EP0597741A1 - Gasdichter Behälter - Google Patents
Gasdichter Behälter Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0597741A1 EP0597741A1 EP93402531A EP93402531A EP0597741A1 EP 0597741 A1 EP0597741 A1 EP 0597741A1 EP 93402531 A EP93402531 A EP 93402531A EP 93402531 A EP93402531 A EP 93402531A EP 0597741 A1 EP0597741 A1 EP 0597741A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- film
- tray
- rim
- layer
- orifice
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000004831 Hot glue Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000010411 cooking Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000012943 hotmelt Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 4
- -1 Ethyl vinyl acétate Chemical compound 0.000 description 3
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000000805 composite resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- BFMKFCLXZSUVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl but-3-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC=C BFMKFCLXZSUVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006125 amorphous polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019568 aromas Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007888 film coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009501 film coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005457 ice water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D77/00—Packages formed by enclosing articles or materials in preformed containers, e.g. boxes, cartons, sacks or bags
- B65D77/22—Details
- B65D77/225—Pressure relief-valves incorporated in a container wall, e.g. valves comprising at least one elastic element
Definitions
- the present invention relates to gas-tight containers, in particular for food products or other products intended to undergo heat treatment, of the "tub" type.
- Dishes prepared in the food industry are generally packaged in packages formed by trays made of aluminum foil, synthetic resin or various complexes, such as cartons with film coating.
- Cooking of culinary preparations takes place before their introduction into the trays. The latter are closed after cooking, which causes, due to transfers, the risk of soiling and contamination.
- an automatic closure device for packaging for food preparations with deferred consumption by using on the one hand the expansion and exhaust effects of hot air or steam during the operations. cooking, and on the other hand the contraction during cooling to ensure by non-return valve the hermetic sealing of the packaging by eliminating pollution and loss of aromas occurring during the closing operation, characterized by the combination on the one hand of a capacity formed by a double partitioning at the preferentially axial part of a package with upper and lower perforations and on the other hand by the positioning of a non-return valve or sealing washer in the intermediate space, it being specified that said washer has peripheral orifices and the like, and is placed freely to carry out a vertical displacement from top to bottom and bottom up, either to free the orifices, or to close them with guidance to prevent any lateral movement which could disturb the evacuations and obturations.
- French patent No 89 17 528 describes a tray provided with a tongue hinged on the edge, folded inwards after filling with food and before sealing the sealing film, said hinged tongue having on its horizontal face a perforated seat in which a drop of composite resin is deposited which becomes porous at a determined temperature.
- this packaging requires, in addition to a resin becoming porous, a complex sealing tool capable, simultaneously, of sealing the sealing film all around the tray and all around the seat, and of perforating the film at the precise location where it is located.
- the drop of fusible composite resin thanks to a point provided for this purpose.
- the complexity of the tray itself makes the production of molds delicate and expensive, and the hinged tongue requires additional manipulation for its positioning.
- the object of the present application is a tray allowing the elimination of these drawbacks. Indeed, it does not require an articulated tongue and is therefore simpler and less expensive.
- the manufacturing mold is also cheaper to manufacture and the sealing tool does not require a point to perforate the film at the location of the drop of fusible resin, the sealing taking place automatically by the sole effects of the heat treatment usually applied. to a tray and cooling.
- the container according to the invention comprises a rim body hermetically sealed with a film and having a hole in the rim, characterized by a layer of a substance, having a melting point between 65 ° C and 150 ° C, interposed between the film and the edge part around the hole.
- the tray, Figures 1 to 3 consists of a body 2 and a hot-melt valve formed by a single orifice 10 with a diameter of 0.7 to 2 mm formed on the rim 3 of the body 2, preferably as close as possible to the internal edge 11, a thin layer of hot-melt resin 12 being deposited all around the orifice, on said rim.
- the tray After filling with food products, the tray is sealed with a film 7 welded around its periphery.
- the film 7 lifts under the effect of the overpressure which is created inside, which frees the orifice 10 and allows degassing (arrow 13, FIGS. 2 and 4) products and the evacuation of the internal pressure of the tray which takes place through this orifice while the hot-melt resin 12 is in the liquid state.
- the air, the water vapor and the gases 5 may escape through the fuse valve, the orifice bringing the inside of the tray 2 into communication with the outside.
- the thin layer of hot-melt resin can, in another example of application, be coated on the internal face of the film 7, either in marked locations corresponding to the location of the orifice (s) 10 of the tray ( Figures 4 and 5) , or in a uniform layer over the entire surface of the film.
