Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
  • A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
  • A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L29/065—Microorganisms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
  • A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L29/20—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents
  • A23L29/206—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents of vegetable origin
  • A23L29/212—Starch; Modified starch; Starch derivatives, e.g. esters or ethers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
  • A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L29/20—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents
  • A23L29/206—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents of vegetable origin
  • A23L29/244—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents of vegetable origin from corms, tubers or roots, e.g. glucomannan
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
  • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
  • A61K35/74—Bacteria
  • A61K35/741—Probiotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
  • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
  • A61K35/74—Bacteria
  • A61K35/741—Probiotics
  • A61K35/742—Spore-forming bacteria, e.g. Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, clostridium or Lactobacillus sporogenes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
  • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
  • A61K35/74—Bacteria
  • A61K35/741—Probiotics
  • A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
  • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
  • A61K35/74—Bacteria
  • A61K35/741—Probiotics
  • A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
  • A61K35/745—Bifidobacteria
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
  • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
  • A61K35/74—Bacteria
  • A61K35/741—Probiotics
  • A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
  • A61K35/747—Lactobacilli, e.g. L. acidophilus or L. brevis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/14—Prodigestives, e.g. acids, enzymes, appetite stimulants, antidyspeptics, tonics, antiflatulents

Definitions

• This invention relates to methods of enhancing the affect of nutritional compositions, particularly compositions for the delivery and maintenance of probiotic microorganisms to and in the gastrointestinal tract, especially the large bowel of animals including humans.
• probiotics or probiotic microorganisms are a live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. This is the definition provided by R. Fuller (AFRC Institute of Food Research, Reading Laboratory, UK) in - Journal of
• beneficial microorganisms or probiotics
• the introduction of beneficial microorganisms, or probiotics is normally accomplished by the ingestion of the microorganisms in drinks, yoghurts, capsules, and other forms in such a way that the organism arrives in a viable condition in the large bowel. It has been demonstrated by Englyst H.N. et al (1987) "Polysaccharides breakdown by mixed populations of human faecal bacteria", FEMS Microbiology Ecol 95 : 163-71, that the bacterial fermentation of resistant starch in the large bowel produces elevated levels of short chain fatty acids, particularly beneficial types such as propionate and butyrate.
• modified or unmodified resistant starches may function both as a means to transport the probiotic microorganisms to the large bowel and as a growth medium for the microorganism delivered to the target region of the large bowel.
• International publication number WO 96/08261 discloses such probiotic compositions and the content of which is incorporated into this specification for the purposes of convenient cross-reference.
• probiotic microoganisms provided to an animal or human so as to enhance the beneficial effect of these compositions.
• present inventors have now developed improved probiotic compositions and methods of delivering probiotic microorganisms to the gastrointestinal tract of animals including humans.
• the present invention consists in a probiotic composition including one or more probiotic microorganisms, a carrier which will function to transport the one or more probiotic microorganisms to the large bowel or other regions of the gastrointestinal tract, the carrier comprising a modified or unmodified resistant starch or mixtures thereof, which carrier acts as a growth or maintenance medium for microorganisms in the large bowel or other regions of the gastrointestinal tract, and an oligosaccharide.
• the present invention consists in a method of increasing the number of probiotic or resident microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of an animal, the method comprising providing to the animal a probiotic composition including one or more probiotic microorganisms, a carrier which will function to transport the one or more probiotic microorganisms to the large bowel or other regions of the gastrointestinal tract, the carrier comprising a modified or unmodified resistant starch or mixtures thereof, which carrier acts as a growth or maintenance medium for microorganisms in the large bowel or other regions of the gastrointestinal tract, and an oligosaccharide.
• the present invention is suitable for any animal which can benefit from probiotic treatment or administration.
• the present invention is particularly suitable for use in humans.
• the resistant starch functions as a carrier to transport the probiotic microorganisms to the large bowel.
• the introduction of those microorganisms into the large bowel is beneficial as previously explained.
• the resistant starch when present in the large bowel, will function as a nutritional source for microorganisms already present in the large bowel.
• the addition of an oligosaccharide to probiotic compositions has the surprising effect of causing an increase and persistence in the number of probiotic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract.
• Some probiotic microorganisms may be selected such that they are able to utilise the resistant starch as a nutritional source.
• the resistant starch will function both as a carrier and a nutritional source for those probiotic microorganisms.
• probiotic microorganisms which are suitable for use in this invention including yeasts such as Saccharomyces, and bacteria such as the genera Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacte ⁇ um,
• Propionibacte ⁇ um, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Staphylococcus, Peptostreptococcus and Lactobacillus The invention is not, however, limited to these particular microorganisms. The person skilled in the art would understand and recognise those microorganisms which may be included in the compositions of the invention.
• the probiotic microorganism is Bifidobacterium.
• Typical concentration range of probiotic microorganisms administered is IO 3 to 10 1J cells per day. Usually, about 10 8 cells per day are used in probiotic administration.
