EP0755880B1 - Abgabevorrichtung für ein unter Druck stehendes Produkt und mit einer solchen Vorrichtung versehener Behälter - Google Patents

Abgabevorrichtung für ein unter Druck stehendes Produkt und mit einer solchen Vorrichtung versehener Behälter Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0755880B1
EP0755880B1 EP96401553A EP96401553A EP0755880B1 EP 0755880 B1 EP0755880 B1 EP 0755880B1 EP 96401553 A EP96401553 A EP 96401553A EP 96401553 A EP96401553 A EP 96401553A EP 0755880 B1 EP0755880 B1 EP 0755880B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
end fitting
container
cap
control rod
shroud
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP96401553A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0755880A1 (de
Inventor
Vincent De Laforcade
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
LOreal SA
Original Assignee
LOreal SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by LOreal SA filed Critical LOreal SA
Publication of EP0755880A1 publication Critical patent/EP0755880A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0755880B1 publication Critical patent/EP0755880B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A45—HAND OR TRAVELLING ARTICLES
    • A45D—HAIRDRESSING OR SHAVING EQUIPMENT; EQUIPMENT FOR COSMETICS OR COSMETIC TREATMENTS, e.g. FOR MANICURING OR PEDICURING
    • A45D34/00—Containers or accessories specially adapted for handling liquid toiletry or cosmetic substances, e.g. perfumes
    • A45D34/04—Appliances specially adapted for applying liquid, e.g. using roller or ball
    • A45D34/041—Appliances specially adapted for applying liquid, e.g. using roller or ball using a roller, a disc or a ball
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D83/00—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents
    • B65D83/14—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents for delivery of liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant for a product delivered by a propellant
    • B65D83/16—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents for delivery of liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant for a product delivered by a propellant characterised by the actuating means
    • B65D83/20—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents for delivery of liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant for a product delivered by a propellant characterised by the actuating means operated by manual action, e.g. button-type actuator or actuator caps
    • B65D83/205—Actuator caps, or peripheral actuator skirts, attachable to the aerosol container
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D83/00—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents
    • B65D83/14—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents for delivery of liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant for a product delivered by a propellant
    • B65D83/28—Nozzles, nozzle fittings or accessories specially adapted therefor
    • B65D83/285—Nozzles, nozzle fittings or accessories specially adapted therefor for applying the contents, e.g. brushes, rollers, pads, spoons, razors, scrapers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A45—HAND OR TRAVELLING ARTICLES
    • A45D—HAIRDRESSING OR SHAVING EQUIPMENT; EQUIPMENT FOR COSMETICS OR COSMETIC TREATMENTS, e.g. FOR MANICURING OR PEDICURING
    • A45D2200/00—Details not otherwise provided for in A45D
    • A45D2200/10—Details of applicators
    • A45D2200/1009—Applicators comprising a pad, tissue, sponge, or the like
    • A45D2200/1018—Applicators comprising a pad, tissue, sponge, or the like comprising a pad, i.e. a cushion-like mass of soft material, with or without gripping means

