EP0772756B1 - Microcomponent sheet architecture - Google Patents

Microcomponent sheet architecture Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0772756B1
EP0772756B1 EP95925311A EP95925311A EP0772756B1 EP 0772756 B1 EP0772756 B1 EP 0772756B1 EP 95925311 A EP95925311 A EP 95925311A EP 95925311 A EP95925311 A EP 95925311A EP 0772756 B1 EP0772756 B1 EP 0772756B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
laminate
heat
assembly
compressor
fluid
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EP95925311A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0772756A1 (en
Inventor
Robert S. Wegeng
M. Kevin Drost
Carolyn Evans Mc Donald
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Battelle Memorial Institute Inc
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Battelle Memorial Institute Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
    • H01L23/34—Arrangements for cooling, heating, ventilating or temperature compensation ; Temperature sensing arrangements
    • H01L23/42—Fillings or auxiliary members in containers or encapsulations selected or arranged to facilitate heating or cooling
    • H01L23/427—Cooling by change of state, e.g. use of heat pipes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01B—BOILING; BOILING APPARATUS ; EVAPORATION; EVAPORATION APPARATUS
    • B01B1/00—Boiling; Boiling apparatus for physical or chemical purposes ; Evaporation in general
    • B01B1/005—Evaporation for physical or chemical purposes; Evaporation apparatus therefor, e.g. evaporation of liquids for gas phase reactions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40—Static mixers
    • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/421—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions by moving the components in a convoluted or labyrinthine path
    • B01F25/422—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions by moving the components in a convoluted or labyrinthine path between stacked plates, e.g. grooved or perforated plates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F33/00—Other mixers; Mixing plants; Combinations of mixers
    • B01F33/30—Micromixers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/0093—Microreactors, e.g. miniaturised or microfabricated reactors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C7/08—Heating air supply before combustion, e.g. by exhaust gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K7/00—Constructional details common to different types of electric apparatus
    • H05K7/20—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating
    • H05K7/20218—Modifications to facilitate cooling, ventilating, or heating using a liquid coolant without phase change in electronic enclosures
    • H05K7/20254—Cold plates transferring heat from heat source to coolant
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
    • B01J2219/00783—Laminate assemblies, i.e. the reactor comprising a stack of plates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
    • B01J2219/00873—Heat exchange
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
    • B01J2219/00891—Feeding or evacuation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/14—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the cycle used 
    • F25B2309/1401—Ericsson or Ericcson cycles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/15—Microelectro-mechanical devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2260/00—Heat exchangers or heat exchange elements having special size, e.g. microstructures
    • F28F2260/02—Heat exchangers or heat exchange elements having special size, e.g. microstructures having microchannels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
    • H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
    • H01L2924/0002—Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for accomplishing heat transfer and/or power conversion, or chemical conversions and separations. More specifically, the invention is a microcomponent sheet architecture wherein macroscale production is achieved with a plurality of microscale elements operating in parallel.
  • Components exhibiting high efficiency at small scale include microchannel heat exchangers used to remove heat from electronic components.
  • Patent No. 5,115,858, May 26, 1992, MICRO-CHANNEL WAFER COOLING CHUCK, Fitch et al. discusses a 3M micro-channel stock used to cool a wafer by passing a liquid coolant through alternate channels. A high heat transfer fluid is passed through the remaining channels to remove the heat.
  • Patent No. 4,998,580, March 12, 1991, CONDENSER WITH SMALL HYDRAULIC DIAMETER FLOW PATH, Guntly et al. shows a condenser for use in air conditioning or refrigeration systems. Construction of the condenser is corrugated metal and flat strips.
  • Patent No. 5,016,707, May 21, 1991, MULTI-PASS CROSSFLOW JET IMPINGEMENT HEAT EXCHANGER, Nguen describes a crossflow heat exchanger and a construction thereof by stacking multiple core and spacer plates.
  • Patent No. 5,296,775, March 22, 1994, COOLING MICROFAN ARRANGEMENTS AND PROCESS, Cronin et al. discusses a micro electronic cooling fan in combination with ridges or fins, e.g., open channels.
