EP0771753B1 - Phasenregelungssystem für die Schaufelradanordnung eines Falzapparates - Google Patents

Phasenregelungssystem für die Schaufelradanordnung eines Falzapparates Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0771753B1
EP0771753B1 EP96115359A EP96115359A EP0771753B1 EP 0771753 B1 EP0771753 B1 EP 0771753B1 EP 96115359 A EP96115359 A EP 96115359A EP 96115359 A EP96115359 A EP 96115359A EP 0771753 B1 EP0771753 B1 EP 0771753B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
airfoil
phase
signature
phase angle
speed
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP96115359A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0771753A1 (de
Inventor
Charles Henry Dufour
Paul Raymond Bolduc
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG
Original Assignee
Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP0771753A1 publication Critical patent/EP0771753A1/de
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H29/00—Delivering or advancing articles from machines; Advancing articles to or into piles
    • B65H29/38—Delivering or advancing articles from machines; Advancing articles to or into piles by movable piling or advancing arms, frames, plates, or like members with which the articles are maintained in face contact
    • B65H29/40—Members rotated about an axis perpendicular to direction of article movement, e.g. star-wheels formed by S-shaped members
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2511/00—Dimensions; Position; Numbers; Identification; Occurrences
    • B65H2511/20—Location in space
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2511/00—Dimensions; Position; Numbers; Identification; Occurrences
    • B65H2511/20—Location in space
    • B65H2511/21—Angle
    • B65H2511/212—Rotary position
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2511/00—Dimensions; Position; Numbers; Identification; Occurrences
    • B65H2511/40—Identification
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2511/00—Dimensions; Position; Numbers; Identification; Occurrences
    • B65H2511/50—Occurence
    • B65H2511/51—Presence
    • B65H2511/514—Particular portion of element
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2513/00—Dynamic entities; Timing aspects
    • B65H2513/10—Speed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2701/00—Handled material; Storage means
    • B65H2701/10—Handled articles or webs
    • B65H2701/19—Specific article or web
    • B65H2701/1912—Banknotes, bills and cheques or the like

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a phase control system for the impeller arrangement of a folder according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a paper web fed through a web-fed rotary printing machine After a paper web fed through a web-fed rotary printing machine has been printed, it is fed to a folder for further processing. In the folder the web is usually cut and folded into signatures. The signatures are then divided into several product streams and designed for further processing. The The signatures can be divided into several product streams by arranging one Pair of rotating paddle wheels can be achieved in the signature path.
  • EP 0 391 550 A1 describes a phase control system with the features of the preamble of claim 1 for a paddle wheel Redirection and delivery of banknotes, in which the banknotes are on their way to Paddle wheel arrangement by a first sensor and the phase position of the paddle wheel can be detected by a second sensor, and in which the speed of the Paddle wheel is changed by a control device in such a way that the Phase position of the paddle wheel satisfies a predetermined condition in which the Banknotes can easily be accommodated in pockets of the paddle wheel.
  • the font gives no indication of connecting the device to another To use paddle wheel for folded products in a printing press, which regarding of the first impeller is arranged in such a way that that of the impeller tips of the circumferential lines described two overlap partially. Furthermore, the document gives no indication of providing a third sensor, which monitors one or more operating parameters of a printing press, on the basis of which the Speed of the paddle wheel is changed to make the banknotes reliable to be able to record.
  • U.S. 5,112,033 discloses e.g. B. a folder with a first and a second and folded printed products (i.e. signatures) with high speed conveyor belts in the immediate vicinity of the rotating paddle wheels.
  • Each of the paddle wheels has a plurality of airfoils, the tips of the circumference of each Define the paddle wheel. In each paddle wheel, they form one another Bucket pockets for receiving cut and folded printed products.
  • the circumference of the first impeller overlaps the circumference of the second Paddle wheel and vice versa.
  • each airfoil has in its outer radial area a recess on which to receive the tips of the airfoils of the other paddle wheel is used.
  • US-5,123,638 shows a product delivery with a flywheel arrangement for Use in a folder of a printing press
  • US-4,881,731 shows one Device for feeding sheets, in particular bank notes.
  • the object of the invention is to achieve a system to control the phase of a paddle wheel arrangement in the folder one To create printing press, in which the release of the folded products by one Transport system (e.g. of high-speed conveyor belts) with the phase of Blade is regulated and it is ensured that the folded products of the blades are picked up and transported without damage.
  • Transport system e.g. of high-speed conveyor belts
  • the present invention includes a phase control system for the Paddle wheel arrangement in the folder of a printing press, according to the features of claim 1.
