EP0724667A1 - Superstructure sans ballast a traverses en beton - Google Patents

Superstructure sans ballast a traverses en beton

Info

Publication number
EP0724667A1
EP0724667A1 EP94930934A EP94930934A EP0724667A1 EP 0724667 A1 EP0724667 A1 EP 0724667A1 EP 94930934 A EP94930934 A EP 94930934A EP 94930934 A EP94930934 A EP 94930934A EP 0724667 A1 EP0724667 A1 EP 0724667A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
concrete
sleepers
superstructure
support plate
sleeper
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP94930934A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Friedemann Rudersdorf
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
RUDERSDORF, FRIEDEMANN, DIPL.-ING.
Original Assignee
Rudersdorf Friedemann Dipl-Ing Betonwerk Rethwisch GmbH
BETONWERK RETHWISCH GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE19934335877 external-priority patent/DE4335877A1/de
Priority claimed from DE9417008U external-priority patent/DE9417008U1/de
Priority claimed from DE19944437826 external-priority patent/DE4437826A1/de
Application filed by Rudersdorf Friedemann Dipl-Ing Betonwerk Rethwisch GmbH, BETONWERK RETHWISCH GmbH filed Critical Rudersdorf Friedemann Dipl-Ing Betonwerk Rethwisch GmbH
Publication of EP0724667A1 publication Critical patent/EP0724667A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B29/00—Laying, rebuilding, or taking-up tracks; Tools or machines therefor
    • E01B29/005—Making of concrete parts of the track in situ
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B1/00—Ballastway; Other means for supporting the sleepers or the track; Drainage of the ballastway
    • E01B1/002—Ballastless track, e.g. concrete slab trackway, or with asphalt layers
    • E01B1/007—Ballastless track, e.g. concrete slab trackway, or with asphalt layers with interlocking means to withstand horizontal forces
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B3/00—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails
    • E01B3/28—Transverse or longitudinal sleepers; Other means resting directly on the ballastway for supporting rails made from concrete or from natural or artificial stone
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B2204/00—Characteristics of the track and its foundations
    • E01B2204/06—Height or lateral adjustment means or positioning means for slabs, sleepers or rails
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B2204/00—Characteristics of the track and its foundations
    • E01B2204/09—Ballastless systems
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B2204/00—Characteristics of the track and its foundations
    • E01B2204/10—Making longitudinal or transverse sleepers or slabs in situ or embedding them
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B2204/00—Characteristics of the track and its foundations
    • E01B2204/13—Dowels for slabs, sleepers or rail-fixings

