EP0673694B1 - Procédé pour former des corps métalliques à l'aide de hautes pressions développées par un milieu transmettant la pression, utilisation du procédé et dispositif à cet usage - Google Patents

Procédé pour former des corps métalliques à l'aide de hautes pressions développées par un milieu transmettant la pression, utilisation du procédé et dispositif à cet usage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0673694B1
EP0673694B1 EP95102201A EP95102201A EP0673694B1 EP 0673694 B1 EP0673694 B1 EP 0673694B1 EP 95102201 A EP95102201 A EP 95102201A EP 95102201 A EP95102201 A EP 95102201A EP 0673694 B1 EP0673694 B1 EP 0673694B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
transmitting medium
pressure
pressure transmitting
process according
lead
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP95102201A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0673694A1 (fr
Inventor
Gerald Dipl.-Ing. Stein
Joachim Dr. Ing. Menzel
Joachim Dr. Ing. Lueg
Heinrich Prof. Dr. Feichtinger
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Vereinigte Schmiedewerke GmbH
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Vereinigte Schmiedewerke GmbH
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K1/00—Making machine elements
    • B21K1/76—Making machine elements elements not mentioned in one of the preceding groups
    • B21K1/761—Making machine elements elements not mentioned in one of the preceding groups rings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
    • B21C23/001—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion to improve the material properties, e.g. lateral extrusion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
    • B21C23/007—Hydrostatic extrusion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C37/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape
    • B21C37/06—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape of tubes or metal hoses; Combined procedures for making tubes, e.g. for making multi-wall tubes
    • B21C37/15—Making tubes of special shape; Making tube fittings
    • B21C37/28—Making tube fittings for connecting pipes, e.g. U-pieces
    • B21C37/29—Making branched pieces, e.g. T-pieces
    • B21C37/294—Forming collars by compressing a fluid or a yieldable or resilient mass in the tube

