity was not caused by toxity to the cells as cell viability was not affected.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with the CKNKE ⁇ KKC peptide inhibited both TNF-alpha and IL-6 secretion from human mononuclear cells stimulated with malaria parasite exoantigens (Table 3 below) .
• the control peptide showed no blocking effect. None of the peptides blocked lipopolysaccha ⁇ ride induced cytokine secretion (Table 4 below) . In addition, none of the peptides affected cell viability (Table 5 below) , indicating that the peptide constructs have no or low toxity.
• NDPC non-dendritic peptide carrier
• NDPC non-dendritic peptide carrier
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier may include immunogenic peptides in combination with bioactive peptides for specific downregulation of immune responses against any immunogenic agent.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with immunogenic peptides can be used in combina ⁇ tion with immunosuppressive cytokines, like IL-10 and TGF- beta, for specific downregulation of immune responses against any immunogenic agent.
• immunosuppressive cytokines like IL-10 and TGF- beta
• tolerance to a specific peptide or protein fragment may be induced. This strategy may be used for protection against or therapy for toxic diseases, auto ⁇ immune diseases (diabetes, arthritis, sclerosis etc.).
• mice were immunized with the non-dendritic peptide carrier deriva ⁇ tized with the malaria EBA-175 peptide three times, inducing high antibody reactivities against the peptides.
• the non- dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with the EBA-175 peptide was then mixed with murine IL-10, and immunization was performed the fourth time, followed by bleeding and screening for peptide specific antibodies.
• mice were immunized with non-dendritic peptide carrier con ⁇ structs containing one model-peptide:
• This peptide is derived from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
• the peptide covers a sequence of the erythrocyte binding antigen-175 (EBA-175) , involved in the parasite invasion of erythrocytes. However, the sequence is normally not recognized by the immune system during infections.
• Female 6-8 weeks old (C57BIxBALB/c)Fl mice were used in these studies.
• mice were immunized with the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with EBA-175 peptide. Some mice were immunized subcutaneously 3 times, day 0, 21, and 49, with 16 ⁇ g of peptide constructs mixed 1+1 with Freund's complete (1st immunization) or incomplete (2nd and 3rd immunization) adjuvant. Mice were immunized a fourth time, day 70, subcu ⁇ taneously with the peptide-construct mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant with and without 1 ⁇ g of murine recombi ⁇ nant IL-10.
• mice were bled on days -1, 12, 33, 61, and 82. Sera were collected from the bleedings and tested in ELISA for antibody reactivity against the control EBA-175 peptide.
• the ELISA was performed as described in Example 20 in the patent application.
• mice responding to EBA-175 peptide with Freund's complete adjuvant were immunized one more time (4th immuniz ⁇ ation) .
• Fig. 24 shows that mice immunized with the peptide-adjuvant combination alone had a stable or slight decline in antibody reactivity, while mice immunized with the peptide-adjuvant combination plus IL-10 showed a marked decrease in antibody reactivity.
• non-dendritic peptide carrier constructs may be used in general to prolong the presence in circulation of any medicament such as peptide drugs.
• Non-dendritic peptide carriers derivatized with immunogenic peptides for specific induction of Thl-like and Th2-like responses
• the non-dendritic peptide carriers derivatized with immunogenic peptides can be used in combination with cyto ⁇ kines for specific induction of Thl-like and Th2-like cellu ⁇ lar responses against any immunogenic agent.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier in combination with cytokines can thus be used for vaccination purposes to protect against pathogenic microorganisms, for therapy against infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases.
• Thl-like responses may be used for protection against diseases like leishmaniasis, tuberculosis, and possibly AIDS, and for therapy against allergic diseases etc., whereas specific induction of Th2-like responses may be used for protection against worm diseases and for therapy against toxic diseases (sepsis, meningitis, etc.).
• mice are immunized with a synthetic Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 specific peptide or with Leishmania major specific peptides.