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for distribution of a product stored under pressure in a container provided with a control rod valve, in particular but not exclusively a valve with lateral push opening on a rod tilt control, and more precisely a device of the type comprising a snap-on cap on the container, provided with a nozzle tubular to be engaged on the control rod to form with this last one product passage channel, an annular space externally bordering the end piece.
  • annular space externally bordering the tip of the caps known dispensing devices is empty of material in a concern for economy and, so far, the mounting of the caps has carried out by machines which have to respect a very close alignment precise tip and control rod prior to snapping of the cap, to avoid the risk of fixing it with the control rod not engaged in the end piece and extending in oblique outside of it in the aforementioned annular space, this which is of course essential to avoid because it could lead breakage of the control rod or emptying of the container.
  • a device for dispensing a product stored under pressure in a container comprising a snap-on cap on the container.
  • the latter is provided with a control rod valve, opening by axial thrust on the control rod.
  • the control rod is fixed on the body of the container by means of a cup.
  • the device has a tip to be engaged on the control rod and forming with the latter a product passage channel. This tip presents below a cylindrical part sliding on a boss formed in the center of the cup. The tip cannot be lowered onto the rod only if, beforehand, the lower cylindrical part of the nozzle was engaged on the boss of the cup.
  • Such device requires on the one hand a special conformation of the cup bearing the control rod and on the other hand applies exclusively to a container with a push-open control rod axial.
  • the present invention relates to a new device in which the assembly of the cap is facilitated and can be carried out in safe even by an inexperienced operator.
  • the cap has at least a scope disposed outside the end piece and capable of prohibiting occupancy by the control rod of the annular space bordering externally the tip, in order to oppose the snap of the cap when the control rod is in an inclined position.
  • the Applicant has found that the additional cost caused by the presence of material in the annular space bordering on the outside the tip was a posteriori largely compensated by the gain of productivity provided by the invention.
  • said range is achieved by means of an insert on the end cap, suitable to prohibit the occupation by the control rod of the region ring externally bordering the nozzle.
  • the headdress has several scopes in the form fins extending the tip radially outwards.
  • each span forms a guide structure from the control rod to the nozzle.
  • the invention also relates to a container equipped with a distribution device as mentioned above.
  • FIG. 1 shows a device 1 in accordance with the invention, used for the distribution of a product, such as a deodorant, stored under pressure in a container 2 known as itself, of the aerosol can type.
  • a product such as a deodorant
  • the device 1 comprises a cap 3 provided in a known manner per se at its lower part of a tubular skirt 4 generally symmetric of revolution around an axis X contained in the plane of section of FIG. 1, comprising at its base an annular bulge 5 radially projecting inwards, to be fixed by snap-fastening, that is to say snap-fastening, in an annular groove 6 formed in upper part, in the shape of a warhead, of the container.
  • the cap 3 has at its upper part an applicator mobile 7 for dispensing the product, connected to the tubular skirt 4 by a flexible connection, constituted in the example described by a openwork crown 8 to form several flexible tabs.
  • Applicator 7 can be protected, when not in use of device 1, by a cover 9 to be engaged on the upper end of the tubular skirt 4.
  • the cover 9 is retained by friction or by snap on the tubular skirt 4 and rests, when in place on the cover 3, by its lower end edge 11 on a external shoulder formed by a recess 10 of the tubular skirt 4.
  • the cover 9 is crossed at its upper part by a vent 12, and its external lateral surface is located in the extension of the external surface of the tubular skirt 4 when it is in place on the latter.
  • the applicator 7 comprises an applicator member 13 intended in the example described coming into contact with the skin and consisting of a slightly deformable and porous pad, obtained by sintering, fixed on a support part 14.
  • the latter has a central wall tubular 15 of axis X, connected at its top to a transverse wall 16 slightly curved upwards, and extended in its part lower by a flat annular wall 17 and perpendicular to the X axis.
  • the annular wall 17 is connected at its periphery on a tubular wall 18 of axis X, at about half height thereof.
  • the tubular walls 15 and 18 are coaxial and define between them an annular groove 19 open upwards and the bottom of which corresponds to the annular wall 17.