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a ballastless superstructure and a method for producing such a superstructure for railways, wherein concrete sleepers are arranged on a concrete support slab, which have holes for height adjustment and wherein leveling concrete is filled in between the concrete support slab and the concrete sleeper during track construction.
  • Such superstructures are of the Rh or Züblin a types.
  • the design principle consists in a concrete support plate in a trough shape to position the track grate in the correct height and side with the help of appropriate adjusting spindles and then fill in leveling concrete between and under the sleepers within the concrete trough.
  • the concrete sleepers are also connected to each other with a longitudinal reinforcement.
  • the concrete sleeper is made when the concrete slab is manufactured Appropriate recesses of this plate are used.
  • the sleepers are detachably fastened by dowels inserted into the support plate and threaded bolts penetrating vertically through the sleepers.
  • the sleepers can be provided with injection holes (DE-PS 43 26 935 Cl) for placing the leveling concrete s are provided.
  • Asphalt base course calculation in which two-block sleepers ensure a positive locking of the sleepers against transverse displacement by means of a casting compound arranged between the sleeper supports in the middle of the track.
  • This ATD system is shown in DE magazine “ETR” issue 6/1992 page 392.
  • a similar system with an asphalt base layer, but for Y steel sleepers, is shown in DE magazine “ETR” issue 5/1992 pages 437 to 438.
  • a steel sleeper is fastened in the substructure made of asphalt base layers by anchor bolts and corresponding nuts welded onto a cast-in sheet metal.
  • a bituminous potting compound is poured between the load-bearing asphalt layer and the sole of the threshold and beyond.
  • the welded-on anchor bolt In addition to the task of adjusting the height of the sleeper or rail, the welded-on anchor bolt also has the function of stabilizing the sleeper against high lateral forces, in particular transverse displacement forces, and against forces resulting from rail bending and lifting the sleeper in the specified target position.
  • US Pat. No. 4,262,845 has proposed a concrete sleeper that is slightly adjustable in height and is supported by springs against the support plate. The spring and its threaded adjusting bolt sit in an integrated sleeve in the concrete sleeper.
  • the invention is based on the problem of an easy to assemble and disassemble fixed roadway
  • ballastless superstructure a combination of elements known from the prior art, some of which are known per se, is used in order to implement a solid concrete carriageway in which concrete sleepers, preferably prestressed concrete sleepers, are arranged on a concrete support plate, optionally in prestressed concrete construction, with through holes for one Height regulation device are provided.
  • Dowels are inserted in the sleepers in the concrete support slab below the through holes, so that a partially threaded bolt can be inserted into the dowel through the concrete sleeper so that these bolts keep the concrete sleeper at least temporarily at a distance from this concrete support slab relative to the concrete slab can then to the resulting joint under the concrete threshold with a leveling concrete or
  • the height adjustment device i.e. a threaded bolt, which is able to raise or lower the concrete sleeper relative to the concrete support slab to a level that can be defined from the top edge of the rail, also permits simple readjustment of the rail level, for example if the substructure of the track grating is subject to operating loads or subsidence has subsided. According to the prior art, an exchange of the rail base plates and / or the rib plates with accessories is required for this.
  • a support plate broken down into plates or sections that are not reinforced with one another can be provided with joints arranged between the sections.
  • the bolt can carry the threshold under the threshold until the intended joint is cast, it receives an abutment in the threshold, more precisely in the axis of the through hole for the height adjustment device.
  • This abutment can be designed as a torque arm e.g. be a disc or can itself be provided with an internal thread which is complementary to the bolt passing through the threshold.
  • the dowel in the support plate can be designed as a threaded dowel or as a potting compound to be introduced later.
  • the dowel made of potting material in the concrete support plate can serve as a torque support if the bolt in this area has undercuts or protrusions, e.g. contains a transverse mandrel or pin.
  • the bolt is arranged in the sleeper in a threaded piece, which is formed as a cast thread of a placeholder that keeps the through hole of the bolt in the sleeper, or a left-right threaded element is inserted into the sleeper or the placeholder, so that a relative movement between the concrete slab and
  • Concrete sleeper can be generated using the threaded bolt.
  • a placeholder according to DE 92 14 497 Ul with an integrated pressure disk on which a pressure element with an internal thread is arranged can be used.
  • the placeholder is attached to the formwork during the manufacture of the concrete sleeper and thus keeps the through hole free for the bolt, which is partly to be threaded.
  • the washer integrated in the placeholder can also be designed without a thread and a nut is additionally arranged on the pressure side of the washer, through which the threaded bolt can be screwed in the direction of the concrete support plate. It is then sufficient for the dowel in the concrete support plate to be designed only to support the torque of the bolt.
  • the bolt At its head, ie at the top of the concrete sleeper, the bolt can be provided with suitable head shapes in order to use tools that are usual on construction sites, such as
  • the screw movement of the bolt can be limited by a suitable lock nut.
  • the placeholder can be inexpensive from e.g. Polyethylene plastic can be injection molded.
  • the concrete sleepers with a hole for the injection of the potting material e.g. a grouting mortar, both for the joint and for the dowel to be molded in the support plate, should be created with the help of a new type of placeholder during the manufacture of the threshold.
  • the potting material e.g. a grouting mortar
  • the placeholder contains, in addition to the sleeve for the bolt, two sleeves which are inclined laterally, preferably downwards in the direction of the sleeve
  • Component can be injected together. To reduce the mold costs and for easy assembly of the placeholder, it is provided that they are injection molded as half shells and put together in a sleeper design as a complete placeholder.