• mice were immunized with non-dendritic peptide carriers derivatized with one or more of the different model-peptides:
• the HIV-l peptide gpl20 The HIV-l peptide gpl20,
• Ll YDQLVTRWTHEMAHA
• This Leishmania specific peptide is reported to contain a T- cell epitope.
• the IFN-gamma bioactive sequences are:
• TNF70-80 The TNF bioactive sequence (TNF70-80) :
• Tuftsin peptide TKPR
• Recombinant murine IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-12, and TNF-alpha were purchased.
• Synthetic peptide sequences of or recombinant gamma- interferon, IL-12 or IL-18 may be used for induction of Thl responses.
• Synthetic peptide sequences of or recombinant IL- 4, IL-5, or IL-13 may be used for induction of Th2 responses.
• Addition of adhesion molecules like B7-1, B7-2, P-selectin, or E-selectin may also affect the induction of Thl and Th2 responses.
• the peptides and/or the cytokines and/or adhesion molecules may be used alone or in vehicles, with adjuvants, inserted into immunostimulating complexes, liposomes etc.
• mice Female 6-8 weeks old BALB/cJ mice (reported to be a Th2 responder mouse) were used in these studies. Mice were immu ⁇ nized with the non-dendritic peptide carriers derivatized with Leishmania or HIV-l peptides without any conjugations. Some mice were immunized intraperitoneally 3 times, day 0, 21, and 49, with 16 ⁇ g of peptide constructs, while some other mice were immunized subcutaneously 3 times, day 0, 21, and 49, with 16 ⁇ g of peptide constructs alone or mixed 1+1 with alum, with alum and recombinant cytokines or with Freund's complete (1st immunization) or incomplete (2nd and 3rd immunization) adjuvant.
• mice were bled on days -1, 12, 33, and 61.
• Sera were collected from the bleedings and tested in ELISA for IgG 2a (marker of Thl) and IgGl (marker of Th2) antibody reactivity against the leishmania peptide or the HIV-l gp-120 peptide.
• the ELISA was performed as described in Example 20 in the patent application.
• Peripheral mononuclear cells, lymph node cells, and spleen cells will be collected and stimulated in vi tro with the peptide, recombinant gpl20 or PPD in optimal concentrations. After 5-7 days of incubation, the supematants will be har ⁇ vested and tested for their content of gamma-interferon (as an indicator of Thl responses) and for their content of interleukin-4 (as an indicator of Th2 responses) , using commercial ELISA-kits according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Quantification of gamma-interferon mRNA and interleukin-4 mRNA within the cells may also be undertaken.
• mice were immunized with the non-dendritic peptide carrier deriva- tized with Ll peptide plus alum alone or with Freund's com ⁇ plete adjuvant or with alum and one of the following recombi ⁇ nant murine cytokines: interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), IL-12 or IL-4.
• TNF tumour necrosis factor
• Fig. 25 shows the IgGl response (putative Th2 response) of mice immunized with these Ll combinations. All mice produced IgGl after 3 immunizations. Maximum responses were detectable after immunizations with recombinant TNF, recombinant IFN- gamma or Freund's complete adjuvant.
• Fig. 26 shows the IgG2a response (putative Thl response) of mice immunized with the same Ll combinations.
• mice immunized with non-dendritic peptide carriers derivatiz ⁇ ed with Ll peptide and recombinant cytokines showed a strong antibody response to Ll peptide. All mice showed a strong Th2 like IgGl response after 3 immunizations although many of them were immunized with a Thl cytokine. The implications are that IgGl and IgG2a may not be reliable markers of Th2 and Thl responses, or that Thl cytokines may also induce a Th2 response after repeated exposure. Thl responses have been reported to develop before Th2 responses during experimental infections. We recorded a transient IgG2a response (putative Thl response) after a single immunization.
• mice did not show an IgG2a response after repeated immunizations.
• the strong IgG2a response detectable in two of the groups after 3 immunizations may be very different from the IgG2a response recorded after 1 immunization.
• An IgG2a response after a single immuniz ⁇ ation, may be a marker of a Thl response.