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for forming metallic body by means of a pressure transmitting Medium applied high pressures, applications of this Process on different forming processes and one hot isostatic press.
  • Metal workpieces are basically formed either by direct attack on the sinker (Press ram, hammer) or indirectly via a pressure medium (Liquid, such as oil or gas) on the body to be formed.
  • Classic deformation processes in the first category are eating, hammering, forging, upsetting.
  • the present invention is concerned with the second Category in which the forming via a printing medium he follows.
  • Such methods are in a variety of Executions known.
  • DE-A-28 becomes representative 06 008 called, after which a strain hardened cylinder is made in such a way that it is between two ring-shaped flanges clamped and then from the inside pressurized with a liquid becomes.
  • a process for the production of steel cap rings known that the winding heads against the turbo-generators centrifugal force caused by the rotary movement of the rotor have to hold.
  • a cap ring is made using two frustoconical ram, which over oil as Pressure medium the cap ring with deformation energy act, expanded.
  • Pressure medium uses a gas.
  • the invention is based on the object, the method for forming metallic bodies using a pressure transmitting medium applied high pressures to improve in that even the highest pressures without Sealing problems can be applied. It should also no pressure medium when using the highest pressures any leaks in the forming device emerge. The build-up of the highest pressures should also help small amounts of the sinker can be reached.
  • the invention proposes that as a pressure-transmitting medium a low-melting Metal or a low melting metal alloy with high Plasticity is used, being the pressure transmitting medium by staring under the influence of a force Displacement body is pressurized so that the through the displacement of the sinker on the pressure-transmitting medium predominantly exerted force a corresponding deformation of the metallic body and the remaining part of the force Pressure building column with part of the pressure-transmitting medium sealingly filling it seals due to the flow resistance and due to which lubricates.
  • This Measure solves the task, because when pressurized, the metallic Press medium into any gaps and seal this off. Furthermore, the desired high pressure build-up even with a short movement length of the or Displacement body reached because the compressibility of the metallic printing medium is compared to the known liquid or gaseous pressure media considerably lower.
  • the pressure transmitting medium should preferably be on a Be heated to at least 40% of the temperature Liquidus temperature is. It is doing this from the usual Usually assumed that the area of hot forming is above a temperature that is 50% of the absolute Melting temperature corresponds. The area is through the Start of thermally activated processes marked. Especially through the process of recrystallization, which, in contrast to cold forming, does not result in a Consolidation is coming. This is the area of Hot forging temperature of the metallic pressure medium, in which has the most favorable flow behavior.
  • the pressure-transmitting medium during the forming process partly in the liquid and partly in the solid state be used.
  • This condition begins, for example, if you put the pressure medium in the liquid state in the Press cavity fills, after which it is on the walls of the Press cavity cools and forms a shell around the liquid core solidifies.
  • the liquid core can be under Displace pressure even better than if the metallic Print medium is in the solid state.
  • a plastically deformable wall hinder the heat transfer.
  • lead or a lead alloy has proven itself best.
  • Lead has alongside the desired low melting point Flow property because its strength is low and Extensibility is great. It also has excellent Lubricating properties. Therefore, it should be after the intrusion into the column between which is relative to each other moving parts of the pressing device and / or between this and the compact as a lubricant and promotes for example, avoiding the body to be reshaped under pressure, without wear marks on the To leave a pressing device.
  • Lead or one Lead alloys can be left almost without residue use so that no waste disposal problems arise.
  • Lead also has the advantageous property in Iron to be insoluble. So it comes to the Contact areas between the formed from a Iron alloy and lead as a pressure medium Alloy with lead.
  • the lead can be warmed to one Temperature above its melting temperature without residues removed from the pressing device and / or the molded article, collected and reused as mentioned.
  • At least the in part of the immediate vicinity of the column pressure-transmitting medium to its flow resistance reducing temperature can be heated. This makes it easier the penetration of the print medium into the column where it is then cools, solidifies and seals the gaps and also acts as a lubricant.
  • a preferred application of the method according to the invention is on expanding a metallic on both ends open cylindrical hollow body, such as a cap ring, directed.
  • the inside of the hollow body with the pressure-transmitting medium filled, the open ends are closed by rigid walls under pressure, and the pressure transmitting medium is replaced by at least one Displacer pressurized.
  • the metallic pressure-transmitting medium can be in the solid state be filled in or half solid or half liquid, however also completely in a liquid state.
  • At least one of the wall should preferably the displacer in the form of a coaxial to the axis of symmetry of the hollow body itself form tapered cone. It should be one Cone shape for the displacement body can be chosen that through its movement into the pressure-transmitting medium the hollow body is expanded into the desired shape.
  • the Volume of the conical displacement body should be correspond at least to the volume required for the Volume increase required when forming the workpiece becomes.
  • Another preferred application of the invention Process is based on the reduction of cross section Long products, such as round bars, straightened by extrusion.
  • the gap between a pressure-resistant form and the long product passed coaxially through it filled with the pressure transmitting medium.
  • the long product is surrounding with it as a lubricant pressure transmitting medium through a cross-section-reducing nozzle extruded. It can pressure-transmitting medium continuously or batchwise be refilled in the mold.
  • the metal body to be reshaped before the reshaping elevated temperature, in particular hot forming temperature, be heated.
  • the process is directed to hot isostatic pressing.
  • This is the metallic body to be formed containing press cavity with the pressure transmitting Medium filled in a liquid state, and this is then by a press ram as a displacement body under high Pressure put.
  • a hot isostatic press to perform the aforementioned Application consists of a cylindrical Press mold with a bottom that after the insertion of the Compact is closable. It also points one into that opposite open end of the mold retractable Press on, a nozzle for the supply of liquid Lead or a liquid lead alloy and a middle one Stop for the compact, especially in the form of a cross sieve inserted into the press cavity.
  • a nozzle for the supply of liquid Lead or a liquid lead alloy and a middle one Stop for the compact, especially in the form of a cross sieve inserted into the press cavity.
  • the body to be formed can preferably be formed before the pressing process with a heat-insulating layer, e.g. an enamel layer or coated with a ceramic layer whose Resistance to deformation does not hinder the forming process.