  • the placeholder has on its inner contour a thread for the bolt or a threaded piece interacting with the bolt.
  • a common mortar that can be used in the superstructure is used as the mortar for leveling concrete and dowel potting compound.
  • a swelling mortar should preferably be used. It is not necessary that the entire concrete sleeper be grouted with this mortar, but it is enough if one end the concrete sleeper is relined in the area of the rail seat, so that the sleeper is hollow in its central area.
  • the sound-reducing elements according to the invention for the ballastless superstructure essentially consist of artificially created absorption stones, the integral structure of which is physically similar to that of absorbent noise barriers.
  • the sound-reducing or sound-absorbing layer or the complete molded body can be formed on pebble-like, porous concrete and in this case the concrete is not just a normal sand, gravel and
  • cement mixture but different materials can be used, which are able to form a porous water-permeable body, preferably using the materials sand, gravel, split, broken concrete, pumice, expanded clay and aggregates, if necessary with cement or plastic adhesives be bound.
  • the invention is not limited to these materials, but fillers made of other materials can be used, provided they can be combined with the above-mentioned minerals for porous and water-permeable moldings.
  • These moldings do not necessarily have to form a regular pile-like body, but can be designed as regular, stackable moldings, so that they can be placed between and next to the rails of a track system on the sleepers or the support plate of the solid carriageway at predetermined distances from one another. If you can only be placed on the support plate, the height of the threshold / rail can be adjusted within limits without having to remove the molded parts from the track system.
  • Molded bodies made of concrete are preferred which have a density of approximately 1 to 1.2 t / m 3 and a compressive strength of 15 to 25 N / mm 3 , but concrete bodies of the compressive strength of 10 to 100 N / mm 3 are also used can. However, the bodies should only be so heavy that two people can just move them. In this case, the wind suction of high-speed trains would not be sufficient to move the moldings out of their position.
  • a separate anchoring or gluing of the body with the support plate or the sleepers on which they rest is not provided and not required if the specified
  • the body is glued or otherwise anchored, e.g. nothing in the way of the thresholds, especially if the sound reduction elements are in the form of regular moldings, e.g. lie in a roadway crossing that is to be driven on by heavy vehicles and they could possibly push the molded bodies out of their target position.
  • the shaped bodies are designed such that they have a sleeper compartment, e.g. can bridge a threshold distance, but they can also be made smaller.
  • the invention assumes that the stones stand on molded contact patches on the solid carriageway, larger cavities should exist between these contact patches. Such cavities increase the sound reduction or sound absorption effect.
  • ballastless superstructure can be carried out using machines and manufacturing processes which have been customary to date, the following essential ones
  • At least one dowel end is provided for the sleeper end, but two dowels can be provided for each sleeper end, which are to be arranged along the track section on plane axes parallel to the track axis.
  • the prefabricated concrete sleepers are then preferred
  • Prestressed concrete sleepers with the through holes or integrated placeholders laid on the track line according to the grid plan Prestressed concrete sleepers with the through holes or integrated placeholders laid on the track line according to the grid plan.
  • the threaded bolts can already be screwed in at the factory or inserted into the concrete sleepers on site and then positioned relative to the dowels / dowel holes. If the threaded bolts are not yet positioned at the correct height at the factory, you can then position the sill for sill at the height that should be relative to the later top edge of the rail. Finally, after this preparatory work, the gap between the concrete sleepers and the concrete base plate must be poured with a mortar.
  • Such a Completed superstructure is inelastic up to the upper edge of the sleeper, because the components used, namely the concrete support plate, the concrete sleeper itself and the mortar filling the joint between the two parts are inelastic when hardened.
  • the desired sinking behavior of the rail when the train is running is only realized using materials that are to be installed on the rail seat under the rail or a ribbed plate for the rail.
  • concrete sleepers that are completely prefabricated and fitted with rails can also be placed on the concrete support slab as a complete piece of track, with appropriate dowels already being arranged in the concrete support slab according to the grid plan described above.
  • the fixed carriageway according to the invention is stable both against longitudinal forces and against transverse forces.
  • the frictional forces are so great due to the sleeper weight and surface structure of the components that considerable displacement forces are absorbed solely by the frictional resistance.
  • the threaded bolt also withstands considerable and static and dynamic load forces in the lateral and longitudinal direction due to the positive connection between the threshold and the concrete support plate. Temperature influences and corresponding differential expansions can only occur to a small extent, but are also easily absorbed by them as far as they result in loading forces on the threaded bolts.
  • Absorbent stones can be placed in the desired arrangement.
  • the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to a schematic drawing. Show it:
  • Fig. 1 a first variant of the invention in side view with partial section
  • FIG. 2 the embodiment variant according to FIG. 1 in
  • FIG. 3 a second variant of the invention in
  • Roadway; 4 c a modified height adjustment device analogous to FIG. 5 a: a partial section through another construction of the fixed carriageway analogous to FIG. 2a; 5 b: a plan view of a further threshold for a solid carriageway; 5 c: a placeholder for use with sleepers for the fixed carriageway according to the invention;
  • Fig. 6 a partial section transverse to the rail through a
  • FIG. 7 a side view of part of a track system with concrete sleepers.
  • a concrete sleeper 1 with sleeper end 2 and a rail seat 4 to be arranged thereon has dowel holes 3 and 5 for corresponding rail fastenings.
  • a largely threadless bolt 9 with a hexagon head 7 is shown, which engages through an internally threaded washer 8, which in turn is cast into the concrete sleeper.
