EP0555878A1 - Two stage membrane dryer - Google Patents

Two stage membrane dryer Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0555878A1
EP0555878A1 EP93102277A EP93102277A EP0555878A1 EP 0555878 A1 EP0555878 A1 EP 0555878A1 EP 93102277 A EP93102277 A EP 93102277A EP 93102277 A EP93102277 A EP 93102277A EP 0555878 A1 EP0555878 A1 EP 0555878A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
membrane
gas
stage
permeate side
wet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP93102277A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Ravi Prasad
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Praxair Technology Inc
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Praxair Technology Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Praxair Technology Inc filed Critical Praxair Technology Inc
Publication of EP0555878A1 publication Critical patent/EP0555878A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • B01D53/225—Multiple stage diffusion
    • B01D53/226—Multiple stage diffusion in serial connexion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/22—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion
    • B01D53/228—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by diffusion characterised by specific membranes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/26—Drying gases or vapours
    • B01D53/268—Drying gases or vapours by diffusion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
    • B01D69/1213—Laminated layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
    • B01D2325/02—Details relating to pores or porosity of the membranes
    • B01D2325/022—Asymmetric membranes

Definitions

  • the invention in general relates to the drying of gases. More particularly, it relates to a two stage membrane process and system for the enhanced drying of nitrogen, air and other gases.
  • Water and/or other condensible gases are common impurities in many raw or process gases. These impurities are known to cause, among other things, unwanted reaction and corrosion in various systems which employ gases. To inhibit these detrimental effects, gases are usually pretreated to remove the impurities.
  • gases are usually pretreated to remove the impurities.
  • Some of the conventional techniques used to remove the impurities include compression, cooling, adsorption and membrane separation. Among these conventional techniques, the membrane separation may be most attractive for economically dehydrating or drying wet gas streams, particularly in small scale operations.
  • the membrane separation generally involves the selective permeation of the wet components in a feed gas stream through utilizing a membrane module or cartridge.
  • the membrane module or cartridge typically comprises membrane materials in the form of a plurality of small hollow fibers, which are disposed within an enclosure.
  • the hollow membrane fibers which may be constructed with synthetic polymers or inorganic materials, are usually arranged to provide a large membrane surface area with particular flow configurations so that the wet components of a feed gas can selectively permeate therethrough in an efficient manner.
  • the wet components of a feed gas can be selectively permeated from or to either side of the large membrane surface, i.e., from the outside, or shell side, of the hollow fibers to the fiber bores or from the fiber bores to the outside, or shell side, of the hollow fibers, as long as a pressure difference is maintained across the membrane.
  • the wet components in a feed gas at the permeation pressure for instance, permeate through the membrane to reach the lower pressure, permeate side thereof.
  • the partial pressure difference that drives permeation will, however, be significantly reduced unless the wet components permeated to the low pressure, permeate side of the membrane are removed to maintain a low partial pressure of the components on the permeate side. Once the saturation point of the permeate is reached, then other undesirable effects such as capillary condensation could occur which could further reduce the permeation flow of the wet components.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,931,070 - Prasad and U.S. Patent No. 5,084,073 - Prasad disclose a membrane module having at least four ports, one of which being used to introduce a recycling portion of the dry product gas or a gas from an external source to the low pressure, permeate side of a membrane to flush the wet components which are permeating through the membrane.
  • a process for drying wet gas streams in a particular membrane system comprising:
  • the term "the total membrane surface area” means a membrane area which is necessary to efficiently permeate a given amount of wet components. This membrane area may vary depending on the thickness of a membrane, the type of membrane material used, the volume of a gas to be treated and the amount of wet components to be permeated.
  • a gas from an external source is any suitable gas, other than the desired dry product gas or like, which is capable of carrying wet components away from the low pressure, permeate side of a membrane.
  • a cleaning ratio means a purge ratio multiplied by a pressure ratio.
  • purge ratio means a ratio of the amount of purge gas/the amount of gas to be recovered as dry gas.
  • pressure ratio means a feed pressure divided by a permeate pressure
  • Figure 1 is a schematic flow diagram of a membrane system, which represents one embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 2 is a graph illustrating the relationship between the percentage of the total membrane area allocated to the second stage membrane and the amount of O2 back permeation and the N2 product loss.
  • the invention relates to improved membrane drying processes and systems, wherein significant amounts of dry product gases having low contamination levels are produced. These dry product gases are suitable for use in various applications due to their low contamination levels. These desired product gases are found to be formed in a significant amount in a particular membrane drying arrangement.