  • microscale motors for example, conventional wisdom combines microscale components in series with the result that achieving a macroscale result would require enormous effort and cost of making millions of tiny systems.
  • US-A-4516 632 discloses a microcomponent heat exchanger comprising a plurality of stacked laminates arranged in alternating crossflow pairs in which a first fluid passing through one laminate exchanges heat with a second fluid passing in a neighbouring laminate.
  • US-A-5099311 discloses a microcomponent laminate capable of receiving heat from a unit when fluid is passed through flow paths in the laminate.
  • a micro component sheet architecture thermal assembly comprising: (a) a first laminate having at least one micro component adapted to reject heat and operatively combined with (b) a second laminate having at least one microcomponent adapted to receive heat; wherein said first and second laminates are attached to opposite sides of a thermally insulating laminate.
  • the or each of the microcomponents may comprise a plurality of lands and flow paths.
  • Said first laminate may be a condenser and said second laminate may be an evaporator.
  • Said microcomponents may be adapted to reject or receive heat, as appropriate, by the provision of a flowing fluid in said flow paths. Said fluid is condensible and may condense in said first laminate and evaporate in said laminate.
  • the assembly may further comprise: (a) a compressor operative between the second laminate and the first laminate; and (b) an expansion valve operative between the first laminate and the second laminate, wherein said expansion valve is provided opposite the compressor; whereby said assembly is operable as a heat pump.
  • Said compressor may be a macro scale compressor.
  • Said expansion valve may be a macro scale expansion valve.
  • the assembly may further comprise: (a) a pump or compressor operative between the first laminate and the second laminate; and (b) a work extractor opposite the pump or compressor and operative between the second laminate and the first laminate whereby the assembly is operable as a heat engine.
  • Said compressor or pump may be a macro scale compressor pump.
  • Said work extractor may be a macro scale work extractor.
  • micro component sheet architecture laminate having:
  • Said first portion may be adapted to receive heat and said second portion may be adpated both to extract work from the fluid and receive heat.
  • a micro component sheet architecture thermal assembly comprising a first laminate as described above, operatively combined with a second laminate as described above; wherein the first portion of the first laminate is adapted to receive heat and the second portion thereof is adapted to extract work both from the fluid and receive heat, and wherein a first portion of the second laminate is adapted to reject heat and a second portion of the second laminate is adapted both to compress the fluid and reject heat whereby said assembly approaches an ideal Brayton Cycle machine.
  • FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a portion of a microscale component laminate with laterally closed lands.
  • FIG.1, la is an exploded view of a portion of a microscale component laminate with laterally open lands.
  • FIG. 2a is an exploded view of a portion of a microscale component laminate with connections on header ends.
  • FIG. 2b is an exploded view of a portion of a microscale component laminate with connections along header length.
  • FIG. 3a is a heat pump made of microscale laminates.
  • FIG. 3b is a heat pump made of a combination of microscale laminates and macroscale components.
  • FIG. 4 is an exploded view of a test assembly.
  • FIG. 5a is a reverse Brayton Cycle heat pump made of a combination of micro and macro scale components.
  • FIG. 5b is a reverse Brayton Cycle heat pump made of microscale components.
  • FIG. 6a is a Rankine Cycle heat engine made of microscale components.
  • FIG. 6b is a Rankine Cycle heat engine made of a combination of micro and macro scale components.
  • FIG. 7a is a Brayton Cycle heat engine made of microscale components.
  • FIG. 7b is a Brayton Cycle heat engine made of a combination of micro and macro scale components.
  • FIG. 7c is an Ericsson Cycle heat engine made of microcomponents.
  • the invention is a microcomponent sheet or laminate architecture of individual laminates wherein the fundamental structure is a laminate or laminate portion having tens to millions of microcomponents, preferably hundreds to millions, thereby enabling a laminate to provide macroscale unit operation, for example a condenser having a capacity in the kW th range, and the laminates connected, thereby combining unit operations, to form an assembly, or system, for example a heat pump.