• mice were also immunized sc. and ip. with non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with Ll peptide and tuftsin. Mice showed a strong IgGl response to Ll-tuftsin construct sc. and a moderate response to Ll- uftsin construct ip. and to the Ll constuct alone sc. (fig. 27) . The Ll-tuftsin combinations did not induce an IgG2a response (fig. 28) . Tuftsin is therefore interesting in that it only induces one branch of the immune system.
• mice were also immunized with non-dendritic peptide carriers derivatized with peptides covering 2 different sequences of IFN-gamma reported to mediate binding to the IFN-gamma receptor. Different combinations were immunogenic after 3 immunizations sc. (Fig. 29) . Immunization with Ll and both IFN-gamma peptides induced the strongest IgGl response, and this combination was immunogenic after 2 immunizations. This combination was also capable of inducing an IgG2a response after 3 immuniza ions (Fig. 30) .
• the different IFN-gamma peptides also induced a relatively weak IgGl response after ip. immunizations (Fig. 31) , but they did not induce an IgG2a response (Fig. 32) .
• mice were also immunized with non-dendritic peptide carriers derivatized with Ll peptide together with a peptide covering a sequence of TNF.
• the Ll-TNF-pep ide combination sc. induced a strong IgGl response (Fig. 33), while ip. immunizations did not induce an IgGl response (data not shown) .
• the sc. immunization with non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with the Ll-TNF peptide combination also induced a biphasic IgG2a response comparable to the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with Ll peptide mixed with recom ⁇ binant TNF, while ip. immunizations did not induce an IgG2a response (Fig. 34) .
• the reproducibility of the results were tested with another Leishmania peptide, L2, reported to be a Th2 inducing peptide.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with L2 peptide alone or combined with tuftsin or with the TNF peptide all induced an IgGl response after sc. immunizations, while ip. immunizations were not immunogenic (Fig. 35) .
• the sc. immunizations did not induce an IgG2a response, but ip. immunizations with the non-dendritic peptide carriers deriva ⁇ tized with L2-tuftsin or L2-TNF-peptide combinations ip. induced an IgG2a response after one immunization, but not after 3 immunizations (Fig. 36) .
• Non-dendritic peptide carriers derivatized with immunogenic peptides for specific induction of enhanced cellular responses
• the non-dendritic peptide carriers may include immunogenic peptides in combination with bioactive cytokine peptides for specific induction of enhanced cellular responses against any immunogenic agent.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with immunogenic peptides can be used in combination with cytokine molecules for specific induction of enhanced cellu ⁇ lar responses against any immunogenic agent.
• the non- dendritic peptide carrier in combination with cytokines can thus be used for vaccination purposes to protect against pathogenic microorganisms, for therapy against infectious diseases, toxic diseases, autoimmune diseases, etc.
• non-dendritic peptide carrier is given below in which mice were immunized with the non- dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with a synthetic Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 specific peptide and with a single copy of an IL-1 beta peptide or a tuftsin peptide included in the structure.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier construct may be used alone, after conjugation to PPD, after insertion into immuno ⁇ stimulating complexes or liposomes, after addition of recom ⁇ binant cytokines, adhesion molecules, adjuvants, vehicles, carriers etc.
• mice Female 6-8 weeks old (C57BIxBALB/c)Fl mice were used in these studies.
• mice were immunized with the non-dendritic peptide carriers derivatized with the HIV-l peptide with and without the IL-1 or tuftsin sequences without any conjugations. Mice were immunized subcutaneously 4 times, day 0, 21, 49, and 70, with 16 ⁇ g of peptide constructs alone or mixed 1+1 with Freund's complete (1st immunization) or incomplete (2nd and 3rd immu ⁇ nization) adjuvant.
• mice were bled on days -1, 12, 33, 61, and 82. Sera were collected from the bleedings and tested in ELISA for antibody reactivity against the linear HIV-l gp-120 peptide.
• the ELISA was performed as described in Example 20 in the patent application.
