EP0550321A1 - Vérin pyrotechnique à course amortie - Google Patents
Vérin pyrotechnique à course amortie Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0550321A1 EP0550321A1 EP92403492A EP92403492A EP0550321A1 EP 0550321 A1 EP0550321 A1 EP 0550321A1 EP 92403492 A EP92403492 A EP 92403492A EP 92403492 A EP92403492 A EP 92403492A EP 0550321 A1 EP0550321 A1 EP 0550321A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- piston
- chamber
- cylinder according
- hole
- combustion chamber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B3/00—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive
- F42B3/006—Explosive bolts; Explosive actuators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B15/00—Fluid-actuated devices for displacing a member from one position to another; Gearing associated therewith
- F15B15/19—Pyrotechnical actuators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
- F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F15B15/00—Fluid-actuated devices for displacing a member from one position to another; Gearing associated therewith
- F15B15/20—Other details, e.g. assembly with regulating devices
- F15B15/22—Other details, e.g. assembly with regulating devices for accelerating or decelerating the stroke
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a pyrotechnic cylinder with damped stroke.
- the object of the invention is to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks.
- the invention relates to a pyrotechnic cylinder having a body comprising a piston, a combustion chamber of pyrotechnic materials and a back-pressure chamber between the head of the piston and the end of the jack, characterized in that it further comprises an intermediate compression chamber between the combustion chamber and the head of the piston , the intermediate combustion chamber being connected to the combustion chamber by a hole.
- the main advantages of the invention are that it makes it possible to dampen the speed of movement of the piston of the jack while ensuring a driving force of the piston until it reaches the stop, that it suppresses the rebounds of the piston, finally that it is simple to implement.
- FIG. 1a shows a block diagram of a pyrotechnic cylinder according to the prior art.
- the cylinder consists of a main body 1, a combustion chamber 2 at high pressure. This chamber 2 is further delimited by the end or head 6 of the piston 5 of the jack. As soon as pyrotechnic materials are burned in the combustion chamber 2, the pressure in this chamber increases very quickly, develops a force greater than the resistance force F of the piston and gives it a speed of movement which increases very quickly.
- FIG. 1b presents types of changes, generally observed from the pressure P in the combustion chamber 2 and from the speed V of the piston 5 as a function of the time t from an initial instant to.
- the combustion of pyrotechnic materials in the chamber 2 for a very short time for reasons of regularity of combustion the pressure P inside the combustion chamber 2 decreases very quickly while the speed V of the piston 5 increases very quickly, if the initial motive force created by the combustion gases has been sufficiently powerful.
- the speed V of the piston 5 increases rapidly but decreases just as rapidly, due to the fall in the pressure P, and the resistance force F of the piston 5 to such an extent that the piston 5 doesn’t does not reach the stop position and can therefore not be locked in this position by appropriate means. This in particular prevents organs controlled by the piston of the jack from acquiring equilibrium positions.
- Figure 2 shows a block diagram of a cylinder according to the invention.
- the cylinder always consists of a body 1, a combustion chamber 2, and a piston 5, but it further comprises an intermediate compression chamber 3 interposed between the combustion chamber 2 and the head 6 of the piston .
- the intermediate compression chamber 3 is connected to the combustion chamber 2 by a hole 4.
- This hole can be of the nozzle or nozzle type.
- the neck can be calculated so as to make it sonic, that is to say so that the speed of the gases passing through it is equal to the speed of sound.
- the part 9 of the jack between the head 6 of the piston 5 and the end 10 of the jack opposite to the combustion chamber 2 constitutes a back-pressure chamber.
- a seal is provided between the intermediate compression chamber 3 and the back-pressure chamber 9.
- This seal can for example be obtained by covering the edges of the head 6 of the piston with a strip of rubber or of elastomeric material.
- the role of the compression chamber intermediate 3 is to avoid brutally applying a large driving force to the piston.
- the nozzle 4 creates a delay time for the arrival of the gases in the intermediate compression chamber 3 which is in contact with the piston 5.
- the nozzle 4 is calculated so that, taking into account the movement of the piston the pressure peak in the intermediate compression chamber 3 is less important than in the case of the jack shown in FIG. 1a.
- the piston 5 is subjected, via its head 6, on the one hand to a force exerted by the substantially constant pressure inside the intermediate compression chamber 3 and on the other hand to a force of opposite direction exerted by the increasing pressure with the displacement of the jack of the back-pressure chamber 9. These two forces give the piston 5 a substantially constant displacement speed, damping its stroke compared to the case in particular of FIG. 1a.
- control of the piston movement speed is increased for example by regulating the pressure in the back pressure chamber 9 during the stroke of the jack thanks to a gas passage 20 between the compression chamber 3 and the chamber 9 bypassing the sealed head 6 of the piston.
- This passage 20 can be a pipe connecting the two chambers or preferably a simple groove in the wall of the body 1 which neutralizes the seal of the head 6 of the piston.
- the cross-section of the passage is adjusted to control the speed of the piston throughout its stroke and can be variable depending on the position of the piston.