- the vacuum created in tray 2 by temperature difference adds to the preservation qualities of food products, which are immune to the risk of oxidation. It is also for example that the colors of green vegetables are perfectly preserved.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Packages (AREA)
- Table Devices Or Equipment (AREA)
- Package Specialized In Special Use (AREA)
- General Preparation And Processing Of Foods (AREA)
- Cookers (AREA)
- Supply Devices, Intensifiers, Converters, And Telemotors (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9213672A FR2698082B1 (fr) | 1992-11-13 | 1992-11-13 | Récipient étanche au gaz. |
FR9213672 | 1992-11-13 | ||
CA002132647A CA2132647A1 (fr) | 1992-11-13 | 1994-09-22 | Recipient etanche au gaz |
US08/314,858 US5587192A (en) | 1992-11-13 | 1994-09-29 | Ventable container |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0597741A1 true EP0597741A1 (de) | 1994-05-18 |
EP0597741B1 EP0597741B1 (de) | 1997-01-02 |
Family
ID=27169858
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP93402531A Expired - Lifetime EP0597741B1 (de) | 1992-11-13 | 1993-10-14 | Gasdichter Behälter |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5587192A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0597741B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE147044T1 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2132647A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE69307105T2 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2096247T3 (de) |
FR (1) | FR2698082B1 (de) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2721908A1 (fr) * | 1994-06-29 | 1996-01-05 | Petrovic Zmaj | Dispositif de soupape pour emballage pour preparations alimentaires du type a cuire apres conditionnement |
FR2731414A1 (fr) * | 1995-03-09 | 1996-09-13 | Alsacienne Aluminium | Emballage permettant l'evacuation des surpressions internes |
FR2744597A1 (fr) * | 1996-02-14 | 1997-08-14 | Rodriguez Pierre | Conditionnement naturel longue duree des olives de pays |
WO1998021116A1 (en) * | 1996-11-15 | 1998-05-22 | Alcoa Closure Systems International, Inc. | Prize-holding bottle closure |
US6068898A (en) * | 1996-11-13 | 2000-05-30 | Hitoshi Omoto | Sheet films, packaging materials, and packaging using the same having pressure control valve |
WO2000041947A1 (en) * | 1999-01-15 | 2000-07-20 | Bongers Cornelis Margaretha Th | Method, device and system for packaging of food under a special atmosphere, as well as package for food |
EP1076012A1 (de) * | 1999-08-09 | 2001-02-14 | Karl Keller | Lebensmittelverpackung mit Ventil und Zubereitungsverfahren für Lebensmittel |
US6607764B1 (en) | 1997-12-18 | 2003-08-19 | Karl Keller | Ventable, microwave-safe food package |
EP2003071A2 (de) * | 2006-04-04 | 2008-12-17 | Toyo Seikan Kaisya, Ltd. | Verpackungsbehälter für mikrowellenofen und verfahren zu dessen herstellung |
Families Citing this family (80)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2718111B1 (fr) * | 1994-03-31 | 1996-07-05 | Grandi Rene | Dispositif de valve de sécurité pour emballages de produits à cuire, refroidir, remettre en température ou à dégazer. |
US5866184A (en) * | 1997-03-12 | 1999-02-02 | World Class Packaging Systems, Inc. | Method of packaging a food product in a ventable package |
US7093734B2 (en) * | 1997-03-13 | 2006-08-22 | Safefresh Technologies, Llc | Tray with side recesses and channels for gas transfer |
US6149304A (en) * | 1997-05-09 | 2000-11-21 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Flexible storage bag with selectively-activatible closure |
US5989608A (en) * | 1998-07-15 | 1999-11-23 | Mizuno; Maki | Food container for cooking with microwave oven |
US6367651B2 (en) * | 1998-12-30 | 2002-04-09 | Dart Industries Inc. | Vented container for produce |
JP3055018B1 (ja) * | 1999-02-05 | 2000-06-19 | 株式会社サントク | 惣菜保存用容器およびそのシ―ル用シ―ト |
US6371324B1 (en) * | 1999-02-12 | 2002-04-16 | General Mills, Inc. | Portable food container cover with detachable utensil |
US6051263A (en) * | 1999-03-31 | 2000-04-18 | World Class Packaging Systems, Inc. | Ventable food package |
US6305546B1 (en) | 1999-05-14 | 2001-10-23 | Edward S. Robbins, III | Food storage containers |
US6257401B1 (en) | 1999-05-14 | 2001-07-10 | Pactiv Corporation | Vented container with handles and embossment |
USD443205S1 (en) | 1999-05-14 | 2001-06-05 | Tenneco Packaging Inc. | Bottom for a container |
USD432914S (en) * | 1999-05-27 | 2000-10-31 | Pactiv Corporation | Bottom for a container |