  • the applicator member 13 presents, in axial section in a section plane containing the axis X, the shape of an inverted U whose branches, engaged in the groove annular 19, meet by covering the transverse wall 16.
  • the tubular wall 18 is connected to the tubular skirt 4 by the crown 8 above.
  • the latter extends at rest perpendicular to the X axis, and it is fixed by its edge radially outer on an inner shoulder formed by the offset 10 and by its radially internal edge on the edge lower end of the tubular wall 18.
  • the container 2 is provided at its upper end with a valve cup 20 fixed by crimping into an opening in the container and crossed in its center by a control rod tilting 21.
  • the orientation of the latter depends the opening or closing of a valve integrated into the container, known in itself, and also called a lateral deformation valve.
  • the rod 21 is, for its part located outside the container, cylindrical of revolution around an axis coincident with the X axis when it is at rest, in the closed position of the valve, and it is engaged with tightening in an integral end piece 22 of the support part 14. It is crossed axially by a outlet channel of the product to be distributed, leading to its edge upper end 23.
  • the control rod 21 causes the opening of the valve when it is tilted in an oblique position relative to the X axis, by a force exerted on its side transversely to the X axis, for example following the displacement in contact with the skin of the user of the organ application 13 and the deformation of the crown 8 which results therefrom.
  • the end piece 22 is connected at its upper end to the transverse wall 16 and it is internally stepped to define a maximum insertion position of the control rod 21.
  • the bottom 24 of the nozzle 22 is crossed by an orifice 25 forming a jet breaker for the passage of the product to be distributed.
  • the upper surface of the wall transverse 16 is hollowed out radially, in a manner known per se, in 26, for the distribution on the internal face of the applicator member 13 of the product leaving the orifice 25, in order to achieve a uniform product distribution.
  • a part 28 is added in the annular groove 29 formed between the end piece 22 and the tubular wall 15.
  • This part 28 can be fixed by any means known to those skilled in the art, by snap-fastening example and presents two coaxial walls 30, 31 joined at their lower end by a concave wall 32 towards the container 2.
  • the wall 30, radially innermost, is internally stepped and has two surfaces 33, 34 cylindrical of revolution around a axis of symmetry coincides with the X axis when the control rod is at rest, and joined by a shoulder 35 perpendicular to this axis of symmetry.
  • the surface 33 is applied to the surface radially of the end piece 22 and the shoulder 35 is in contact with the lower end edge of it.
  • Surface 34 extends down the internal surface of the nozzle 22 in contact with the rod 21.
  • the wall 31 is applied to its upper part by its radially outer surface 36 on the tubular wall 15 and extends axially at its lower part below the annular wall 17 as shown in Figure 1.
  • Reference 37 is the slice lower end of the wall 31.
  • the wall 32 forms an angle of Approximately 78 ° with the X axis in the vicinity of its most radially edge internal.
  • the edge lower of the annular bulge 5 extends in a centered circle on the X axis.
  • O one of the two intersections of this circle with the section plane of figure 1.
  • K the arc of larger diameter circle whose center is O and which intersects the edge 38 formed at the junction of the end edge lower 37 and surface 36.
  • the circle of smaller diameter of center O intersecting the edge 39 formed at the junction of the external cylindrical surface of the control rod 21 and its upper end edge 23 is referenced C.
  • FIGS. 2 to 4 show a device for distribution 1 'in accordance with a second exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • the rod control 21 is engaged at its upper end in a nozzle 40 forming an integral part of the support part 14 ', larger length as the end piece 22 previously described and extended radially outwards by fins 41 replacing the insert 28 from the previous realization.
  • the fins 41 came from material with the end piece 40 and are arranged in a star around the latter as shown in FIG. 4.
  • the end piece 40 is bordered by twenty fins 41 equidistributed around the X axis and forming an angle of 18 ° between them.
  • the thickness and the angular spacing of the fins 41 are chosen so as to prevent the control rod 21 from interfering between two adjoining fins and prevent it from occupying the space annular located between the end piece 40 and the tubular wall 15.
  • each fin 41 has, in a section plane containing the X axis, a rounded shape, convex towards the exterior, as shown in Figure 3, and all of the fins 41 constitutes a guide structure for the control rod 21 converging on the end piece 40.
  • the latter is chamfered internally to form a 35 ° angled conical mouthpiece approximately on the X axis.
