EP0754256B1 - Fer a repasser electrique - Google Patents

Fer a repasser electrique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0754256B1
EP0754256B1 EP95915171A EP95915171A EP0754256B1 EP 0754256 B1 EP0754256 B1 EP 0754256B1 EP 95915171 A EP95915171 A EP 95915171A EP 95915171 A EP95915171 A EP 95915171A EP 0754256 B1 EP0754256 B1 EP 0754256B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
soleplate
aluminum oxide
iron
oxide coating
pressing iron
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP95915171A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0754256A1 (fr
Inventor
Hartmut Schönborn
Günther ALSCHWEIG
Hans-Herbert Fuchs
Andrea Hahnewald
Augustin Auria
Joseph Garcia
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Braun GmbH
Original Assignee
Braun GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=6514713&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0754256(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Braun GmbH filed Critical Braun GmbH
Priority to EP97122599A priority Critical patent/EP0844327A1/fr
Publication of EP0754256A1 publication Critical patent/EP0754256A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0754256B1 publication Critical patent/EP0754256B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F75/00—Hand irons
    • D06F75/38—Sole plates
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F75/00—Hand irons
    • D06F75/08—Hand irons internally heated by electricity
    • D06F75/10—Hand irons internally heated by electricity with means for supplying steam to the article being ironed
    • D06F75/20—Arrangements for discharging the steam to the article being ironed
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S29/00—Metal working
    • Y10S29/904—Laminated metal article making