• typical consumption rates are about 0.1 to 10 g per kg body weight. Consumption of around 1 g per kg body weight has been found to be suitable.
• Oligosaccharides suitable for the present invention may include any oligosaccharides available for consumption.
• Commercial oligosaccharides presently available include fructo-, galacto-, malto-, isomalto-, gentio-, xylo-, palatinose-.
• soybean- includes raffinose and stachyose
• oligosaccharides would also be suitable for inclusion in the composition of the present invention.
• One preferred oligosaccharide suitable for the present invention is fructo-oligosaccharide (Raftilose). It will be appreciated, however, that although this particular oligosaccharide was found to be suitable in experiments carried out by the present inventors, other oligosaccharides would also be expected to have similar beneficial effects in probiotic compositions.
• the oligosaccharide can be used in the composition in concentrations of about 0.01 to 10% (w/w). Preferably the concentration of oligosaccharide is about 0.05 to 5%. It has been found that between 0.1% to 1% (w/w) has the desired beneficial effect in the compositions according to the present invention.
• resistant starch includes those forms defined as RSl, RS2, RS3 and RS4 as defined in Brown, McNaught and Moloney (1995) Food Australia 47: 272-275. Either modified or unmodified resistant starches or mixtures thereof are used in this invention.
• resistant starch in a probiotic composition is that it is largely not degraded until it reaches the large bowel. Therefore it provides a readily available substrate for fermentation by the probiotic microorganisms as soon as they arrive in the large bowel.
• a preferred form of resistant starch is a high amylose starch particularly high amylose starches as disclosed and taught in WO 94/03049 and WO 94/14342, the contents of which are incorporated into this specification for the purposes of convenient cross-reference.
• high amylose starches which are resistant starches and include maize starch having an amylose content of 50% w/w or more, particularly 80% w/w or more, rice and wheat starch having an amylose content of 27% w/w or more and; particular granular size ranges of starches having an amylose content of 50% or more and enhanced resistant starch content, these starches including maize, barley, wheat and legumes.
• This invention is not, however, limited to these forms of resistant starch.
• other forms of resistant starch derived from sources such as bananas or other fruit types , tubers such as potatoes, and mixtures or combinations thereof would be suitable for the present invention.
• compositions used in the invention may be prepared such that probiotic microorganisms, carrier and oligosaccharide are presented in combination.
• the probiotic microorganism and the carrier may be presented in each of two separate parts. In this form, either the part containing the probiotic microorganisms or the part containing the carrier and oligosaccharide may be consumed first, followed by the other part shortly thereafter.
• the probiotic microorganism and the carrier may be presented in one part and the oligosaccharide in the other part. In this form, the part containing the probiotic microorganism and the carrier may be consumed first, followed by the other part shortly thereafter. It will be appreciated that the parts may be administered in the reverse order as that given above.
• the resistant starch will serve as a substrate for fermentation by the probiotic microorganisms when the composition reaches the large bowel.
• starch may be advantageous to also chemically modify the starch to, for instance, alter the charge density or hydrophobicity of the granule and/or granule surface to enhance the attachment compatibility between the microorganism and the resistant starch.
• Chemical modifications such as etherification, esterification, acidification and the like are well known in this art as being suitable chemical treatments.
• other modifications can be induced physically, enzymically or by other means well known to those skilled in the art.
• Hi-maize TM refers to a high amylose starch obtained from Starch Australasia Limited.
• Figure 1 shows persistence of bifidobacteria after cessation of dosage of the probiotic bifidobacteria in experimental animals and continuation of the Hi-maizeTM + fructo-oligosaccharide diet;
• Figure 2 shows bifidobacterial counts in human faecal slurry cultures dosed with bifidobacteria Z8AT1, Hi-maizeTM + fructo-oligosaccharide. Modes for Carrying Out the Invention Methodology Table 1. Pig diet formulation.
• pigs Sixteen pigs were divided into four groups of four pigs for the experiment. All will be their own control and have time on each diet. Pigs were fed experimental diet for a week and then had a cleaning out period of a week where they were fed pellets containing Oliquindox. Experimental feeding commenced every second Saturday, and pigs were fed twice a day. Probiotic (Bifidobacterium longum 1941) was fed with all meals to all pigs. Pigs on Diets 2 and 4 were fed fructo-oligosaccharide (Raftilose). After final week of feeding all animals remained on experimental diet for a further seven days but not fed Probiotic.
• Formula for amounts fed to pigs 70g x (Body Weight) Probiotics fed at : 0.5 /kg body weight
• Total faecal output Weigh total faecal output daily from Monday to Saturday morning 9am and accurately record with time collected.
• VFA Take a sample of fresh faeces on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday after each morning feed. Accurately weigh out 1.5 - 2.0 g into a 10 ml plastic centrifuge tube and dilute 3 fold with internal standard (3.52 mM Oananthic Acid pH 7.0) Centrifuge and decant.

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• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• Epidemiology (AREA)
• Molecular Biology (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Food Science & Technology (AREA)
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• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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• 1996
  • 1996-03-20 AU AUPN8813A patent/AUPN881396A0/en not_active Abandoned
• 1997
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  • 1997-03-20 DE DE69731461T patent/DE69731461T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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  • 1997-03-20 AT AT97908078T patent/ATE281174T1/de active
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  • 1997-03-20 EP EP97908078A patent/EP0888118B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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  • 1997-03-20 KR KR1019980707460A patent/KR20000064728A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1997-03-20 WO PCT/AU1997/000176 patent/WO1997034615A1/en active IP Right Grant
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