USD433334S (en) * | 1999-05-27 | 2000-11-07 | Pactiv Corporation | Cover for a container |
FR2796923B1 (fr) | 1999-07-29 | 2001-10-19 | Proplast | Valve et emballage a valve, notamment pour cuisson d'aliments |
FR2796924B1 (fr) * | 1999-07-29 | 2001-10-19 | Proplast | Valve et emballage a valve,notamment pour cuisson d'aliments |
USD439160S1 (en) | 1999-09-03 | 2001-03-20 | Tenneco Packaging Inc. | Container |
USD444382S1 (en) | 1999-10-06 | 2001-07-03 | Pactiv Corporation | Cover for a container |
JP3707977B2 (ja) * | 2000-02-01 | 2005-10-19 | 株式会社ザック | 包装食品および包装食品用容器 |
DE60140188D1 (de) * | 2000-06-01 | 2009-11-26 | Irene Lin | Verfahren zur herstellung einer luftdurchlässigen verbundfolie |
JP3602043B2 (ja) | 2000-09-19 | 2004-12-15 | 株式会社ザック | 包装容器、包装食品、および包装飼料 |
DE60201375T2 (de) * | 2001-02-16 | 2005-12-01 | Vanda Janka | Verfahren zur wärmebehandlung und konservierung unter kontrolliertem gasdruck |
ATE321654T1 (de) * | 2001-07-23 | 2006-04-15 | International Trex Limited | Verpackungsfolie |
ITMI20011610A1 (it) * | 2001-07-25 | 2003-01-25 | Enrico Scarabelli | Contenitore per alimenti in particolare contenitore ermetico per la conservazione di alimenti in frigorifero e nel congelatore e lo sconfela |
ITMI20011609A1 (it) * | 2001-07-25 | 2003-01-25 | Enrico Scarabelli | Contenitore chiudibile a tenuta con mezzi per porre in depresione l'interno |
US20030049354A1 (en) * | 2001-08-27 | 2003-03-13 | R. Charles Murray | Packaging for use in heating food in a microwave oven and method of use |
US20080138474A1 (en) * | 2001-08-27 | 2008-06-12 | Pouch Pac Innovations, Llc | Heatable package with multi-purpose valve and method of manufacture |
US20060127549A1 (en) * | 2001-08-27 | 2006-06-15 | Murray R C | Heatable package with frangible seal and method of manufacture |
KR20030041820A (ko) * | 2001-11-20 | 2003-05-27 | 다치바나 요키 가부시키가이샤 | 포장체 및 포장용기 |
DE50211855D1 (de) * | 2001-12-14 | 2008-04-17 | Huhtamaki Ronsberg | Verpackung und siegelwerkzeug zur herstellung einer solchen |
US20040060458A1 (en) * | 2002-02-15 | 2004-04-01 | Vanda Janka | Method for heat treatment and preservation under controlled gas pressure |
US20040000503A1 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2004-01-01 | Shah Ketan N. | Recloseable storage bag with porous evacuation portal |
US6932509B2 (en) * | 2002-06-28 | 2005-08-23 | S. C. Johnson Home Storage, Inc. | Recloseable storage bag with secondary closure members |
NL1021943C2 (nl) * | 2002-11-18 | 2004-03-03 | C H Food B V | Verpakking en werkwijze voor het verwarmen van meerdere producten. |
US7141771B2 (en) * | 2003-01-15 | 2006-11-28 | Steamway Franchise Sales, Inc. | Microwave cooking tray with multiple floor patterns |
US6847022B2 (en) * | 2003-01-18 | 2005-01-25 | Steamway Franchise Sales, Inc. | Microwave cooking device with improved venting configuration |
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US7004632B2 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2006-02-28 | The Glad Products Company | Ventable storage bag |
US20040213956A1 (en) * | 2003-04-25 | 2004-10-28 | Rutherford Sales & Recovery Co., Inc. | Perforated film with liquid retention and gas/vapor venting characteristics for packaging |
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US7364047B2 (en) | 2004-05-27 | 2008-04-29 | Zweigniederlassung Der Huhtamaki Deutschaland, Gmbh & Co. Kg | Tubular, especially can-shaped, receptacle for the accommodation of fluids, a method of manufacture, and use |
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Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS57158276A (en) * | 1981-03-26 | 1982-09-30 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | Hot-melt adhesive composition |
FR2629060A1 (fr) * | 1988-03-28 | 1989-09-29 | Cook In Pack Sa | Dispositif d'obturation automatique par effet thermique de conditionnement pour preparations alimentaires a consommations differees |
FR2635760A1 (fr) * | 1988-03-28 | 1990-03-02 | Cook In Pack Sa | Dispositif d'obturation automatique par effet thermique de conditionnement pour preparations alimentaires a consommation differee |
EP0547941A1 (de) * | 1991-12-17 | 1993-06-23 | Societe De Constructions De Materiel Metallique Et Electrique | Behälter und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
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US4141487A (en) * | 1977-03-29 | 1979-02-27 | Union Carbide Corporation | Disposable food package |