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electric iron with a silicon-containing Cast iron block with an electric heater and with a surface forming the ironing surface of the iron, which is covered by an aluminum oxide layer is formed.
  • An electric iron of the type mentioned at the outset is already known from EP 217 014 known.
  • This iron has an iron block made of cast aluminum, in which an electric heater is included.
  • the iron sole is as a composite sole integrally formed with the iron block, whereby by means of a Plasma sprayed an aluminum oxide layer sprayed onto the iron block so as to form the soleplate of the iron.
  • the use of the iron soleplate Low-silicon aluminum enables an optically high-quality, flawless and flawless aluminum oxide layer, through which - after attachment to the iron block and completion to the iron - an electrically operated Iron arises, which many placed on it in terms of its ironing surface Requirements such as corrosion resistance, wear resistance, very good hardness, good gliding behavior, no adhesion problems on the ironing material, good Temperature resistance and high insulation effect etc. fulfilled.
  • the Material aluminum is a particularly light sandwich construction from Iron block and soleplate.
  • iron according to the invention not only those mentioned above can be used Achieve benefits, but there is also an ironing surface that is extremely Uniform color coding with a high degree of purity and good surface quality having.
  • An iron soleplate with such a high-quality coating is inexpensive to produce in series and it is also relatively easy to Fasten the iron block.
  • discoloration occurs on the Iron sole surface hardly at temperature effects and prolonged use on, so that the visual impression of the ironing surface is still after a long time is still positive.
  • plated ones are suitable Rolled sheets made of a wrought aluminum alloy, in particular of the types aluminum-manganese-magnesium (AIMg 4.5 Mn) aluminum-magnesium (AIMg 3), aluminum-copper-magnesium (AlCuMg 1), etc.
  • Such rolling sheets are practically silicon-free, so that an absolutely homogeneous aluminum oxide layer can be produced.
  • the components refining the aluminum not more than 5%, preferably even less than 3% be.
  • the Aluminum oxide layer smoothed the surface of the iron sole according to the invention, preferably to a roughness depth of less than or equal to 0.1 mm.
  • This high Surface quality can be advantageous, for example, by a grinding or polishing process to reach.
  • pre-polishing or pre-grinding the not yet with a Alumina provided iron soleplate has the advantage that after the Manufacture of the soleplate with aluminum oxide to achieve the required Final roughness needs to be removed from the surface thus produced less than if it had not been pre-polished or pre-ground.
  • the thickness of the aluminum oxide layer can also be selected to be relatively thin be without this hard layer in the polishing process partially again up to Reason must be removed in order to achieve the desired roughness.
  • an ironing surface is achieved, which also withstands larger loads without significant damage and the extreme is protected against corrosion.
  • the smallest thickness (20 mm) of the aluminum oxide layer is sufficient for a pretreatment of the surface of the soleplate according to claim 3 also ensure that the surface is then reduced to a surface roughness of less 0.1 mymeter is removed without local polished areas appearing.
  • the outer Edge area of the soleplate has a radius greater than or equal to 0.3 mm, preferably 0.5mm.
  • a particularly scratch and wear-resistant iron soleplate results from the Features of claim 8.
  • the features of claim 9 are Sliding properties of the iron soleplate are good enough if the adhesion is not too high.
  • an electrical ground connection Iron sole guaranteed with the iron block or the mass.
  • clipping can be done by subsequently grinding the non-current-carrying ones Aluminum oxide layer or by covering individual areas of the soleplate Introducing them into an acid bath, i.e. before producing the aluminum oxide layer, can be achieved.
  • This first editing process Surface roughness is reduced before the aluminum oxide layer is applied, that after application of the aluminum oxide layer, the roughness of the resulting The ironing surface has to be reduced very little by post-processing. This results in significantly shorter polishing times before reaching the desired roughness on the very hard ironing surface of the aluminum oxide layer, what leads to a reduction in the price of the soleplate.
  • the features of claim 12 specify a method in which the Iron sole is particularly firmly connected to the iron block. In doing so at the same time the steam outlet holes opposite the edge of those in the iron block trained steam channels sealed so that the steam only on the Steam outlet holes emerges. Furthermore, the adhesive layer of the silicone adhesive is only so thin that as much heat as possible from the iron block into the soleplate is initiated. A two-component adhesive is used as the adhesive Alumina is added (approx. 70% share). This creates an intimate Connection and good heat conduction between the iron block and the Soleplate.