  • the paddle wheel assembly includes a first rotating paddle wheel with a plurality first blades, the tips of which define the circumference of the first blade wheel.
  • a second rotating vane wheel includes a plurality of second vane blades, the tips of which define the circumference of the second impeller.
  • On a cutting line the first and the second paddle wheel circumference is located Product reception area.
  • the product reception area is designed in such a way that only one of the first and second airfoils the product receiving area at a given Time can occupy.
  • the folded product transport system is for the promotion of Folded products provided in the product receiving area; it can e.g. B. a couple Include high-speed belts and / or a cutting cylinder arrangement.
  • the phase control system comprises a processor, a first sensor, a second Sensor and a paddle wheel motor control switch.
  • the first sensor detects one Edge of a respective folding product passing a first position and generates a corresponding first signal.
  • the first position is defined as the point at which a Knife of the cutting cylinder assembly cuts the folded product. Alternatively, you can this first position at any point along the High-speed belts, in the product reception area, or on any suitable Location in the folder to be determined. Based on that from the first sensor generated signal and the web speed of the printing press Processor of the control system a first time at which a respective Folded product will reach a target position in the product receiving area.
  • the second sensor detects each first airfoil when it has a second position passes and generates a corresponding second signal. Based on that from that The processor of the control system calculates the second sensor generated signal Phase angle of the first or second airfoil, whichever the Product reception area occupied first. Then the processor calculates the Control system the phase difference between the current Airfoil phase angle and the desired airfoil phase angle. It can a display device can be provided on which the phase angle to the operator or the phase difference is displayed.
  • the speed of rotation is controlled by a paddle wheel motor control switch Paddle wheel arrangement controlled.
  • the control system changes by sending Control signals from the processor to the paddle wheel motor control switch Rotation speed of the impeller assembly based on the phase difference. By repeatedly changing the speed of rotation of the paddle wheel assembly in In this way, the control system compares the current impeller phase angle to the desired impeller phase angle.
  • the desired phase angle can be used. If e.g. B. the products (i.e. the folded signatures) too soon from the high - speed conveyor belts to the Paddle wheel rotation, then the rear end of the products can be around the Wrap airfoils and cause a jam in the airfoil assembly. If on the other hand, if the products get into the paddle wheel rotation too late, then it is not enough time for the products to slow down and they "crash" into the back End of the pockets formed between the blades, being damaged become. The degree of slowdown of the products after their release by the Conveyor belts depend on the inertia of the products and the friction between the products and the shovel blades. Another problem is the damage of pressure from excessive friction between the signature and the airfoils Based on these factors, a desired airfoil phase to avoid jams, falls and pressure damage to the products be determined experimentally.
  • the desired airfoil phase based on usage and Environment parameters changed.
  • the friction between the products and the airfoils various other factors, such as the weight and width of the paper used, the silicone content in the paper and the associated adherence of the products in the machine.
  • the inertia of the products also depends on the Web speed of the machine and the weight of the paper.
  • These parameters can either be operated manually on a control panel entered or automatically measured by sensors.
  • the different Combinations of desired phase angles corresponding to parameters can e.g. B. determined empirically or stored in memory as an NxN matrix, where N is the number of parameters. The appropriate desired phase angle can then by entering the current values of the parameters directly from the matrix to be read.
  • the Control system to be programmed so that it by the human operator mimicked procedural steps.
  • the way in which is an operator changing the impeller phase due to a number of different Factors such as web speed, temperature, paper type or others Manually sets environmental or usage parameters through the control system monitored and automatically stored in a table in memory. Then the desired phase angle can be based on the current environmental and usage parameters can be read from the table.
  • Fig. 1 is a folder 1 for cutting and folding printed products shown.
  • a paper web is folded over a former 24 and then in one Cutting cylinder assembly 20 cut to signatures.
  • the signatures are then from a pair of high-speed belts 13 to a pair of paddle wheels 100, 200 transported.
  • the paddle wheels 100, 200 rotate in opposite directions and are synchronized with each other so as not to collide.
  • FIG. 2 shows the paddle wheel arrangement 100, 200 in detail.
  • the the High-speed tapes 13 leaving signatures in the adjacent blades 102, 103; 201, 202; 202, 203 of the respective Paddle wheels 100, 200 formed pockets 111, 211 added.
  • 2 is one of the Signature 14 leaving high-speed tapes 13 shown, which in the of pocket 211 formed on adjacent blades 201, 202 occurs.