  • Each fin 41 extends radially between the end piece 40 and the wall 15 and protrudes from its end lower 41a radially outermost, below the wall annular 17, as shown in Figure 3.
  • the reference 43 is the radially outermost surface of the lower part of fins 41 and referenced 44 each edge defined at the junction an edge 42 with this surface 43.
  • the 40 '' nozzle extends axially over the entire height of the 41 '' fins and is internally chamfered at its lower end to define a conical surface intended for centering the control rod 21 when mounting the cap, making an angle of about 15 ° with the X axis.
  • the height of the fins 41 '' is chosen so that the circle K of larger diameter having O for origin and containing an edge 44 '' includes the circle C defined as above.
  • FIGS. 6 to 8 Various positions have been represented in FIGS. 6 to 8 relative of the cover 3 'of the device 1' relative to the container 2.
  • Figures 9 to 11 which illustrate the possibility, when using a cap conforming to state of the art, fix the latter with bad positioning of the control rod following, for example, a accidental detachment of the cap and its replacement on the container by an inexperienced user.
  • the fins 41 constitute a guide structure which facilitates the introduction of the rod control 21 in the nozzle.
  • the invention makes it possible, by eliminating the risk of a snapping of the cover with the control rod out of the end cap benefit on the one hand from increased security when mounting the cap on the container, and on the other hand increase productivity thanks to the wider tolerances it allows for relative positioning of the end cap and the front control rod snapping of the cap, without hampering the maneuverability of the applicator for actuating the valve.
  • the valve can be opened by pressing of the control rod.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Containers And Packaging Bodies Having A Special Means To Remove Contents (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Wrapping Of Specific Fragile Articles (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Vorrichtung zur Abgabe bzw. Verteilung eines Produkts, das in einem Behälter (2) unter Druck steht, welche Vorrichtung umfaßt, eine Kappe (3; 31) zum Aufsetzen bzw. Einrasten auf den Behälter, welcher letzterer mit einem Schaftbetätigungsventil (21) versehen ist, wobei die Kappe ein röhrenförmiges Ansatzstück (22; 40; 40'') umfaßt, um in den Betätigungsschaft einzugreifen und mit diesem letzteren einen Durchlaßkanal für das Produkt, einen ringförmigen Raum, der das Ansatzstück außenseitig einfaßt, auszubilden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kappe (3; 3') mindestens einen Abschnitt (28; 41; 41'') umfaßt, der auf der Außenseite das Ansatzstücks angeordnet ist und ausgelegt ist, um die Einnahine des ringförmigen Raums, der das Ansatzstück (22; 40; 40'') außenseitig einfaßt, durch den Betätigungsschaft (21) zu blockieren bzw. zu unterbinden, um dem Aufsetzen der Kappe (3; 3') entgegenzuwirken, wenn sich der Betätigungsschaft (21) in einer geneigten Position befindet.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Abschnitt in der Mitte eines auf das Ansatzstück (22) aufgesetzten Teils (28) realisiert ist, geeignet, um die Einnahme des ringförmigen Bereichs (29), der das Ansatzstück außenseitig einfaßt, durch den Betätigungsschaft (21) zu blockieren bzw. zu unterbinden.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kappe mehrere Abschnitte umfaßt, die in der Form von Rippen (41; 41'') vorliegen, die das Ansatzstück (40; 40'') in Radialrichtung nach außen verlängern.
  4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der freie untere Rand (42) der Rippen (41) nach außen hin konvex ist.
  5. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jeder Abschnitt ein Führungsgebilde (32; 41) für den Betätigungsschaft (21) zum Ansatzstück hin (22; 40) ausbildet.
  6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der freie untere Rand (42'') der Rippen eben ist.
  7. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Ansatzstück (22; 40; 40'') einen integralen Bestandteil eines Halteabschnittes (14; 14'; 14'') eines Funktionsteils (13) darstellt, das über eine flexible Verbindung (8) mit dem Rest der Kappe verbunden ist.
  8. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Ventil durch seitlichen Druck auf den Betätigungsschaft zu öffnen ist.
  9. Behälter, der ein unter Druck stehendes Produkt enthält, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß dieser mit einer Vorrichtung zur Abgabe bzw. Verteilung (1; 1') entsprechend einem der vorgehenden Ansprüche ausgestattet ist.
EP96401553A 1995-07-13 1996-07-12 Abgabevorrichtung für ein unter Druck stehendes Produkt und mit einer solchen Vorrichtung versehener Behälter Expired - Lifetime EP0755880B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9508521 1995-07-13
FR9508521A FR2736624B1 (fr) 1995-07-13 1995-07-13 Dispositif pour la distribution d'un produit stocke sous pression et recipient ainsi equipe