  • areas that are not associated with a Alumina layer should be provided by masking agent during the Anodizing process are covered. This can lead to the formation of current-carrying Freeing up subsequent processing operations can be avoided.
  • the iron block 1 cast from die-cast aluminum is in the vicinity its peripheral edge distributed steam outlet holes 11, which connect the Steam to the opening 19 formed on the iron block 1 up to Create the evaporation chamber (not shown).
  • the ironing surface 6 points upwards, as if the iron is upside down, would be rotated by 180 °.
  • the iron block 1 is made of cast aluminum, which so that the material flows better into the mold or other mold when pouring, Silicon is added.
  • a heat-resistant and good heat-conducting silicone adhesive 7 one made of rolled sheet die-cut iron sole 3 glued on.
  • mechanical fasteners can be provided, such as on the soleplate 3 trained sheet metal tabs, which for the purpose of attaching the Iron sole 3 are bent during assembly so that they Grip iron block 1 in a form-fitting manner, but not in the drawing is shown.
  • the adhesive 7 also serves to seal the Iron sole 3 opposite the iron block 1 in the area of Steam outlet holes 11 with each other.
  • the outer surface 15 of the soleplate 3 is shown in FIG. 1 with a Provided aluminum oxide layer 2, which, with the exception of cutouts 14, preferably is formed on the entire outer surface 15.
  • the exemptions 14 represent after Fastening the soleplate 3 on the iron block 1 a metallic connection to the surface 5 of the iron block 1 ago.
  • Each steam outlet hole 11 opens into openings formed in the iron block 1 19, which may have a common longitudinal axis 20. But it is also conceivable that the opening 19 is formed by an upwardly open channel in which the Open the steam outlet holes 11. This saves individual, with the steam outlet holes 11 steam holes to be connected in the iron block 1, which the Manufacturing simplified during the casting process of the iron block 1 or the mold less expensive.
  • the steam outlet hole 11 closes via a Edge area 13 on a bead 12 surrounding the steam outlet hole 11, which over the Edge area 9 with the radius R in the horizontally extending surface 8 of the Iron sole 3 runs in. Instead of the surrounding bead 12, this can also be done Steam outlet hole 11 directly over the radius R in the surface 8 of the soleplate 3 open, which is indicated in Fig. 1 by the dashed lines 16 is shown.
  • Fig. 2 is a partial longitudinal section on an enlarged scale through the cross section of the Iron sole 3 shown in the area of its outer surface 8, but already after the first grinding or polishing process of the surface 8, but before the anodizing of the surface 8.
  • the surface 6 of the aluminum oxide layer 2 is on the Iron sole 3 shown in cross section, which after the diving process Iron sole 3 according to FIG. 2 by an anodizing bath (not shown) on the surface 8 the soleplate 3 adjusts.
  • the resulting surface roughness Ra is included already smaller than if the surface 8 of the soleplate 3 is not as shown in FIG. 2 was pre-ground or pre-polished.
  • 4 is the surface 6 of the aluminum oxide layer 2 shown in cross section, which after the polishing of the surface of the 3 results in aluminum oxide layer 2.
  • the surface 5 of the iron block 1 is calibrated or pressed, washed alkaline and degreased, the better adhesion of the adhesive 7 Surface roughness 5 for this purpose is greater than 1 mymeter.
  • the Iron sole 3 punched out of low-silicon rolled sheet and in the area of Steam outlet holes 11 depending on the formation of the annular groove or bead, embossed or deep-drawn or otherwise deformed, at the same time the transitions through the radii R and r are formed in their size of about 0.5 to 1 mm.
  • the outer surface 8, which will later serve as the base for the The ironing surface 6 serves, as shown in FIG. 2, to be ground or polished until the after Rauhtiehe Ra given by the invention of not greater than 1 Mymeter results.
  • the soleplate 3 is immersed in an anodizing bath (not shown) that there is an aluminum oxide layer 2 on the outer surface 8 of the iron soleplate 3 results, the thickness of which is preferably 35 to 45 mm and the hardness is preferably 0.5 HV 480.
  • Certain areas on the outer surface 15 should not be Aluminum oxide 2, as is the case for example with the free space 14, coated be so, for example by means of wax, lacquer, silicone or other Covering agent covered. As a result, these locations 14 remain free of aluminum oxide 2. Degreasing or cleaning processes are carried out after or before, depending on the requirements applied to every operation.
  • the finished soleplate 3 including the iron block 1 can now be used with the still necessary parts (not shown) to form an iron be assembled together.
  • the fact that the adhesive 7 is a good heat conductor and in is intimate contact with the soleplate 3, the heat is good on the Transfer soleplate 3.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Irons (AREA)
  • Reciprocating, Oscillating Or Vibrating Motors (AREA)