  • Each The airfoil has an airfoil tip 6 and an airfoil recess 5, which cooperate to prevent a collision under the airfoils. It is shown as the corresponding one in the blade recess 5.22 Blade tip 6.12 is added.
  • a signature 14.1 is in a "zero position", i. H. at one point immediately before it hits tip 6.22 of airfoil 202 of the Paddle wheel 200 shown. Part of the signature 14.1 remains with it Time in contact with the high-speed belts 13, and during the Signature 14.1 leaves the latter, it moves along a center line 15 with a Conveying speed W. In this position, the tip 6.22 of the Airfoil 202 beyond the center line 15 to accommodate the signature 14.1, the tip 6.12 of the airfoil 103 is in the recess 5.22 of the Blade 202 and the tip 6.11 of the blade 102 is located at a distance from the center line 15.
  • Fig. 3b shows the signature 14.1 in position 1, namely at the point where it first contacted the tip 6.22 of the airfoil 202.
  • the top 6.12 of the The airfoil 102 is still away from the center line 15, and part of the Signature 14.1 remains in contact with the high-speed belts 13. Since the Signature 14.1 is still in contact with the high-speed belts 13, it moves despite the friction caused by contact with the tip 6.22 (approximately) the conveying speed W.
  • the signature 14.1 bends slightly as it along the surface of the Airfoil 202 slides but moves due to its continued contact with the high-speed belts 13 at the conveying speed W. In this position, position 2, approaches the tip 6.12 of the airfoil 102 of the Center line 15, but has not yet crossed center line 15.
  • 3d shows the paddle wheels 100, 200 in position 3. In this position it moves the signature 14.1 under the control of the high-speed belts 13 with the Conveying speed W continues. However, the tip 6.12 of the airfoil 102 now has the center line 15 is crossed and is in contact with the signature 14.1. Besides, is shown that a second signature 14.2 in the high-speed belts 13th is moved, namely at a distance d behind the signature 14.1 and with the Conveyor speed W.
  • 3e, 3f, 3g show how the signature 14.1 the high-speed belts 13 leaves and comes into contact with the airfoil 202.
  • the through contact with the Blade 202 resulting friction causes the signature 14.1 to slow down, as it moves to the rear end of pocket 211.
  • the Tip 6.12 of the airfoil 102 the signature 14.1 away from the center line 15.
  • the paddle wheels 100, 200 are shown in the position 0 '.
  • the signature 14.1 has left the airfoil 102 and is moving along the Airfoil 202 to the rear end of pocket 211, which of the adjacent Bucket blades 201, 202 is formed. It also shows how the second Signature 14.2 of tip 6.12 of airfoil 102 is approaching.
  • the second signature 14.2 is also described with the Tip 6.12 of the airfoil 102 come into contact and extend into the rear end of the move through the pocket 111 formed by the adjacent blades 101, 102.
  • the signatures 14 released from the conveyor belts 13 too early and in the Paddlewheel rotation are added, it can happen that the rear end of the Signature winds around the airfoil (e.g. airfoil 202), causing a jam can lead in the paddle wheels 100, 200.
  • the signatures 14 of the conveyor belts 13 released too late and included in the paddle wheel rotation then there is not enough time for signatures 14 to slow down, and they "crash" into the rear end of pockets 111 and 211, damaging them can be.
  • the degree of slowdown in signatures after they are released the conveyor belts 13 depend on the inertia of the signatures and the friction between the signatures and the airfoils.
  • Another problem that arises is that of excessive friction pressure damage caused between the signature and the airfoil.
  • the adhesiveness (tack), which is called the level of static electricity Defined in the signatures is a parameter that is passed through in a conventional manner a “stapler” is regulated.
  • the amount of that added to the web Silicones can be different in conventional printing presses.
  • the for the Adhesion and the silicone selected values also have an influence on the Friction and inertia properties of the signatures when they enter the Paddlewheel bags 111 and 211.
  • the phase of rolling the strips 13 regarding the paddle wheels 100, 200 manually adjusted by the position of the signature when entering the paddle wheels with a measuring mark (or with the naked eye) monitored and then the speed of the high speed belts 13 was regulated accordingly.
  • This method of paddle wheel phasing has several disadvantages.
  • the manual setting based on measuring marks is the Speed of the conveyor belts 13 is in itself inaccurate and it is therefore not possible in this way to optimize the phase control.