US4206870A (en) * | 1978-12-08 | 1980-06-10 | Quad Corporation | Pressure relief valve |
US4404241A (en) * | 1979-12-19 | 1983-09-13 | James River-Dixie/Northern, Inc. | Microwave package with vent |
US4358466A (en) * | 1980-04-11 | 1982-11-09 | The Dow Chemical Company | Freezer to microwave oven bag |
US4571337A (en) * | 1984-05-10 | 1986-02-18 | Hunt-Wesson Foods, Inc. | Container and popcorn ingredient for microwave use |
US4640838A (en) * | 1984-09-06 | 1987-02-03 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Self-venting vapor-tight microwave oven package |
JPH0825583B2 (ja) * | 1986-03-27 | 1996-03-13 | ハウス食品株式会社 | 加熱調理用密封容器 |
US5039001A (en) * | 1990-06-18 | 1991-08-13 | Kraft General Foods, Inc. | Microwavable package and process |
-
1992
- 1992-11-13 FR FR9213672A patent/FR2698082B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1993
- 1993-10-14 AT AT93402531T patent/ATE147044T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-10-14 EP EP93402531A patent/EP0597741B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-10-14 ES ES93402531T patent/ES2096247T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-10-14 DE DE69307105T patent/DE69307105T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1994
- 1994-09-22 CA CA002132647A patent/CA2132647A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1994-09-29 US US08/314,858 patent/US5587192A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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JPS57158276A (en) * | 1981-03-26 | 1982-09-30 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | Hot-melt adhesive composition |
FR2629060A1 (fr) * | 1988-03-28 | 1989-09-29 | Cook In Pack Sa | Dispositif d'obturation automatique par effet thermique de conditionnement pour preparations alimentaires a consommations differees |
FR2635760A1 (fr) * | 1988-03-28 | 1990-03-02 | Cook In Pack Sa | Dispositif d'obturation automatique par effet thermique de conditionnement pour preparations alimentaires a consommation differee |
EP0547941A1 (de) * | 1991-12-17 | 1993-06-23 | Societe De Constructions De Materiel Metallique Et Electrique | Behälter und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
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Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2721908A1 (fr) * | 1994-06-29 | 1996-01-05 | Petrovic Zmaj | Dispositif de soupape pour emballage pour preparations alimentaires du type a cuire apres conditionnement |
FR2731414A1 (fr) * | 1995-03-09 | 1996-09-13 | Alsacienne Aluminium | Emballage permettant l'evacuation des surpressions internes |
FR2744597A1 (fr) * | 1996-02-14 | 1997-08-14 | Rodriguez Pierre | Conditionnement naturel longue duree des olives de pays |
US6068898A (en) * | 1996-11-13 | 2000-05-30 | Hitoshi Omoto | Sheet films, packaging materials, and packaging using the same having pressure control valve |
WO1998021116A1 (en) * | 1996-11-15 | 1998-05-22 | Alcoa Closure Systems International, Inc. | Prize-holding bottle closure |
US6607764B1 (en) | 1997-12-18 | 2003-08-19 | Karl Keller | Ventable, microwave-safe food package |
WO2000041947A1 (en) * | 1999-01-15 | 2000-07-20 | Bongers Cornelis Margaretha Th | Method, device and system for packaging of food under a special atmosphere, as well as package for food |
EP1076012A1 (de) * | 1999-08-09 | 2001-02-14 | Karl Keller | Lebensmittelverpackung mit Ventil und Zubereitungsverfahren für Lebensmittel |
US6380524B1 (en) | 1999-08-09 | 2002-04-30 | Karl Keller | Microwavable food package having valve and method of use |
EP2003071A2 (de) * | 2006-04-04 | 2008-12-17 | Toyo Seikan Kaisya, Ltd. | Verpackungsbehälter für mikrowellenofen und verfahren zu dessen herstellung |
EP2003071A4 (de) * | 2006-04-04 | 2010-05-19 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd | Verpackungsbehälter für mikrowellenofen und verfahren zu dessen herstellung |
US8245869B2 (en) | 2006-04-04 | 2012-08-21 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha, Ltd. | Packaging container for microwave oven and process for manufacturing the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2698082B1 (fr) | 1994-12-23 |
FR2698082A1 (fr) | 1994-05-20 |
US5587192A (en) | 1996-12-24 |
ATE147044T1 (de) | 1997-01-15 |
CA2132647A1 (fr) | 1996-03-23 |
EP0597741B1 (de) | 1997-01-02 |
DE69307105T2 (de) | 1997-04-17 |
DE69307105D1 (de) | 1997-02-13 |
ES2096247T3 (es) | 1997-03-01 |
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