  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Fer à repasser électrique comportant un bloc de fer à repasser (1) fabriqué en fonte d'aluminium à teneur de silicium et muni d'un chauffage électrique (4), avec une surface (6) qui est constituée d'une couche d'oxyde d'aluminium (2) et forme la surface de repassage (6) du fer à repasser,
       caractérisé
       par le fait qu'une semelle de fer à repasser (3), en forme de plaque, en aluminium pauvre en silicium est fixée au bloc de fer à repasser (1) de façon à être en bon contact thermique avec ce dernier, que la surface extérieure (8) de la semelle (3) du fer à repasser forme la surface de repassage (6) munie de la couche d'oxyde d'aluminium (2) et que la couche d'oxyde d'aluminium (2) est produite par anodisation.
  2. Fer à repasser électrique selon la revendication 1,
       caractérisé
       par le fait que la semelle (3) du fer à repasser est constituée d'une tôle laminée.
  3. Fer à repasser électrique selon la revendication 2,
       caractérisé
       par le fait qu'avant la production de la couche d'oxyde d'aluminium (2), la surface (8) de la semelle (3) du fer à repasser est amenée à une profondeur de rugosité Ra inférieure ou égale à 0,1 micromètre et de préférence supérieure à 0,06 micromètre.
  4. Fer à repasser électrique selon la revendication 3,
       caractérisé
       par le fait que la couche d'oxyde d'aluminium (2) présente une épaisseur de 20 à 80 micromètres, de préférence de 35 à 45 micromètres.
  5. Fer à repasser électrique selon la revendication 4,
       caractérisé
       par le fait que la semelle (3) du fer à repasser est traversée par les trous de sortie de la vapeur (11) dont la zone de bordure (9), à la transition avec la surface extérieure (8) de la semelle (3) du fer à repasser, est arrondie et que l'arrondi (9) présente un rayon R supérieur ou égal à 0,3 mm, de préférence 0,5 mm.
  6. Fer à repasser électrique selon la revendication 5,
       caractérisé
       par le fait qu'en allant vers la zone de bordure (9), les trous de sortie de la vapeur (11) sont entourés d'un gradin annulaire (11) disposé profondément par rapport à la surface (6) du fer à repasser.
  7. Fer à repasser électrique selon la revendication 6,
       caractérisé
       par le fait que plusieurs trous de sortie de la vapeur (11) sont entourés par un contre-coudage disposé profondément par rapport à la surface (6) du fer à repasser, que la transition entre le contre-coudage (12) et aussi bien les trous de sortie de la vapeur (11) que la surface extérieure (8) de la semelle (3) du fer à repasser est arrondie et que la zone de bordure (13) du contre-coudage (12) est constituée d'un rayon R supérieur ou égal à 0,3 mm, de préférence à 0,5 mm.
  8. Fer à repasser électrique selon la revendication 1,
       caractérisé
       par le fait que la couche d'oxyde d'aluminium (2) présente une dureté Vickers HV 0,5 valant entre 400 à 600.
  9. Fer à repasser électrique selon la revendication 4,
       caractérisé
       par le fait que la couche d'oxyde d'aluminium (2) présente une profondeur de rugosité Ra inférieure ou égale à 0,1 micromètre, et de préférence supérieure à 0,06 micromètre.
  10. Fer à repasser électrique selon la revendication 1,
       caractérisé
       par le fait que la surface extérieure (8) de la semelle (3) du fer à repasser présente de façon continue, à l'exception d'un ou de plusieurs emplacements libres (14), une couche d'oxyde d'aluminium (2) et qu'au moins l'un des emplacements libres (14) est relié, avec conduction électrique, au bloc du fer à repasser (1).
  11. Procédé de fabrication d'un fer à repasser selon la revendication 9,
       caractérisé
       par le fait qu'avant la production de la couche d'oxyde d'aluminium (2), on traite mécaniquement, à l'aide d'un processus de traitement de surface, par exemple meulage ou polissage, la surface extérieure (8) de la tôle laminée (3) de façon que soit obtenue une profondeur de rugosité Ra inférieure ou égale à 0,1 micromètre et de préférence à 0,06 micromètre et que la surface (8) de la tôle laminée (3) soit, au moyen d'un procédé d'anodisation par oxydation chimique, convertie en une couche d'oxyde d'aluminium (2) d'une épaisseur de 20 à 80 micromètres de préférence de 35 à 45 micromètres, et qu'après l'apparition de la couche d'oxyde d'aluminium (2) sa surface (6) est traitée mécaniquement par un processus de polissage de façon qu'apparaissent une profondeur de rugosité Ra inférieure à 0,12 micromètre et de préférence à 0,6 micromètre et qu'ensuite la semelle (3) de fer à repasser ainsi obtenue soit fixée au bloc du fer à repasser (1) par des moyens de fixation (7).
  12. Procédé selon la revendication 11,
       caractérisée
       par le fait que l'on colle la semelle (3) du fer à repasser sur la surface (5) du bloc de fer à repasser (1) au moyen d'une colle de silicone (7) stable à la température.
  13. Procédé selon la revendication 11,
       caractérisée
       par le fait que lors de l'anodisation, on couvre au moins une zone partielle de la surface extérieure (8) de la semelle (3) du fer à repasser de façon qu'après le processus d'anodisation, cette zone partielle forme un emplacement libre (14) électriquement conducteur.
EP95915171A 1994-04-06 1995-03-29 Fer a repasser electrique Expired - Lifetime EP0754256B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP97122599A EP0844327A1 (fr) 1994-04-06 1995-03-29 Fer à repasser electrique