  • Another problem arises due to the fact that it must be possible to speed the folder to change according to the change in the web speed of the printing press, because the web speed of the printing press can vary to a great extent, i. H. from 0 to 914 m / minute (0 to 3000 f / minute).
  • Airfoil phase control system 300 includes airfoil position sensor 310, a paddle wheel motor 320, a web speed sensor 330, one Signature position sensor 360, processor 340 and one Paddle wheel motor control switch 350.
  • the airfoil position sensor 310 may e.g. B. respective marks 311, the next each pocket 111, 211 are attached to one of the paddle wheels 100, 200, and one appropriately attached, detecting the markings 311 Include marker sensor 312.
  • the marks 311 can e.g. B. on the Paddles next to pockets 111, 211 be attached metal strips.
  • the Mark sensor 312 can e.g. B. be a proximity switch, which on the Metal strips react.
  • the signature position sensor 360 determines the position of the signature 14 and can open be installed in different ways. It can e.g. B. a sensor relative to the Cutting cylinder assembly 20 of the folder 1 are attached. Because the folded one Cut from the cutting cylinder assembly 20 into signatures 14 can be a sensor attached to this arrangement 20 definitely determine the point in time which the cutting cylinder generates a signature 14. Because the distance between the Cutting cylinder and the high-speed belts 13 is known, and since the Speed at which the signature 14 after leaving the Cutting cylinder moves, substantially equal to the web speed of the Printing press (which is detected by sensor 330) is the point in time which the leading edge or the trailing edge of a signature 14 are the conveyor belts 13 leaves, determinable. Alternatively, the speed is the Cutting cylinder leaving signature 14 by the rotational speed of the Cutting cylinder 20 measurable.
  • the signature position sensor 360 could be designed such that a marking is made next to each knife 401 of the cutting cylinder 20 and a sensor is placed next to the point at which the knife 401 contacts the recess 400 of the cutting cylinder 20.
  • the position of the front and rear edges of the signature 14 is known.
  • the speed at which the signature 14 will move from the cutting cylinders 20 through the high-speed belts 13 is equal to the web speed of the printing press, since any substantial deviation from the web speed would cause a paper jam.
  • the speed of movement of the signature 14 can be calculated more directly by monitoring the speed of rotation of the cutting cylinders 20 and the drive rollers of the high-speed belts.
  • the position of the rear edge of the signature 14 could be determined in the same way.
  • a sensor ie an optical sensor
  • a time period between the leading edges of the signatures could be derived from the pulse signals emitted by the sensor, and the time t 1 could then be estimated as the time of the last pulse plus the time period.
  • the illustrated method of determining airfoil position is described below with respect to airfoil position sensor 310, including markers 311 and mark sensor 312. As the impeller wheels 100, 200 rotate, the markers 311 activate the mark sensor 312. Since the shape of the airfoil is known, the position of the airfoil tip (or other part of the airfoil blade that is connected to the mark 311 that activates or triggers the mark sensor) can be easily determined at the point in time at which the sensor 312 is activated or triggered. Furthermore, the position of the airfoils at any time between pulse signals can be easily extrapolated from a set of two or more pulse signals. As a result, the position of the airfoil tip in the product receiving area 110 at time t 1 can be easily determined. Since, as shown in FIGS. 3a to 3h, only one blade tip occupies the product receiving area 110 at a given time, the signatures 14 are alternately output into the pockets of the blade wheels 100 and 200.
  • step 510 the signature position and the airfoil position is determined.
  • the signature and airfoil position can e.g. B. in processor 340 based on that obtained from sensors 310, 330 and 360 Information can be calculated as described above.
  • step 530 one or more environmental and application parameters rated to one desired phase angle of the blades relative to a signature target position (i.e. the zero position).
  • the behavior changes the signature upon entry into the paddle wheel bags with the weight of the used paper, the adhesiveness, the temperature, the humidity, the Silicon content in the paper and the number of sheets per signature.
  • the desired phase angle based on the values of this Set operating parameters.
  • the parameters can either be on a control panel entered manually or measured automatically with sensors.
  • the the various combinations of parameters corresponding to desired Phase angles can e.g. B. determined empirically and in a memory as one N x N matrix can be stored, where N is the number of parameters.
  • the right one desired phase angle can then be entered by entering the current values of the parameters can be read directly from the matrix. If the data for the airfoil position that The signature position and the desired phase angle are known Processor 340 in step 540 whether for the desired airfoil phase angle the paddle wheels are to be accelerated or slowed down. If a change in Phase angle is required to carry out the desired Phase angle change a signal sent to the paddle wheel motor control switch 350.