  • the fundamental structure is a laminate or laminate portion having tens to millions of microcomponents, preferably hundreds to millions, thereby enabling a laminate to provide macroscale unit operation, for example a condenser having a capacity in the kW th range, and the laminates connected, thereby combining unit operations, to form an assembly, or system, for example a heat pump.
  • FIG. 1 shows the fundamental structure of a laminate.
  • a material sheet or laminate 1 On a material sheet or laminate 1 , a plurality of microcomponents 2 are embedded onto the material sheet 1 .
  • Material sheets 1 may be any solid material, but are preferably metal, ceramic, or semiconductor material.
  • a material sheet 1 embedded with microcomponents 2 is a laminate.
  • a laminate is also a material sheet 1 having no microcomponents or having conduits through the material sheet 1 thickness serving as a spacer or insulator.
  • the microcomponents 2 can be condensers, evaporators or non-phase change heat exchangers, compressors, expansion valves, or motors. It is to be understood that while the drawings and discussion thereof are limited to specific embodiments, there is practically no limit to the types and numbers of microcomponents and combinations thereof that may be included on a laminate or material sheet 1 .
  • FIG. 1 depicts microcomponents 2 on one side of the material sheet 1
  • microcomponents may be embedded on both sides of the material sheet 1 . Embedding on both sides may be particularly advantageous for dual fluid heat exchangers, for example feedwater preheating with condensed turbine exhaust.
  • the density of microcomponents 2 on a material sheet may range from about 1 microcomponent per square centimeter to about 10 10 microcomponents per square centimeter. Within those density ranges, a range of unit lengths or unit diameters of microcomponents 2 is from about 1 micron to about 1 centimeter.
  • the width W of the grooves or microchannels 3 may range from about 1 micron to about 1 millimeter and preferably range from about 10 microns to about 250 microns.
  • microchannels or flow paths may be laterally closed as shown in FIG. 1, or laterally open as shown in FIG 1a.
  • the microcomponents 2 are groove sets 4 made up of a pair of headers 5 and laterals 6 .
  • Laterals 6 are the grooves permitting flow between header pairs 5 .
  • Laterals 6 are shown substantially perpendicular to headers 5 , but is will be apparent to one skilled in the art of microcomponents that a lateral 6 can form an angle other than 90 degrees with a header 5 .
  • Headers 5 may be provided with connections 8 , which are enlarged portions of headers 5 , for receiving and sending fluid.
  • the connections 8 are optional inasmuch as fluid transfer to and from the headers 5 can be accomplished within the width W of the headers 5 .
  • Laterals 6 may have the same width as the headers 5 or have a different width either smaller or larger. It is preferred that the laterals 6 have smaller widths than the headers 5 .
  • Embedment of microcomponents 2 or groove sets 4 may be accomplished by any microchannel forming process, but is preferably done with micromachining or photolithography. A photolithographic process is most preferred because the cost of making groove sets 4 is substantially independent of the number of groove sets 4 .
  • Microchannel forming processes generally etch a surface so that resulting channels are unconfined on the etched side. Channels are closed by bonding a second laminate to the etched surface.
  • the plurality of solid material lands 10 defining the laterals 6 function as heat transfer fins supporting the high heat flux observed. Each land 10 may be laterally closed as shown in FIG. 2a or laterally open as shown in FIG.1a to permit cross flow communication.
  • the lands 10 may be of any cross section including but not limited to rectangular, rhomboid, and ellipsoid cross sections.
  • Laterally open lands increase flow area thereby reducing the possibility of clogging and reducing the effect of a clog should it occur.
  • the definition of a lateral is less distinct especially if the lands are offset or randomly spaced. Nevertheless, the spaces between the open lands are flow paths.
  • microcomponents 3 are shown without a top cover, it is preferred that the top be closed with a cover to constrain the flow of fluid to remain within the flow paths and in intimate contact with the lands 10 .
  • the cover may be a plain laminate having no microcomponents, for example an insulating laminate, or it may be another microcomponent laminate.
  • a single microcomponent or a set of like microcomponents is capable of performing at least one unit operation.