• non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with the HIV-l gpl20 peptide alone or with the inclusion of an IL-1 beta specific peptide sequence or the tuftsin sequence is immunogenic without the use of adjuvant.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier structure may be acceptable for use in humans and provide a strong immunogenic stimulus to the immune system with applications in vaccine technology.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with the gp-120 peptide (batch II) alone, in combination with Freund's adjuvant, in combination with the IL-1 peptide or in combina ⁇ tion with the tuftsin peptide, induced antibody production after 3 immunizations sc. (Fig. 39) .
• the strongest stimulator was the gpl20 peptide plus tuftsin construct.
• the non-dendritic peptide carrier derivatized with the gpl20 peptide (batch IV) , alone or in combination with the IL-1 peptide, induced antibody production after 3 immunizations sc. (Fig. 40) .
• Non-dendritic peptide carriers for use as a therapeutic agent in therapy of cancer.
• Non-dendritic peptide carriers may be used to cure or to inhibit cancers by direct neutralization of cancer cell growth and/or metastasis and by inducing neutralizing immune responses to the cancer cells.
• proteins such as MAGE, BAGE, GAGE, MART, melan, and tyrosinase or a 43 kDa protein, including
• the peptides will be presented as control peptides or in derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier constructs with or without cytokines (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF) , cytokine peptides or adhesion molecules such as B7 or B7 ligands CD28 or CTLA-4.
• cytokines TNF-alpha, GM-CSF
• cytokine peptides or adhesion molecules such as B7 or B7 ligands CD28 or CTLA-4.
• mice Female BALB/c mice (age 10-16 weeks) will be used. Mice will be immunized with 36 ⁇ g of peptide constructs, 1-3 times.
• Cytolytic activity of the restimulated cells will be measured by mixing the spleen cells with 51 Cr-labelled targets in duplicate and incubated at 37°C for 4 hours. Supematants will be harvested with a harvesting system and radioactivity will be counted in a gamma counter.
• Percen -specific lysis will be calculated using the equation: 100 x ((experimental release-spontaneous release) / (maximal release-spontaneous release)).
• mice (5 per group) will be immunized with non-dendritic peptide carrier constructs and challenged i.v. or s.c. with cancer cells (1-9 x IO 5 sarcoma cells or mas ocytoma cells) .
• Tumour growth will be monitored every 7 hours for at least 21 days.
• Integrin adhesion molecule sequences and polymers of the RGD sequence will be inserted into the non-dendritic peptide carrier structure and tested for their ability to block melanoma cell metastasis in BALB/c mice.
• Cancer-cell specific sequences or carbohydrate structures such as Le x will be inserted into the non-dendritic peptide carrier structure and used for diagnostical identification of micro metastases, using ELISA methodologies as described in Example 19.
• Non-dendritic peptide carriers against autoimmune diseases Protection, treatment, and diagnosis
• Downregulation of the immune system in connection with e.g. autoimmune diseases may be advantageously performed by administrating relevant peptides linked to the non-dendritic peptide carrier.
• relevant peptides linked to the non-dendritic peptide carrier are advantageously performed by administrating relevant peptides linked to the non-dendritic peptide carrier.
• This use for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis is the preparation of a therapeutic composition for oral or systemic intake in which the peptide Mycobacterium bovis HSP60 aa 180-188 related to arthritis, having the sequence:
• Inbred Lewis rats and Fisher rats will be used. All rats will be of 6-8 weeks of age. Arthritis will be induced by injec ⁇ tion of Mycobacter um tuberculosis in Freund's complete adjuvant. Rats will be injected intracutaneously at the base of the tail with 100 ⁇ l of 10 mg/ml of M. tuberculosis. The rats will be observed for clinical arthritis and scored by grading of each paw from 0 to 4 based on erythema, swelling, and deformity of the joint. All four legs will be scored, so the highest score achievable will be 16.