  • a heat-insulating layer e.g. an enamel layer or coated with a ceramic layer whose Resistance to deformation does not hinder the forming process.
  • a metallic body 1 in the form of a ring from a high strength austinitic steel is between a Base plate 32 and a cover plate 31 set by Apply pressure forces 51, 52 to enclose body 1.
  • a piston 4 By one on a piston 4 as a displacement body acting force 1 is through the channel 30 in the base plate 32 lead 2 pressed into the interior of the body 1.
  • the lead has a between room temperature and his Melting point temperature, preferred Hot forming temperature.
  • By closing the annular gap The pressure medium can lead to the build up of pressure Internal pressure take place, which is required to expand the body 1 becomes.
  • Fig. 2 shows a modified version with a Upper punch 41, the conical surface 42 in variable slope is shaped so that a movement of the Cone into the body 1 to a volume displacement leads. This should be at least the amount which by the volume increase of the expanded annular body 1 arises, so that the difference in Form of a lubricating film 21 can flow.
  • FIG. 2 schematically illustrated pressing device was a Experiment carried out.
  • a ring was made from one high-strength nitrogen-containing austenitic steel alloy with 18% chromium, 18% manganese and 0.6% nitrogen as essential alloying elements for the purpose of Strain hardening widened.
  • the initial dimensions of the ring were 200 mm inside diameter, 280 mm outside diameter, 370 mm length.
  • cap rings when building power generators used. You must not use ferromagnetic Have properties and must be high Toughness also have high strength. The required yield strength of 1100 to 1500 MPa can only be set by work hardening. While easily with rings with large diameter Expanding over a cone with a series of wedges is possible, this method can be used for rings with little Inner diameters cannot be used because of the specific surface friction becomes so great that a elaborate lubrication technology no longer leads to the goal.
  • the body 1 is in a gastight envelope welded and wound sheet metal coil, which on the Hot forming temperature of 1200 ° C was heated.
  • the sheet coil is separated from the pressure-transmitting medium 2.
  • the layer 6 reduces the heat transfer between the hot sheet coil and the pressure-transmitting medium 2 and thus prevents its impermissible overheating on the one hand and an excessively rapid cooling of the sheet coil on the other hand.
  • a Laminate from a stainless steel sheet for the manufacture of a massive high-strength ring A chrome-nickel steel sheet with a thickness of 0.6 mm and a width of 350 mm in a nitrogen atmosphere at 1200 ° C to 0.4% Embroidered nitrogen content and then on a Winding spool with two side walls of 420 mm in diameter and a mandrel with 260 mm outer diameter wound up. The last winding layer was 415 mm, and that The total weight of the stainless sheet was 196 kg. A Steel sheet was pressed tightly around the last winding layer and welded tightly to the side walls so that a gas-tight package was created.
  • the lead-filled pipe expanded until it got hot Tin coil contact.
  • the Pressure in the lead increased to approx. 500 bar until the contact the sheet coil was reached with the support ring 7. This was shown by an increase in the baling pressure to 2100 bar. This pressure was maintained for half a minute received and then was exonerated. It showed the lead was still solid, i.e. the composite out Cardboard and tin had worked flawlessly.
  • the intermediate ring prevented heat exchange between the sheet coil and the lead, on the other hand the pressure of the lead on the sheet coil. Only after 2 For hours the temperature in the lead rose so high that it began to melt. Since the intermediate ring has a The lead container could be put on removed from the coil in this way without difficulty become. The later metallographic examination of the Tin coils resulted in a perfect weld of the individual sheet phases within the coil.
  • the displacement body 41 with frustoconical pressure surface is caused by the force 51 via the stamp as a displacement body 4 through the body 1 pressed to expand it.
  • the cavity of the Body 1 is filled with lead 2, which at the Forward movement of the displacer 4 through the gap between this and the body 1 to form a Lubricating film 21 between both parts and the body 1 is ousted.
  • Fig. 5 shows the extrusion of a long product, here of a round bar.
  • the metallic body 1 to be formed is inserted and the space between it and the wall of the cavity 33 is filled with lead 2. Due to the pressure force 51 on the ram 4, the body 1 to be formed under Cross-sectional reduction through the extrusion die 35 pushed. Through the gap between the inner surface of the Extrusion die 35 and the outer surface of the body 1 with reduced cross section becomes a lead film 21 pressed out, which promotes the extrusion process.
  • FIG. 6 shows the automatic refilling of lead in the Extruder.
  • a drum 37 has regularly distributed Bores 39. At one point there is a cylindrical body 24, e.g. made of lead, inserted into a bore 39. After there is a corresponding rotation of the drum 37 an identical cylindrical lead body 25 in front of the cavity 33 of the extrusion mold 34.
  • FIG. 7 shows an extrusion device as in FIG. 5 7, however, the lead in poured liquid form in the cavity 33 or the like as shot with die casting.
  • the extrusion die 35 and / or the directly adjacent area of the extrusion mold 34 is water-cooled. As a result, solidifies in this area 23 the lead and forms through its increased flow resistance a sealing and lubricating film 21 over which the hydraulic pressure in cavity 33 of extrusion die 34 can be built.
  • Fig. 8 shows in the picture parts a) to c) a press for hot isostatic presses.
  • a pressure-resistant container 34 can be provided with a bottom Bottom cover 32 are closed. He has one Inner bore of e.g. 40 mm diameter, which in the lower Area with a ceramic lining 61 thermal is isolated. This thermal insulation 61, e.g. An inserted ceramic paper can become one Ceramic sieve plate 62 placed, which is similar to that known sieve cores in gate systems of castings is constructed. Above the sieve plate 62 the tapers Cavity 33 of the pressure-resistant container 34 on a Section 33a to the inside diameter of the cylindrical portion 33b in which the ram 4 with can run a certain game. Is located on the side flameproof container still a hole in the one Ceramic tube 8 is inserted, through which liquid lead 2 can be introduced.
  • the known Die casting technology can be used.
  • the Atmosphere in the container space 33 can be via the air gap flow between the punch 4 and the inner surface 33b.
  • the level of the lead 2 reaches e.g. up to level 82. Due to the buoyancy of the heavy lead melt, the body is 1 floated, but is through the sieve plate 62 on further ascent prevented.
  • the pressure is released and the Bottom cover 32 opened, whereupon the content expelled can be. It falls e.g. on a sieve, where the lead with the residual heat flows off and flows into a collecting tank. From there it is ready for the next shot.
  • lead has one has a low melting point of 327 ° C that the Boiling point, however, only at temperatures above 1600 ° C lies.
  • the usual for metal compression Temperatures of e.g. The steam pressure is only 1150 ° C in the range of 10 mbar. Highly heated lead would, however do not come into contact with the environment because it is immediate after injection, a dense shell made of solid lead forms.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Press Drives And Press Lines (AREA)
  • Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
  • Pens And Brushes (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
  • Encapsulation Of And Coatings For Semiconductor Or Solid State Devices (AREA)