  • a unit operation is defined as an operation that changes the state of a working fluid including but not limited to condensation, evaporation, compression, pumping, heat exchanging, or expansion.
  • a collection of unit operations is a system.
  • An example of a single microcomponent performing more than one unit operation is a microcompressor in a thermally conductive material performing both compression and heat transfer simultaneously.
  • macrocompressors conduct heat as a result of compressing a gas, but that heat is small compared to the process heat, for example heat removed from a refrigerated space.
  • the distinct advantage of a microcomponent is that the heat transferred simultaneous with the compression is indeed process heat thereby providing a substantially constant temperature compression (approaching an ideal isothermal compression) which results in the most efficient energy transfer/conversion.
  • a system has a first laminate having a first plurality of microcomponents for performing at least one unit operation; attached to a second laminate having a second plurality of microcomponents for performing at least one additional unit operation; wherein the unit operation is combined with the additional unit operation and produces a system operation.
  • separate unit operations may be placed on a single laminate having a first portion and at least a second portion.
  • the first portion has first microcomponents for performing a unit operation and the second and subsequent portion(s) have second and subsequent microcomponents for performing another and subsequent unit operation(s).
  • the unit operation is combined with the additional and/or subsequent unit operation(s) and produces a system operation.
  • Microcomponents performing one unit operation can be combined in several ways with microcomponents performing another unit operation.
  • several microscale pumps in parallel may feed a single heat exchanger, or one microscale pump may feed several heat exchangers in parallel.
  • Similar variations with like microcomponents in series or a combination of series and parallel arrangements may be used advantageously in particular applications.
  • Laminates or laminate portions are combineable into a wide variety of systems including but not limited to heat pumps, heat engines, heat pipes, thermal sources, and chemical plants, for example chemical converters and chemical separators.
  • a heat pump of microscale components has the same basic unit operations as a macroscale heat pump.
  • the basic unit operations are evaporation, compression, condensation, and expansion.
  • the microscale components performing each unit operation are so numerous as to provide the same level of macroscale heating or cooling in terms of thermal kilowatts or megawatts as the macroscale counterpart.
  • FIG. 3a A heat pump of microscale components is shown in FIG. 3a, having a microscale evaporator laminate 31 , insulation laminate 32 , microscale compressor laminate 34 , and microscale condenser laminate 36 .
  • the microscale evaporator laminate 31 and condenser laminate 36 are laminates having groove sets 4 wherein each groove set 4 is a microcomponent.
  • the microscale compressor microcomponent can be a solid piston linear alternator, a piezoelectric diaphragm as described by Smits JG, 1990, "A Piezoelectric micropump With Three Valves Working Peristaltically", Sensors and Actuators 15 , 153-67, or other micro-mechanical actuator capable of compressing a gas.
  • Expansion valves or orifices may be etched in the compressor laminate 34 , or a separate laminate containing expansion valves may be inserted between the compressor laminate 34 and the insulation laminate 32 .
  • the wavy stem arrows 38 outside the laminates indicate the direction of heat transfer from a low temperature T L to a high temperature T H .
  • the solid stem arrows 40 within the laminates indicate the direction of flow of working fluid.
  • the hidden (dashed or broken) line conduits 42 indicate no fluid contact within that laminate.
  • the conduits 42 may be few as shown or a plurality.
  • FIG. 3b an alternative heat pump embodiment is shown.
  • the evaporator laminate 31 is placed on the insulation laminate 32 with the condenser laminate 36 on the opposite side of the insulation laminate thereby forming a microcomponent thermal assembly 43 .
  • a macroscale compressor 44 and a macroscale expansion valve 46 are mounted externally to the microscale components. It may be noted that in this embodiment, no passages or conduits 42 are needed through the insulation 32 .
  • a test assembly shown in FIG. 4, was made having a groove set piece 401 and a manifold 402 . Both the groove set piece 401 and the manifold 402 were made from copper. The portion of the groove set piece 401 containing the groove set 4 was about 2.3 cm x 2 cm x 1 mm and the groove walls 404 extended like fins above a base 406 . The groove set 4 contained 48 laterals between pairs of groove walls 404 . Each lateral was about 260 microns wide and about 1 mm deep. An o-ring groove 408 contained an o-ring (not shown) for sealing between the groove set piece 401 and the manifold 402 .