• Rats will be immunized 1-3 times intraperitoneally or subcu ⁇ taneously with 5.35 and 200 ⁇ g of peptide constructs (plus cytokine sequences and other immunomodulatory sequences in some experiments) app. 35 days before induction of arthritis, and scores for clinical arthritis will be obtained. Lymph node lymphocytes will be collected 9 days after immunization, and the lymphocytes will be tested for in vi tro prolifer ⁇ ation, IFN-gamma, and IL-4 production, in response to M. tu ⁇ berculosis and to the peptide constructs.
• Immunological responses to the peptide constructs will be measured by testing for murine subclass Ig reactivities to the peptides.
• Another example is the linking of various peptides relevant in connection with encephalomyelitis (sclerosis) to the non- dendritic peptide carrier. Examples of such peptides include:
• Rat T-cell receptor having the peptide sequence:
• rat T-cell receptor having the peptide sequence:
• mice Female Lewis rats, 6-12 weeks old, or (PL/JxSJL/J)F 1 mice or BALB/c mice or CBA mice or Biozzi ABH mice will be used.
• Rats will be immunized 1-3 times intraperitoneally or subcu ⁇ taneously with 5.35 and 200 ⁇ g of peptide constructs (plus cytokine sequences and other immunomodulatory sequences in some experiments) app. 35 days before or together with Freund's incomplete adjuvant supplemented with heat-killed 1 mg Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1+1) sc. At 30 days, each rat will be challenged with myelin basic protein (50 ⁇ g in com ⁇ plete Freund's adjuvant or similar proteins). Rats will be monitored daily from day 9 for clinical signs (tail weakness and limb paralysis) . Alternatively, the rats may be fed with peptide constructs 2 days before challenge.
• Lymph node lymphocytes will be collected 9 days after immu ⁇ nization, and the lymphocytes will be tested for in vi tro proliferation, IFN-gamma, and IL-4 production, in response to M. tuberculosis and to the peptide constructs.
• Immunological responses to the peptide constructs will be measured by testing for murine subclass Ig reactivities to the peptide constructs.
• Another example is the linking of various peptides relevant in connection with diabetes to the non-dendritic peptide carrier.
• examples of such peptides include:
• NOD mice Non-Obese Diabetic mice
• NOD mice will be immunized s.c, i.p., orally or by nasal administration, 1-3 times (at weeks 3, 7, and 10) with peptide constructs (5- 500 ⁇ g) alone or in combination with tuftsin or cytokines (peptides and recombinant proteins) .
• Immunological responses to the peptides will be measured by testing for murine subclass Ig reactivities to the peptides and by testing lymph node and spleen cell proliferation and gamma-interferon and interleukin-4 production in vi tro in response to peptide stimulation. Development of diabetes after app. 12 weeks in the vaccinated mice will be monitored.
• mice For assessment of diabetes, mice will be sacrificed and pancreata and salivary glands will be fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, and stained with hematoxylin/eosin and scored for islet pathology. Mice will be tested weekly for glucosuria by a commercial kit. Blood glucose will be measured by using a blood glucose meter.
• non-dendritic peptide carriers may be given in combination with any immunomodulator or part thereof having immunomodulator activity.
• immunomodulators include interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and TGF-beta.
• Another example is the linking of various peptides relevant in connection with hen's egg allergy to the non-dendritic peptide carrier.
• peptides relevant in connection with hen's egg allergy include:
• DNDPC derivatized non-dendritic peptide carriers
• Non-dendritic carrier peptides may be used to facilitate blood-brain barrier transfer for the purpose of brain and neurological therapy and diagnostics by intravenous (iv.) administration; this is illustrated in the following two planned examples.
• a blood-brain barrier decreasing substance including N-acet- ylglucosamine-N-acetyl muramic acid-Ala-Glu-Dap-Ala, where Dap is diaminopimelinic acid, (Spellerberg 1995) , will be coupled as branch-moieties to an NDPC of the standard design described in Table 1.
• Blood-brain barrier permeabilization will be analyzed by iv injection of FITC-dextran of 4, 10, 20, and 50 kD at fixed time points after iv injection of the DNDPC in rabbits as described (Spellerberg 1995) . After anaestization cerebrospinal fluid will be collected and analyzed for fluor ⁇ escence.