  • the arrangement involves at least two membrane dryers, one for removing the bulk of the wet components in a gas stream and the other for completely drying the resulting partially dry gas stream. The bulk of the wet components is found to be removed in the initial stage even when a relatively small membrane area is used for drying. This discovery has lead to the use of an external source gas for purging the permeated wet components in the initial stage since the level of contamination by back diffusion of this foreign purge gas in a small membrane area is limited.
  • the amount of the dry product gas required for purging in a subsequent membrane drying stage is significantly reduced.
  • the subsequent stage may utilize a relatively large membrane area to maximize the drying since no contamination of the product gas occurs when the same quality gas is used in purging. This arrangement, therefore, provides efficient usage of available high quality product gases as purging means while minimizing the contamination of the product gases. It may be especially attractive for those processes or systems where multigrade purge gases are available.
  • FIG. 1 there is illustrated a two stage membrane system having two permeators or membrane modules (1 and 2) in series. Each module may comprise membrane materials (3 or 4) in the form of hollow fibers. Any membrane material may be used to construct the hollow fibers as long as it is capable of selectively permeating the wet components.
  • Composite or asymmetric hollow-fiber membranes are usually preferred due to their permeation or separation characteristics.
  • Composite membranes generally comprise a thin separation layer or coating of a suitable permeable membrane material superimposed on a porous substrate.
  • the thin separation layer determines the separation characteristics of the composite structure, with the porous substrate providing physical support for the separation layer.
  • Asymmetric membranes are composed of a single permeable membrane material having a thin, dense semipermeable skin region that determines the separation characteristics of the membrane, and a less dense, porous, generally non-selective support region that serves, as does the porous substrate of composites, to preclude the failure of the thin skin region under pressure. Both types of the membranes may have a particular substrate morphology to achieve a significant degree of radial mixing as described in S.N. U.S. Patent No. 5,084,073, herein incorporated by reference, and can be prepared using any known materials and methods including those described in U.S. Patent No.
  • the composite or asymmetric metric membrane herein is characterized by having a separating factor for H2O/gas to be dried of at least about 50, preferably greater than about 500, more preferably greater than about 1000.
  • the hollow fiber membranes may also be arranged to achieve a uniform flow of feed gas and to permeate gas across the surfaces of the membranes.
  • the hollow fiber membranes are arranged in a helically wound hollow fiber membrane cartridge containing hollow fibers of essentially uniform active lengths.
  • Such helical winding is known in the art as evidenced by the disclosure of the Coplan et al patent, U.S. 4,631,128.
  • Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the desired uniform flow distribution of gas across the surface of the hollow fibers cannot be achieved simply by arranging the hollow fibers in the membrane cartridge with a parallel or straight configuration rather than the particular helical winding configuration referred to above.
  • the resulting hollow fiber bundle may be also encased with impervious barrier materials in a particular manner to provide countercurrent flow patterns across the permeate and non-permeate surfaces (5, 6, 7 and 8) of the membrane.
  • European Patent Publication No. 0226431 published June 24, 1987, herein incorporated by reference, discloses such countercurrent flow pattern creation, which enables the feed gas or permeate gas, depending on the desired manner of operation to pass in countercurrent flow outside the hollow fibers parallel to the flow direction of permeate gas or feed gas in the bores of the hollow fibers. For example, feed gas on the outside of the hollow fiber bundle is caused to flow parallel to, rather than at right angle to, the central axis of the fiber bundle.
  • the impermeable barrier materials may be a wrap of impervious film, e.g., polyvinylidene or the like.
  • the impermeable barrier materials may be an impervious coating material, e.g., polysiloxane, applied from an innocuous solvent, or a shrink sleeve installed over the membrane bundle and shrunk onto the bundle.
  • An O-ring or other means such as structured packing may also be used between the hollow fiber bundle and the shell of the membrane module, or the shell itself may be positioned in close proximity to the membrane bundle so as to form the desired barrier.
  • the impermeable barrier in such embodiments, thus encases the hollow fiber bundle, other than for an opening therein permitting the flow of gas into or away from the bundle, so that the fluid flows along the outer surface of essentially all of the hollow fibers in the bundle in a direction substantially parallel to the axis of the hollow fiber bundle.
  • the resulting flow pattern is one of countercurrent flow of the wet feed stream and the permeate gas which comprises purge gas together with the wet components that permeates through the membrane material. If necessary, however, the countercurrent flow patterns can be changed to provide cocurrent flow patterns by feeding feed gas and purge gas from particular locations.
  • Each membrane module (1 or 2) having hollow membrane fibers (3 and 4) may be designed with at least four gas ports, i.e., an inlet feed gas port, an outlet non-permeate product gas port, an input port for purge gas and an outlet port for the combined purge gas and the permeate gas (waste gas). While both the inlet feed gas port and the outlet non-permeate product gas port are in communication with the high pressure, non-permeate side (5 or 7) of the membrane (3 or 4) both the inlet port for the purge gas and the outlet port for the waste gas are in communication with the low pressure, permeate side (6 or 8) of the membrane (3 or 4).