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0755880A1 EP0755880A1 (de) 1997-01-29
EP0755880B1 true EP0755880B1 (de) 1999-03-10

Family

ID=9480982

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96401553A Expired - Lifetime EP0755880B1 (de) 1995-07-13 1996-07-12 Abgabevorrichtung für ein unter Druck stehendes Produkt und mit einer solchen Vorrichtung versehener Behälter

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US5899623A (de)
EP (1) EP0755880B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2910917B2 (de)
DE (1) DE69601674T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2130764T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2736624B1 (de)

Families Citing this family (13)

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NL1010774C2 (nl) * 1998-03-30 2000-01-28 Wartner B V Inrichting voor het toedienen van een hoeveelheid vloeibaar koelmiddel en een toedieningselement.
DE19853253A1 (de) * 1998-11-18 2000-05-25 Beiersdorf Ag Vorrichtung zum Auftragen flüssiger Medien auf die Haut
US6454139B1 (en) * 2001-02-14 2002-09-24 Precision Valve Corporation Preassembled aerosol actuator assembly for in-line capping to an aerosol container
US20050005664A1 (en) 2003-07-09 2005-01-13 Wesley Scott System and method for bending strip material to create cutting dies
JP4552458B2 (ja) * 2004-02-27 2010-09-29 株式会社吉野工業所 トリガー式噴霧器用ノズル
US8881944B2 (en) * 2008-06-30 2014-11-11 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Overcap for and a method of actuating a volatile material dispenser
FR2964307B1 (fr) * 2010-09-07 2014-10-24 Oreal Dispositif d'application et de distribution de produit cosmetique
US9078514B2 (en) * 2012-09-07 2015-07-14 Raffi Nalbandian Brush cap for cleaning
JP6494238B2 (ja) * 2014-10-27 2019-04-03 小池化学株式会社 塗布体
CA3181311A1 (en) * 2020-06-18 2021-12-23 John W. Freudenberg Aerosol actuator
USD998474S1 (en) 2020-11-25 2023-09-12 The Procter & Gamble Company Aerosol dispenser
USD1015881S1 (en) 2021-05-03 2024-02-27 The Procter & Gamble Company Aerosol foam dispenser
US11827443B2 (en) 2021-05-03 2023-11-28 The Procter & Gamble Company Aerosol foam dispenser

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US2981446A (en) * 1959-01-05 1961-04-25 Campbell Products Co Dispensing caps and assemblies containing same
DE1475167A1 (de) * 1964-09-24 1969-02-20 Werner & Mertz Gmbh Spruehkopf fuer elastische Kunststoff-Flaschen
FR1512794A (fr) * 1966-08-30 1968-02-09 Solfrene S P A Perfectionnements aux capsules destinées à des récipients sous pression contenant des aérosols ou analogues
CH447061A (de) * 1967-03-29 1967-11-15 Hato Chemie Ag Betätigungsorgan an einer Dose, deren Inhalt unter Druck steht
FR1562239A (de) * 1968-02-22 1969-04-04
FR2249816B1 (de) * 1973-10-19 1977-05-27 Marcafin Sa
US3981597A (en) * 1975-05-28 1976-09-21 Bernard Cohn Shaving cream dispenser
US4277004A (en) * 1979-10-15 1981-07-07 Barlics John J Cover and aerosol activator for aerosol spray can
JPS5698362A (en) * 1980-01-09 1981-08-07 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Manufacture of armature
DE3010352A1 (de) * 1980-03-18 1981-09-24 Lechner + Bek GmbH, 7700 Singen Vorrichtung zum auftragen eines cremeartigen mittels auf eine flaeche
IT8123156V0 (it) * 1981-10-09 1981-10-09 Somova Spa Cappuccio per bombole aerosol con tasto erogatore a pulsante e sigillo di garanzia ottenuti in un sol pezzo con esso.
FR2571312B1 (fr) * 1984-10-04 1987-04-24 Sico Dispositif a produit de vulcanisation pour la reparation de pneumatiques de velos, motocycles et automobiles
FR2640942A1 (en) * 1988-12-23 1990-06-29 Suchard Sa Jacobs Container of the aerosol type for delivering, in the form of a foam, metered quantities of product, particularly of food product
FR2660289B1 (fr) * 1990-04-03 1992-07-17 Oreal Bouton-poussoir pour bidon aerosol, et bidon aerosol equipe d'un tel bouton-poussoir.
FR2661661B1 (fr) * 1990-05-04 1992-11-13 Oreal Dispositif d'actionnement d'une valve de distribution.
FR2679880B1 (fr) * 1991-07-31 1993-11-19 Oreal Bouton-poussoir pour recipient pressurise destine a la pulverisation d'un liquide, et recipient pressurise equipe d'un tel bouton-poussoir.
FR2713060B1 (fr) * 1993-11-29 1996-02-02 Oreal Dispositif applicateur pour liquide.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2736624B1 (fr) 1997-08-22
FR2736624A1 (fr) 1997-01-17
JPH0930576A (ja) 1997-02-04
JP2910917B2 (ja) 1999-06-23
ES2130764T3 (es) 1999-07-01
EP0755880A1 (de) 1997-01-29
DE69601674T2 (de) 1999-11-04
DE69601674D1 (de) 1999-04-15
US5899623A (en) 1999-05-04

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