• DNDPC will transiently increase BBB- permeability for molecules below 20 kD with a maximum permea ⁇ bility around 4 hours after DNDPC-administration.
• the T DPC will be prepared with multiple copies of one type of attached moiety, selected from
• N 3-8 and another type of attached moiety, which in this example will be a biotin-labelled model peptide:
• rabbits will be injected iv. , and the cerebrospinal fluid will subsequently be analyzed for avidinbinding by ELISA.
• biotin-peptide is expected to increase when biotin-peptide is administered as a part of a DNDPC compared to when administered alone.
• DNDPC derivatized non-dendri ic peptide carriers
• This example demonstrates a therapeutic use of a derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier to stop the spread of cancerous cells by inhibiting their matrix attachment.
• a very efficient inhibitory substance is expected to be obtained.
• mice will be injected with detached melanoma cells in the presence or absence of peptide by the tail vein, and, around 2 weeks later, mice will be sacrified and the number of lung colonies will be enumerated.
• the same cells will be adminis ⁇ tered subcutaneously, followed by daily i.p. injections of peptides.
• mice On day 10, mice will be sacrificed and the subcu ⁇ taneous tumors will be weighed.
• DNDPC derivatized non-dendritic peptide carriers
• Peptides that mimick carbohydrate epitopes can be defined by peptide library scanning methods with suitable monoclonal antibodies against the carbohydrate epitope in question.
• Such a mimotope peptide is expected to be of use as an immunogen in the active immunotherapy of cancer and HIV, and it is also expected to be a better immunogen, especially with respect to induction of immunolog ⁇ ical memory than the corresponding carbohydrate antigen.
• Tn-antigen N-acetyl-D-galactosamine on serine or threonine
• Tn-carbohy ⁇ drate antigen a mimotope corresponding to the Tn-carbohy ⁇ drate antigen
• the Tn-mimotope peptide will be synthesized as an attached antigenic peptide on a non-dendritic peptide carrier (NDPC) as detailed in Example 1, using a RINK-MBHA solid phase.
• NDPC non-dendritic peptide carrier
• the liberated whole complex will be used for immunizations of mice and rabbits following normal immunization schemes (see Example 20) and using Freund's incomplete adjuvant.
• derivatized NDPC in which is included or which is administered together with a stimulating sequence, including a tuftsin tetramer, fragments of cytokines or T-cell stimula ⁇ tory peptides, may be used for immunizations without the presence of adjuvants as described in Example 20.
• the result- ing antibody response is analyzed for specificity against the immunizing peptide and the Tn-epitope itself.
• the Tn-epitope will be obtained from ovine submaxillary mucin which is obtained from Sigma and then desialylated.
• Tn-antigen Good antibody reactivity is expected to be obtained against the Tn-antigen, and it is also expected that these Tn-speci- fic, peptide-directed antibodies will be able to block HIV- infection and syncytium formation in vi tro .
• DNDPC derivatized non-dendritic peptide carriers
• the prion diseases are characterized by the presence of misfolded prion proteins, presumably caused to misfold by the influence of exogenous misfolded prion proteins. It has been shown in sheep that abnormal prion proteins may be detected pre-clinically by immunohistochemistry on tonsil biopsies from scrapie-infected sheep (Schreuder 1996) , using anti ⁇ bodies raised against synthetic peptides corresponding to abnormal prion protein sequences.
• the prion peptides will be synthesized on a non-dendritic peptide carrier of the standard design described in Example 1 and subsequently used for the produc ⁇ tion of diagnostic antibodies in rabbits and mice by coinjec- tion with adjuvant in a normal immunization scheme (see Example 20) .
• derivatized NDPC in which is included or which is administered together with a stimulating sequence, such as a tuftsin tetramer, fragments of cytokines or T-cell stimulatory peptides, may be used for immunizations without the presence of adjuvants as described in Example 20.