  • the bolt 9 has a thread, so that it is movable relative to the threshold.
  • the bolt 9 is supported on the concrete support plate, more precisely in a dowel 14 which is arranged in the recess 13 of the concrete support plate 12 and itself as part of an inelastic lost Formwork 11 was placed in the position shown during the manufacture of the concrete slab 12.
  • the threshold By turning the bolt 9, the threshold can be raised relative to the concrete support plate, so that an air gap 10 is created as soon as the concrete threshold is positioned at the predefined height.
  • This air gap 10 is filled with a swelling mortar so that, after the mortar to be poured has hardened, the concrete sleeper rests securely on a mortar bed. This measure creates an air gap 15 between the concrete support plate 12 and the threshold 1 in its central region (FIG. 1).
  • Fig. 2 shows the arrangement of FIG. 1 in plan view. It can be seen here that the formwork 11 seals off an area for a grouting mortar 10 that closely borders the threshold end 2, so that too much mortar is not required.
  • the threshold end 2 contains only one through hole 6 for the height regulation device described above. If necessary, this through hole 6 can be covered from above with a cap e.g. be closed from plastic.
  • Fig. 3 shows a slightly different embodiment compared to Fig. 1 in the same view and partial section in this case, a concrete sleeper 16 in the through hole 18 is provided with a non-threaded washer, which is supported on a non-threaded part of the bolt 19.
  • the threshold end 17 is raised in height by moving the bolt 19 in an internally threaded dowel-like threaded sleeve made of steel or resistant plastic by rotating the threaded bolt 19 in its lower part in the sleeve. This creates an air gap between the concrete support plate 22 and the concrete sleeper end 17, which in this embodiment is filled with mortar without the use of formwork.
  • the height regulation device and through it grout can be introduced from the top of the threshold into the lost formwork 11 and at the same time into the dowel hole 13 of the support plate.
  • a modified placeholder 33 according to FIG. 5 c can also be used for a fixed roadway arrangement according to FIG. 5 a.
  • This placeholder initially consists of a central sleeve 34, which ends in a threaded piece 38 for a complementary thread of the bolt 59 (FIG. 5 a). The threaded area can be temporarily protected against dirt by a cover 39.
  • two injection channels 35, 36 are connected to the central sleeve 34 in such a way that the complete placeholder 33 can be injection molded as one part from plastic.
  • ejectable covers 37 are provided for the temporary protection of these injection sleeves 35, 36.
  • Such a placeholder can be integrated into the threshold 56 (FIG. 5 a) during its manufacture.
  • a sound reduction element Z 1 is arranged on the outside and 64 sound reduction elements Z 2 are arranged between the rails of the track system.
  • Sound reduction elements is at least in one of these
  • a groove 65 is provided for the insertion of a ground wire.
  • Fig. 7 shows a side view of two different absorption stones or sound reduction elements in forms as they can be used in the invention.
  • a sound reduction element Z 1 stands with the feet 69 and 71 on the solid roadway (not shown here) and forms one between these feet Cavity 70, which is laterally supplemented by further cavities 75 towards the sleepers.
  • Another stone shape Z 2 is shown between the sleepers 67 and 68, which have wider feet 72 and 74, thereby enclosing a cavity 73.
  • Shaped bodies Z 1 and Z 2 remain joints through which water can drain and corresponding dirt can be carried along.
  • the sound reduction elements are designed so that they protrude above the head of the rail 61. However, it is also within the scope of the invention
  • the sound reduction elements Z 1 and Z 2 shown in FIG. 7 can also be given support elements with which they are supported on the sleepers 63, 67, 68 and form a gap with the solid roadway - not shown here.
  • the sound reduction elements Z 1 and Z 2 shown in FIG. 7 can also be given support elements with which they are supported on the sleepers 63, 67, 68 and form a gap with the solid roadway - not shown here.
  • body vibrations be entered into the thresholds, such a mounting of the sound reduction elements would not be the most advantageous variant.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Railway Tracks (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une superstructure sans ballast pour chemins de fer et un procédé de fabrication d'une telle superstructure. Des traverses en béton (1, 16, 56) pourvues de trous de passage (6, 18, 47, 58) qui permettent leur réglage en hauteur sont posées sur une plaque de support en béton (12, 22, 42, 52), au-dessus d'une couche intermédiaire en béton égalisateur (10, 21). Des chevilles (14, 23) introduites dans la plaque de support en béton servent de contrebutées de boulons (9, 19, 49, 59) au moins en partie filetés qui traversent les traverses en béton. Les traverses en béton sont soutenues au moins temporairement par rapport à la plaque de support en béton par ces boulons filetés. Les boulons filetés comprennent en outre des contrebutées situées dans les traverses en béton elles-mêmes. Après avoir positionné avec précision les traverses, le vide entre les traverses (1, 16, 56) et la plaque de support en béton (12, 22, 42, 52) est rempli d'un mortier, de préférence un mortier expansif (10, 21), de sorte que la plaque de support en béton, le mortier intermédiaire et les traverses en béton forment une base rigide pour les rails à poser élastiquement sur la surface des traverses en béton. Dans une variante, la plaque de support en béton est constituée de plaques finies rangées les unes après les autres. La plaque de béton est elle-même pourvue d'une face inférieure en forme de toit et repose sur une couche de support (41, 55) hydrauliquement liée en forme de selle ou de toit, ce qui permet de centrer la plaque de support au centre des voies. Afin d'éliminer le besoin d'un système antibruit pour la superstructure sans ballast, celle-ci peut être pourvue d'éléments amortisseurs de son (Z1, Z2) faciles à poser et à enlever.
EP94930934A 1993-10-18 1994-10-18 Superstructure sans ballast a traverses en beton Withdrawn EP0724667A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4335877 1993-10-18
DE19934335877 DE4335877A1 (de) 1993-10-18 1993-10-18 Schotterloser Oberbau mit Betonschwellen
DE9417008U DE9417008U1 (de) 1994-10-14 1994-10-14 Schallreduktionselement für feste Fahrbahn
DE4437826 1994-10-14
DE19944437826 DE4437826A1 (de) 1993-10-18 1994-10-14 Schotterloser Oberbau
DE9417008U 1994-10-14
PCT/DE1994/001262 WO1995011345A1 (fr) 1993-10-18 1994-10-18 Superstructure sans ballast a traverses en beton