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4411790A DE4411790A1 (de) 1994-04-06 1994-04-06 Elektrisches Bügeleisen
DE4411790 1994-04-06
PCT/EP1995/001177 WO1995027819A1 (fr) 1994-04-06 1995-03-29 Fer a repasser electrique

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97122599A Division EP0844327A1 (fr) 1994-04-06 1995-03-29 Fer à repasser electrique

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0754256A1 EP0754256A1 (fr) 1997-01-22
EP0754256B1 true EP0754256B1 (fr) 1998-03-04

Family

ID=6514713

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97122599A Withdrawn EP0844327A1 (fr) 1994-04-06 1995-03-29 Fer à repasser electrique
EP95915171A Expired - Lifetime EP0754256B1 (fr) 1994-04-06 1995-03-29 Fer a repasser electrique

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97122599A Withdrawn EP0844327A1 (fr) 1994-04-06 1995-03-29 Fer à repasser electrique

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US5749165A (fr)
EP (2) EP0844327A1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1077934C (fr)
AT (1) ATE163694T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE4411790A1 (fr)
DK (1) DK0754256T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2115376T3 (fr)
HK (1) HK1006490A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1995027819A1 (fr)

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DE19503883A1 (de) 1995-02-07 1996-08-08 Braun Ag Verfahren zum Bearbeiten der Bügelfläche einer Bügeleisensohle
US5907916A (en) * 1995-03-09 1999-06-01 Braun Aktiengesellschaft Smoothing iron with adhered soleplate
ES2137791B1 (es) * 1995-05-19 2001-04-01 Krainel Sa Suela para plancha.
EP0862076B1 (fr) 1996-09-17 2002-08-14 Seiko Epson Corporation Dispositf d'affichage
WO1998013544A1 (fr) * 1996-09-24 1998-04-02 Philips Electronics N.V. Fer a repasser et semelle de fer a repasser
US5862571A (en) * 1997-01-10 1999-01-26 Hp Intellectual Corp. Comfort grip handle and process
US5937552A (en) * 1997-01-10 1999-08-17 Hp Intellectual Corp. Iron soleplate with a soleplate bottom cover
US6300989B1 (en) 1997-06-13 2001-10-09 Seiko Epson Corporation Display device using polarized light separating means and electronic apparatus using the same
JP3627246B2 (ja) 1997-07-25 2005-03-09 セイコーエプソン株式会社 表示装置及びそれを用いた電子機器
FR2785916B1 (fr) * 1998-11-13 2002-05-17 Moulinex Sa Semelle de fer a repasser a vapeur
DE59900161D1 (de) * 1999-01-22 2001-08-23 Braun Gmbh Elektrisches Bügeleisen und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines elektrischen Bügeleisens
SG91330A1 (en) * 2001-02-17 2002-09-17 Gintic Inst Of Mfg Technology Iron and sole plate for an iron
DE102004062690B4 (de) * 2004-10-04 2008-12-04 Rsg Rostfrei-Schneidwerkzeuge Gmbh Bügelplatte in Form einer Bügeleisensohle oder Bügelmulde
EP2119822A1 (fr) * 2008-05-16 2009-11-18 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Dispositif comprenant une plaque revêtue de métal et son procédé de fabrication
DE102009039581A1 (de) * 2009-09-01 2011-03-17 Airbus Operations Gmbh Hart oxidiert beschichtete Sitzschiene
FR2998587B1 (fr) * 2012-11-26 2015-05-22 Seb Sa Semelle de fer a repasser presentant des proprietes de glisse et de resistance a l'abrasion ameliorees
CN103966823A (zh) * 2013-02-01 2014-08-06 活力科研有限公司 蒸汽熨斗
JP6767360B2 (ja) * 2014-08-26 2020-10-14 コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エヌ ヴェＫｏｎｉｎｋｌｉｊｋｅ Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｓ Ｎ．Ｖ． ノイズ生成器を備えた蒸気装置
CN106758095B (zh) * 2015-11-19 2020-07-21 大连光成缝纫设备有限公司 全蒸汽熨斗

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT46376B (de) * 1908-06-12 1911-02-10 Hoechst Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung penta- und hexahalogenierten Indigofarbstoffen.
US2298113A (en) * 1940-12-07 1942-10-06 Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co Lightweight electric iron
US2846793A (en) * 1955-04-21 1958-08-12 Hoover Co Smoothing iron soleplate
IE51461B1 (en) * 1980-08-15 1986-12-24 Redland Technology Ltd Method and apparatus for the production of glass beads
DE3603409A1 (de) * 1985-06-05 1986-12-11 Rowenta-Werke Gmbh, 6050 Offenbach Elektrisch beheiztes dampfbuegeleisen
DE3617034A1 (de) * 1985-06-22 1987-04-16 Winfried Heinzel Verfahren zum beschichten von buegeleisen mit einer antihaftschicht und buegeleisen
US4665637A (en) * 1985-07-26 1987-05-19 Braun Aktiengesellschaft Sole plate coating for a fabric pressing device
DE3676975D1 (en) * 1985-12-24 1991-02-21 Braun Ag Buegeleisensohle.
FR2648166B1 (fr) * 1989-06-08 1992-02-21 Seb Sa Semelle de fer a repasser a plaque rapportee et fer a repasser comportant une telle semelle
DE4103794C1 (en) * 1991-02-08 1992-05-27 Braun Ag, 6000 Frankfurt, De Electrically heated steam iron producing uniform steam layer - includes outlets in base for steam distribution and bale like indentations in ironing face of base for receiving steam
US5146700A (en) * 1991-10-31 1992-09-15 Coors Technical Ceramics Company Steam iron with bonded ceramic and aluminum components
FR2700784B1 (fr) * 1993-01-25 1995-03-17 Seb Sa Semelle de fer à repasser multicouches en matériaux colaminés.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0844327A1 (fr) 1998-05-27
ATE163694T1 (de) 1998-03-15
US5749165A (en) 1998-05-12
DK0754256T3 (da) 1998-12-21
EP0754256A1 (fr) 1997-01-22
HK1006490A1 (en) 1999-02-26
CN1077934C (zh) 2002-01-16
CN1145101A (zh) 1997-03-12
WO1995027819A1 (fr) 1995-10-19
ES2115376T3 (es) 1998-06-16
DE59501560D1 (de) 1998-04-09
DE4411790A1 (de) 1995-10-12

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