• a stimulating sequence such as a tuftsin tetramer, fragments of cytokines or T-cell stimulatory peptides
• Antibodies produced against these DNDPCs will be tested on tonsil biopsies from normal cattle and from cattle in a preclinical state of spongiform encephalitis.
• tonsil biopsies will be pretreated with formic acid and hydrated autoclaving and will then be incubated with the antisera diluted in PBS followed by detection antibodies and staining (as detailed by van Keulen 1995) .
• This treatment selectively enhances the immunoreactivity of the BSE-specific form of the prion protein.
• Affected animals are expected to show antibody-positive biopsies before showing any clinical signs of the disease.
• control peptides will be used for immunization of mice against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• M. tuberculosis H37Rv will be grown at 37°C on Lowenstein- Jensen medium or in suspension in Sauton medium enriched with 0.5% sodium pyrovate and 0,5% glucose.
• mice will be immunized 3 times s.c. or i.p. with optimal concentrations of synthetic peptide constructs with and without 2 ⁇ g recombinant IL-12. After 12-14 weeks, the mice will be challenged by an i.v. injection of 5 x 10 4 colony forming units of M. tuberculosis suspended in PBS. The course of disease will be compared with that for a corresponding group of unimmunized mice during a period of 28 days. Enumer ⁇ ations of bacteria in the spleen of infected mice will be done by plating double serial 10-fold dilutions of spleen homogenated on Lowenstein-Jensen medium. Colonies will be counted after 3-4 weeks of incubation.
• Spleen cells or lymph node cells will be isolated 2-3 weeks after the previous immunization. And activated in vi tro with peptides or M. tuberculosis antigens. Cellular proliferation will be investigated by pulsing cultures with tritiated thymidine after 48 hours of incubation and then further incubating for 22 hours, before the plates will be harvested and processed for liquid scintillation counting.
• Culture supematants will be harvested from parallel cultures after 24 hours, of incubation for determination of IL-2, IL- 4, and IL-5, and, after 48 hours, for determination of interferon-gamma.
• cytokines present in culture supematants will be quantified by commercially available ELISA kits.
• Antibody titers of different IgG isotypes are shown in FIG. 1 .
• Serum samples will be collected after each immunization and analyzed in two-fold dilutions on ELISA plates coated with peptides or M. tuberculosis antigens. Reactivities will be tested with peroxidase labelled goat anti-mouse IgG or anti- mouse IgGl or anti-mouse IgG2a according to the ELISA pro ⁇ cedures described in Example 20.
• Lymph node cells (IO 6 ) will be lysed and total RNA purified. RNA will be reversely transcribed into cDNA and subjected to PCR amplification with specific primers for individual cytok ⁇ ines. The PCR products will be hybridized with specific labelled oligonucleotide probes for the cytokines in southern blots.
• mice were immunized with a derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier corresponding to type no. 2 and 3 in Table 1, carry ⁇ ing as the branch peptide
• AELGGQFHHKSENG (Tbp peptide 4)
• mice from transferrin-binding protein type 2 from Actinobacillus pleuropnewnoniae , and another group of mice were immunized with a derivatized non-dendritic peptide carrier correspond ⁇ ing to type 3 in Table 1 carrying as the branch peptide
• proteoglycan-associated protein from the same bacterium.
• the peptides were used either alone or in combination with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Subcutaneous injections were used.
• mice were immunized 3 times at intervals of 14 days. Bleedings were performed before the first immunization (0) and 10 days after each immunization (1, 2, 3).
• mice were immunized with the corresponding peptides conjugated by SPDP through cysteine to PPD ("Purified Protein Derivative") subsequent to a BCG-priming as an example of a classical peptide-protein conjugate immunization method.
• the antibodies raised against the PPD-coupled Tbp-peptide 4 were cloned, and the resulting monoclonal antibody was tested for its ability to recognise the Tbp-peptide 4 in different presentations (see Fig. 43) by an indirect ELISA using the different peptides as coating antigens. Furthermore, reactivity with the proteins was analysed by Western blotting of whole cell extracts of Actinobacillus pleuropnewnoniae (not shown) .

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