  • the manifold 402 had a raised roof 410 of stainless steel.
  • the raised roof 410 fit over the groove set 4 leaving little or no space between the top of the groove walls 404 and the undersurface of the raised roof 410 . If there was any space at all, it was within a tenth of a millimeter and most likely within 0.01 millimeter.
  • the raised roof 410 is oversized in the direction parallel to the groove walls 404 thereby forming headers on either end of the groove set 4 , the headers having a width W .
  • Fitting connection holes 412 were provided in the raised roof 410 for fluid flow through the groove set 4.
  • the test assembly was operated as a condenser with refrigerant R-124 as the working fluid. Steady state conditions were defined at a pressure of approximately 3 atm with the inlet receiving superheated R-124 at a temperature of about 20°C and outlet exhausting subcooled liquid R-124.
  • the condenser was placed in an environment of a water/ice bath at a temperature of 0°C. Refrigerant flow rate varied between 0.150 g/s and 0.205 g/s.
  • the change in enthalpy of the incoming superheated R-124 and the exiting condensed liquid R-124 was 155 joules/g which demonstrated that the test assembly achieved a heat transfer rate of from about 6 to about 8 Watts/cm 2 for the working area of the heat exchanger.
  • thermodynamic cycles in addition to vapor compression, are used for heat pumps.
  • Reverse Brayton, Stirling Cycle, and Absorption Cycle have been used.
  • FIG. 5a shows a Reverse Brayton heat pump combining microchannel heat exchangers with a macroscale compressor
  • FIG. 5b shows a Reverse Brayton heat pump using no macroscale components
  • the microcomponent thermal assembly 43 is a microchannel heat exchanger rejector 501 having groove sets 4 placed on an insulating laminate 32 with a microchannel heat exchanger receiver 503 placed on the side of the insulating laminate 32 opposite the rejector 501 .
  • Expansion valve(s) 505 permit flow from the rejector 501 to the receiver 503 .
  • a compressor 507 moves the working fluid through the system.
  • the receiver 510 is a laminate having microgenerators.
  • the receiver laminate 510 is made of a thermally conductive material. Because the receiver laminate 510 has microgenerators in combination with a thermally conductive material, the receiver laminate 510 is capable of performing two unit operations simultaneously, namely production of work and receipt of heat which more nearly approaches the ideal isothermal generation or extraction of work.
  • Working fluid leaves the receiver laminate 510 and flows into an isentropic compressor laminate 512 , and thence into a rejector laminate 514 having microcompressors in a thermally conductive material for performing simultaneous compression and heat rejection.
  • the working fluid then flows to a generator laminate 516 for isentropic work extraction then back to the receiver laminate 510 .
  • Insulation layers 32 are placed between the receiver laminate 510 and the generator laminate 516 , between the generator laminate 516 and the compressor laminate 512 , and between the compressor laminate 512 and the rejector laminate 514 .
  • the broken line conduits 42 indicate fluid passages through various laminates and layers and the solid stem arrows 40 indicate flow of working fluid within a laminate performing at least one unit operation.
  • receiver and rejector laminates 510 , 514 can be made of separate compressor and generator laminates and separate heat exchange laminates. However that is less preferred because of the departure from the ideal Reverse Brayton cycle conditions.
  • a heat engine is the reverse of a heat pump. However, practically they are quite different.
  • a heat engine does not use an expansion valve and extracts work from the working fluid.
  • the working fluid may be gas or liquid, but the macroscale heat engine is very different from a macroscale heat pump.
  • thermodynamic cycles upon which even more numerous heat engine designs are based, including but not limited to Rankine Cycle, Brayton Cycle, Stirling Cycle, Otto Cycle, Diesel Cycle, Kalina Cycle, and the Ericcson Cycle.