  • gas ports i.e., an inlet feed gas port, an outlet non-permeate product gas port, an input port for purge gas and an outlet port for the combined purge gas and the permeate gas (waste gas). While both the inlet feed gas port and the outlet non-permeate product gas port are in communication with the high pressure, non-permeate side (5 or
  • the high pressure, non-permeate side (5 or 7) of the membrane can be either the bore side or the outer shell side of the hollow fiber, with the opposite side, i.e. the bore side or the outer shell side of the hollow fibers, representing the low pressure, permeate side (6 or 8) of the membrane.
  • a feed gas stream containing wet components initially is provided at high pressure (wet component permeation pressure) to the high pressure, non-permeate side (5) of the membrane (3) in the module (1).
  • the feed gas employed is preferably wet nitrogen from a conventional "deoxo" process which is known to be useful in removing traces of oxygen from nitrogen in the form of H2O.
  • Such wet nitrogen from the conventional "Deoxo" process for example, is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,931,070. It should be noted, however, that other wet gases, such as wet air, can also be employed as the feed gas.
  • the wet components therein permeate through the membrane to the low pressure, permeate side (6) of the membrane (3).
  • An external source purge gas or foreign purge gas is sent to the low pressure, permeate side (6) of the membrane (3) to carry the permeated wet components away from the permeate side thereof in order to maintain a high driving force across the membrane for continuous wet component removal.
  • the purge gas may flow countercurrently with respect to the feed gas along the length of the membrane to enhance or optimize the removal of the permeated wet components.
  • the purge gas carrying the wet components may be removed from the module (1) under vacuum conditions.
  • the membrane area available in the module (1) is such that the bulk of the wet components can be permeated through the membrane with negligible contamination to the non-permeate gas which is being dried. Such contamination would occur by back permeation of components of the purge gas into the high pressure side of the membrane.
  • This membrane area represents about 6% to about 80%, preferably about 6% to about 45%, of the total membrane area in the system.
  • the resulting partially dry feed gas from the module (1) is sent to the high pressure, non-permeate side (7) of the membrane (4) in a module (2).
  • the partially dry feed gas under high pressure passes over the non-permeate side (7) of the membrane, the remaining wet components therein permeate through the membrane to the low pressure, permeate side (8) of the membrane.
  • a portion of the completely or substantially dry gas resulting therefrom is sent to the lower pressure, permeated side of the membrane as a reflux purge to carry the wet components away from the lower pressure, permeate side thereof.
  • the reflux gas may flow cocurrently or countercurrently with respect to the partially dry feed gas.
  • the membrane area in this stage should be large enough to cause complete or substantial removal of the wet components in the partially dry gas stream.
  • the membrane area should represent about 20% to about 94%, preferably about 55% to about 94%, of the total membrane area in the system.
  • the resulting wet components containing purge stream which may be withdrawn under vacuum conditions, need not be discarded as waste since it can be often recycled to a suitable point in the process to recover the product in it.
  • a nitrogen stream containing about 1 to about 5% oxygen has been catalytically treated in the presence hydrogen to convert the oxygen thereof to water.
  • the wet nitrogen stream to be dried was derived from this "deoxo" process.
  • the wet nitrogen stream was fed at a rate of about 10,000 NCFH under a pressure of about 130 psig and a temperature of about 110°F to the two stage membrane module systems shown in figure 1.
  • the permeation membrane used in the modules had a separation factor for O2/N2 of about 6 and a separation factor for H2O/O2 of about 1000.
  • a stream of nitrogen containing about 12.6% O2 and about 42 ppm H2O was used as a purge gas at about 17 psia for the first stage while dry product purge is employed in the second stage.
  • a particular purge ratio is maintained to obtain a product gas having less than 13 ppm wet components.
  • the total membrane area for efficiently drying the wet nitrogen feed gas was determined to be about 1524 sq. ft.
  • essentially oxygen free nitrogen product can be produced in a single stage having a membrane area of about 1524 sq.ft. when a portion of the nitrogen product is used as a purging means. This approach, however, reduces the amount of the recovered nitrogen by at least about 20%.
  • the above deficiencies associated with the single stage membrane drying are shown to be mitigated through using a two stage membrane drying system which utilizes a particular membrane area and a particular purging gas in a particular sequence.
  • the amount of oxygen impurity can be reduced to less than 200 ppm, preferably below 100ppm while the amount of the product loss can be reduced from about 2% to about 13%.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Drying Of Gases (AREA)
EP93102277A 1992-02-13 1993-02-12 Two stage membrane dryer Withdrawn EP0555878A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US834787 1992-02-13
US07/834,787 US5205842A (en) 1992-02-13 1992-02-13 Two stage membrane dryer

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0555878A1 true EP0555878A1 (en) 1993-08-18

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Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US5205842A (es)
EP (1) EP0555878A1 (es)
JP (1) JP2872521B2 (es)
KR (1) KR930018255A (es)
CN (1) CN1035235C (es)
BR (1) BR9300533A (es)
CA (1) CA2089411A1 (es)
MX (1) MX9300785A (es)

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CN1035235C (zh) 1997-06-25
JP2872521B2 (ja) 1999-03-17
KR930018255A (ko) 1993-09-21
BR9300533A (pt) 1993-08-17
JPH067628A (ja) 1994-01-18
CN1076381A (zh) 1993-09-22
MX9300785A (es) 1993-09-01
CA2089411A1 (en) 1993-08-14
US5205842A (en) 1993-04-27

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