Claims (18)

  1. Procédé pour le formage de corps métalliques (1) à l'aide de pressions élevées appliquées par l'intermédiaire d'un milieu (2) transmettant la pression, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise comme milieu (2) transmettant la pression un métal à bas point de fusion ou un alliage métallique à bas point de fusion possédant une plasticité élevée, le milieu (2) transmettant la pression étant mis sous pression par un corps rigide de refoulement (4) soumis à l'action d'une force, de telle sorte que la force, qui est appliquée au milieu (2) transmettant la pression, sous l'effet du déplacement du corps de refoulement (4) réalise de façon prépondérante un formage correspondant du corps métallique (1), et la partie restante de la force remplit d'une manière étanche les fentes, qui se forment lors de l'établissement de la pression, avec une partie du fluide (2) transmettant la pression, auquel cas le milieu établit l'étanchéité en raison de la résistance à l'écoulement et réalise une lubrification sur la base des caractéristiques de glissement.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une partie du fluide (2) transmettant la pression est chauffée, avant ou lors du formage, à une température qui augmente la plasticité.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que le fluide (2) transmettant la pression est chauffé à une température qui est égale au moins à 40 % de la température de liquidus.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que le milieu (2) transmettant la pression est utilisé, lors du formage, en partie à l'état liquide et en partie à l'état solide.
  5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce qu'entre le fluide (2) transmettant la pression et le corps métallique (1) devant être formé, une paroi élastiquement déformable (6) empêche le transfert thermique.
  6. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise comme fluide transmettant la pression, du plomb (2) ou un alliage de plomb.
  7. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise comme fluide transmettant la pression un alliage métallique, dont la caractéristique d'écoulement correspond à celle du plomb.
  8. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce qu'on laisse refroidir au moins la partie, située au voisinage directe de la fente, du milieu (2) transmettant la pression, à une température qui augmente sa résistance à l'écoulement.
  9. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, pour élargir un corps métallique creux cylindrique (1), ouvert à ses deux extrémités, comme une bague de capuchon, caractérisé en ce qu'on remplit l'intérieur du corps creux (1) avec le milieu (2) transmettant la pression, qu'on ferme les extrémités ouvertes par des parois rigides (31, 32) résistantes à la pression et qu'on met sous pression le milieu (2) transmettant la pression, à l'aide au moins d'un corps de refoulement (4).
  10. Procédé selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins l'une des parois forme le corps de refoulement (41) sous la forme d'un cône coaxial qui se rétrécit en direction de l'axe de symétrie du corps creux (1).
  11. Procédé selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce qu'on choisit la forme du cône du corps de refoulement (41) de telle sorte que sous l'effet de son déplacement dans le milieu (2) transmettant la pression, le corps creux (1) est élargi à la forme désirée.
  12. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, pour réduire la section transversale de produits allongés tels que des tiges cylindriques, par extrusion, caractérisé en ce qu'on remplit l'espace intercalaire présent entre un moule (34) résistant à la pression et le produit long (1) guidé coaxialement à travers le moule, avec un milieu (2) transmettant la pression et qu'on extrude le produit long (1) avec le milieu (2) transmettant la pression, qui entoure ce produit sous la forme d'un film de graissage (21), au moyen d'une buse (35) qui réduit la section transversale.
  13. Procédé selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce qu'un réapprovisionnement du moule (34) avec le milieu (2) transmettant la pression est exécuté continûment ou d'une manière échelonnée.
  14. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 13, caractérisé en ce qu'on chauffe le corps métallique (1), avant le formage, à une température accrue, notamment une température de formage à chaud.
  15. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, avec 14, pour réaliser un pressage isostatique à chaud, caractérisé en ce qu'on remplit la cavité (33) de la presse, qui contient le corps métallique (1) à former, avec un milieu liquide transmettant la pression et qu'on met ensuite sous pression ce milieu à l'aide d'un poinçon de presse (4) en tant que corps de refoulement.
  16. Procédé selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce qu'avant l'opération de pressage, on recouvre le corps (1) à former par une couche calorifuge (61), par exemple une couche d'émail ou une couche céramique, dont la résistance à la déformation ne gêne pas le processus de formage.
  17. Presse isostatique à chaud pour la mise en procédé selon la revendication 15, caractérisée par un moule de presse cylindrique (34) comportant un fond (32), qui peut être fermé après l'insertion du corps à presser (1), qui est situé à une extrémité, et un poinçon de presse (4), qui peut être introduit dans l'extrémité, et comprenant un milieu liquide transmettant la pression et se présentant sous la forme de plomb (2) ou d'un alliage de plomb, une tubulure (8) au moyen de laquelle le plomb liquide (2) ou l'alliage de plomb liquide peut être introduit, et une butée centrale pour le corps (1).
  18. Presse isostatique à chaud selon la revendication 17, caractérisé en ce que la butée est une plaque perforée (62) insérée transversalement dans la cavité (33) de la presse.
EP95102201A 1994-03-09 1995-02-17 Procédé pour former des corps métalliques à l'aide de hautes pressions développées par un milieu transmettant la pression, utilisation du procédé et dispositif à cet usage Expired - Lifetime EP0673694B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4407908 1994-03-09
DE4407908A DE4407908C2 (de) 1994-03-09 1994-03-09 Verfahren zum Umformen metallischer Körper mittels über ein druckübertragendes Medium aufgebrachter hoher Drücke und Vorrichtung dazu