  • Rankine Cycle for example, reheat, superheat and feedwater preheating have been used alone or in combination in various heat engine applications. All of these cycles are distinct because of the type of working fluid, internal versus external combustion of fuel, and other characteristics well known to skilled practitioners. Nevertheless, all of these thermodynamic cycles and improvements thereto are the result of attempts to approach the performance of the ideal Carnot Cycle.
  • microscale laminates especially condensers and evaporators
  • microscale generators for example electromagnetic actuators driven in reverse
  • microscale based heat engine with efficiencies in excess of any other cycle.
  • FIG. 6a shows a Rankine Cycle heat engine having only microcomponents.
  • An evaporator laminate 601 is placed on a generator laminate 603 on one side of an insulating laminate 32 .
  • a pump laminate 605 and a condenser laminate 607 are on the opposite side of the insulating layer 32 .
  • FIG. 6b shows a Rankine Cycle heat engine having a combination of microcomponents and macrocomponents.
  • the microcomponent thermal assembly 43 is an evaporator laminate 601 placed on one side of an insulating laminate 32 with a condenser laminate 607 on the opposite side of the insulating laminate 32 .
  • a pump 608 circulates working fluid from the condenser laminate 607 to the evaporator laminate 601 , and a turbine/generator set 610 extracts work from the working fluid and creates electricity.
  • FIG. 7a shows a Brayton Cycle heat engine of microcomponents.
  • the two heat exchangers, rejector 501 and receiver 503 may be the same as for the Reverse Brayton cycle previously described.
  • the generator 701 may be similar to the Rankine Cycle generator 603 but with necessary modifications to accommodate a different working fluid.
  • the compressor 703 is made compatible with the Brayton Cycle working fluid, usually a gas, for example air.
  • FIG. 7b shows a Brayton Cycle heat engine having a combination of micro and macro components.
  • the turbine generator set 707 may be similar to the Rankine Cycle turbine generator set 610 , but would be specific for handling air or other non-condensible gas rather than steam.
  • the compressor 705 and microcomponent thermal assembly 43 would be designed to handle air or other non-condensible gas as the working fluid.
  • FIG. 7c shows yet another microcomponent version that approaches an ideal Brayton Cycle, also referred to as the Ericsson Cycle.
  • This embodiment exemplifies a laminate having two unit operations on separate portions of the laminate.
  • the receiver laminate 706 has a heat exchanger receiver portion 503 and an isothermal generator portion 510
  • the rejector laminate 708 has a heat exchanger rejector portion 501 and an isothermal compressor portion 514 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
  • Materials For Photolithography (AREA)
  • Micromachines (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
EP95925311A 1994-07-29 1995-06-23 Microcomponent sheet architecture Expired - Lifetime EP0772756B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US282663 1988-12-12
US08/282,663 US5611214A (en) 1994-07-29 1994-07-29 Microcomponent sheet architecture
PCT/US1995/008011 WO1996004516A1 (en) 1994-07-29 1995-06-23 Microcomponent sheet architecture

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EP0772756A1 EP0772756A1 (en) 1997-05-14
EP0772756B1 true EP0772756B1 (en) 1999-09-01

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US (1) US5611214A (ja)
EP (1) EP0772756B1 (ja)
JP (5) JPH10503884A (ja)
AT (1) ATE184101T1 (ja)
CA (1) CA2195859C (ja)
DE (1) DE69511875T2 (ja)
ES (1) ES2136297T3 (ja)
WO (1) WO1996004516A1 (ja)

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JPH10503884A (ja) 1998-04-07
DE69511875D1 (de) 1999-10-07
CA2195859C (en) 2009-06-09
EP0772756A1 (en) 1997-05-14
US5611214A (en) 1997-03-18
JP2008101908A (ja) 2008-05-01
ES2136297T3 (es) 1999-11-16
JP4580422B2 (ja) 2010-11-10
ATE184101T1 (de) 1999-09-15
CA2195859A1 (en) 1996-02-15
JP2010019547A (ja) 2010-01-28
DE69511875T2 (de) 2000-03-30
JP2004257726A (ja) 2004-09-16
JP2010216801A (ja) 2010-09-30

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