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0724667A1 true EP0724667A1 (fr) 1996-08-07

Family

ID=27205686

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP94930934A Withdrawn EP0724667A1 (fr) 1993-10-18 1994-10-18 Superstructure sans ballast a traverses en beton

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0724667A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1995011345A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10040810A1 (de) 2000-08-21 2002-03-07 Gsg Knape Gleissanierung Gmbh Schwelle für eine Schienenfahrbahn, Schienenfahrbahn und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Schienenfahrbahn
DE10230740B4 (de) * 2002-07-09 2006-01-12 Pfleiderer Infrastrukturtechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg Schwelle mit Dübelstein und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer festen Fahrbahn mit derartigen Schwellen
ITBS20130132A1 (it) * 2013-09-25 2015-03-26 Essebi Plast S R L Tappo di protezione del tassello di una traversina ferroviaria e traversina ferroviaria
CN109736151A (zh) * 2019-01-31 2019-05-10 固远晨通科技发展有限公司 无砟轨道轨枕脱离、空吊修补结构以及修补方法

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3361351A (en) * 1966-01-21 1968-01-02 Railroad Permanent Way Product Reinforced railroad track structure
AT382178B (de) * 1985-10-02 1987-01-26 Getzner Chemie Gmbh & Co Gleiskoerper
DE3539225A1 (de) * 1985-11-05 1987-05-14 Max Knape Gmbh & Co Fa Verfahren zum einbau eines gleisrosts
DE3602669A1 (de) * 1986-01-31 1987-07-30 Japan National Railway Federnder ueberzug fuer eine direktverbindungs-schwelle
CH673667A5 (fr) * 1987-08-11 1990-03-30 Irete Sa
FR2657096B1 (fr) * 1990-01-17 1997-08-01 Sud Ouest Travaux Procede et appareil de reglage precis de voie ferree posee sur plate forme en beton.
FR2691484B1 (fr) * 1992-05-22 1994-07-29 Vanotti Gerard Procede de construction d'une voie ferree dans du beton.

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO9511345A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1995011345A1 (fr) 1995-04-27

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