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0673694A1 EP0673694A1 (fr) 1995-09-27
EP0673694B1 true EP0673694B1 (fr) 1999-10-06

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EP95102201A Expired - Lifetime EP0673694B1 (fr) 1994-03-09 1995-02-17 Procédé pour former des corps métalliques à l'aide de hautes pressions développées par un milieu transmettant la pression, utilisation du procédé et dispositif à cet usage

Country Status (5)

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EP (1) EP0673694B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2675765B2 (fr)
AT (1) ATE185294T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE4407908C2 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA951925B (fr)

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CN103143622A (zh) * 2013-02-26 2013-06-12 武汉理工大学 一种用于提高厚壁金属管件成形性能的介质成形方法

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BE1019737A3 (fr) * 2010-05-18 2012-12-04 Agc Glass Europe Espaceur pour panneau de vitrage sous vide, panneau de vitrage sous vide et procede de fabrication correspondants.

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103143622A (zh) * 2013-02-26 2013-06-12 武汉理工大学 一种用于提高厚壁金属管件成形性能的介质成形方法
CN103143622B (zh) * 2013-02-26 2016-03-09 武汉理工大学 一种用于提高厚壁金属管件成形性能的介质成形方法

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ZA951925B (en) 1995-12-11
JPH08141685A (ja) 1996-06-04
DE59506966D1 (de) 1999-11-11
EP0673694A1 (fr) 1995-09-27
DE4407908A1 (de) 1995-09-14
JP2675765B2 (ja) 1997-11-12
DE4407908C2 (de) 1998-04-23
ATE185294T1 (de) 1999-10-15

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