  • step 600 processor 340 determines a desired airfoil phase angle P desired at a signature reference or target position, ie the desired phase angle for an airfoil in the product receiving area at the point in time at which a signature reaches the reference position.
  • the signature reference position is defined as the zero position.
  • the desired airfoil phase angle can be determined based on the various environmental and application parameters.
  • processor 340 monitors the output of signature position sensor 360, web speed sensor 330, and airfoil position sensor 310.
  • step 630 the processor 340 calculates the time t 1 at which the front edge of the next signature 14 will reach the signature target position. As mentioned above, this time can be determined as a function of the output of the signature position sensor 360 and the web speed (W) of the printing press, since the distance (D) from the cutting cylinder arrangement 20 to the zero position is known and the time (t 0 ) at which the signature is formed in the cutting cylinder assembly 20, is detected by the signature position sensor 360.
  • the phase angle P next of the next airfoil is thus determined at time t 1 .
  • the phase angle of the airfoils can be determined at any time based on the output of the airfoil position sensor 310.
  • phase angle P is defined as the angular position of the airfoil tip in the product display area 110 relative to the reference plane that is perpendicular along the Axis of rotation of the impeller assembly extends. 7 is this reference plane defined as a vertical extending upward from axis 750 Level 760.
  • processor 340 sends a command to impeller motor control switch 350 to increase the speed of rotation of the impeller assembly.
  • processor 340 sends a command to impeller motor control switch 350 to reduce the speed of rotation of the impeller assembly.
  • the value by which the speed of rotation is to be increased or decreased can be determined in various ways. It can the rotational speed z. B. can be increased or decreased by a fixed deviation value, regardless of the difference between P next and P desired . This fixed deviation value could be determined empirically. Alternatively, the value by which the rotational speed should be increased or decreased could be changed depending on the difference between P next and P desired . The value could also be determined by an algorithm or read from a table based on the phase deviation.
  • Fig. 7a it is shown that if the airfoil position 720 is designated P next and the airfoil position 700 is designated P desired , and thus P next ⁇ P desired , the processor 340 will increase the speed of rotation of the impeller assembly 100, 200. On the other hand, if the airfoil position 710 corresponds to P next and the airfoil position 700 corresponds to P desired , and thus P next > P desired , then the processor 340 will reduce the speed of rotation of the airfoil assembly 100, 200.
  • processor 340 can be programmed to imitate the work steps of the human operator. It can e.g. For example, the manner in which an operator manually sets the airfoil phase based on various conditions such as web speed, temperature, paper type, or other operating parameters is monitored by processor 340 and automatically stored in a table in memory. In a subsequent print job, the desired phase angle P desired would then be read from the table on the basis of the current environmental and application parameters.
  • the above steps can e.g. For example, step 530 in the flowchart of FIG. 5 or step 600 in the flowchart of FIG.
  • an airfoil phase display system which has a display device 370 connected to the processor 340 described above.
  • Processor 340 determines the airfoil phase described above with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6 and then transfers it to display device 370 for display.
  • processor 340 and display device 370 may be used to display other useful information, such as. B. the display of the absolute phase position relative to the reference or target position, the current deviation from the desired phase angle, etc., can be programmed.
  • the processor 340 can be programmed to display a historical example of the phase position over a period of time. This historical example could also be displayed graphically so that the operator can follow the trend in phase deviation.
  • the airfoil phase control can be carried out separately or together with the phase control system described above.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Discharge By Other Means (AREA)
EP96115359A 1995-10-30 1996-09-25 Phasenregelungssystem für die Schaufelradanordnung eines Falzapparates Expired - Lifetime EP0771753B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US550430 1995-10-30
US08/550,430 US5653428A (en) 1995-10-30 1995-10-30 Phase control system for a folder fan

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0771753A1 EP0771753A1 (de) 1997-05-07
EP0771753B1 true EP0771753B1 (de) 2001-11-28

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EP96115359A Expired - Lifetime EP0771753B1 (de) 1995-10-30 1996-09-25 Phasenregelungssystem für die Schaufelradanordnung eines Falzapparates

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US (1) US5653428A (ja)
EP (1) EP0771753B1 (ja)
JP (1) JPH09169460A (ja)
DE (2) DE19639138A1 (ja)

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DE59608312D1 (de) 2002-01-10
DE19639138A1 (de) 1997-05-07
US5653428A (en) 1997-08-05
JPH09169460A (ja) 1997-06-30
EP0771753A1 (de) 1997-05-07

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