- the end of the passage 20 is at a certain distance from the partition between the intermediate chamber 3 and the combustion chamber so that the gas passage is inoperative at the start of the displacement of the piston so as not to hinder the speed setting.
- the gas passage 20 is interrupted before the end 10 of the jack so as to isolate the chamber 3 again at the end of the stroke.
- the back-pressure chamber 9 is not absolutely sealed at the bottom 10 of the jack in order to ensure by emptying at the end of the stroke, after closing the passage 20, a frank abutment at low speed but under the action of 'a significant pressure in the chamber 3.
- the leak 12 can be achieved at the passage of the rod 5 of the piston through the bottom 10 or by a nozzle in the bottom 10 or in the end of the body 1 in the vicinity of the bottom 10, according to the need to control the orientation of the gases emitted. It should be noted that the quantity of gas discharged is small, the chamber 3 remaining sealed at the end of the stroke of the piston 5.
- FIG. 3 represents another possible embodiment of the pyrotechnic cylinder according to the invention.
- This comprises several intermediate compression chambers 3, 31 of the type of the first intermediate compression chamber 3 and a back pressure chamber 9.
- the intermediate chambers 3, 31 are formed for example, using a pull-out piston 5 and using decreasing sections in stages 33, 34 of the body 1 of the jack. These bearings 33, 34 are intended to successively stop each part 61, 62 of the pull-out piston 5. After stopping, these parts 61, 62 of decreasing sections form lids successively separating the first intermediate chamber 3 from the second intermediate chamber 31, then the second intermediate chamber 31 of the back pressure chamber 9.
- a hole 41 of the hole 4 type between the combustion chamber 2 and the first intermediate chamber 3 is formed in the part 61 separating the first intermediate chamber 3 from the second intermediate chamber 31, then allowing the setting under pressure in the latter.
- This last embodiment includes two intermediate chambers 3, 31, however, it is possible to increase this number, the operating principle then being similar to that described in FIG. 3.
- the combustion of pyrotechnic materials inside the combustion chamber 2 can be started for example by an igniter controllable by an electrical signal.
- the jack comprises locking means, not shown, to hold the piston 5 in abutment according to solutions known to those skilled in the art, for example a finger engaging the piston when the latter reaches its end. race.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Actuator (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9116385 | 1991-12-31 | ||
FR9116385A FR2685741A1 (fr) | 1991-12-31 | 1991-12-31 | Verin pyrotechnique a course amortie. |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0550321A1 true EP0550321A1 (fr) | 1993-07-07 |
Family
ID=9420706
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP92403492A Withdrawn EP0550321A1 (fr) | 1991-12-31 | 1992-12-21 | Vérin pyrotechnique à course amortie |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5303631A (ro) |
EP (1) | EP0550321A1 (ro) |
FR (1) | FR2685741A1 (ro) |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1138957A1 (fr) * | 2000-03-29 | 2001-10-04 | Pyroalliance | Ecrou de séparation réarmable à faible niveau de choc induit |
FR2845446A1 (fr) | 2002-10-04 | 2004-04-09 | Pyroalliance | Dispositif d'absorption d'energie pour colonne de direction |
EP1486697A1 (fr) | 2003-06-13 | 2004-12-15 | Pyroalliance | Amortisseur modulable à gaz pyrotechniques |
EP1495918A2 (fr) * | 2003-07-10 | 2005-01-12 | Pyroalliance | Dispositif d'amortissement du déplacement d'une pièce d'un véhicule impliquant un fil métallique |
EP1496268A1 (fr) * | 2003-07-10 | 2005-01-12 | Pyroalliance | Actionneur pyrotechnique à effet de poussée variable |
FR2875293A1 (fr) | 2004-09-14 | 2006-03-17 | Pyroalliance Sa | Actionneur hybride muni d'une charge comprenant un oxydant et un reducteur dissocies |
EP1705383A2 (fr) | 2005-03-24 | 2006-09-27 | SNPE Matériaux Energétiques | Actionneur pyrotechnique muni d'un organe régulateur de pression |
EP1795405A2 (de) * | 2005-12-08 | 2007-06-13 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Anordnung einer Frontklappe an einem Fahrzeug |
US7568341B2 (en) | 2004-10-07 | 2009-08-04 | Snpe Materiaux Energetiques | Pyrotechnic actuator with controllable force and optimised geometry |
WO2011157940A1 (fr) | 2010-06-15 | 2011-12-22 | Sme | Verin a course declenchee muni d'un dispositif d'evacuation des gaz |
WO2013174121A1 (zh) * | 2012-05-23 | 2013-11-28 | 中联重科股份有限公司 | 液压缸缓冲控制方法、缓冲式液压缸控制系统及液压设备 |
FR3005724A1 (fr) * | 2013-05-17 | 2014-11-21 | Herakles | Generateur de gaz pyrotechnique |
Families Citing this family (26)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4433212C1 (de) * | 1994-09-17 | 1996-01-25 | Daimler Benz Aerospace Ag | Vorrichtung für Hydraulikkreis |
US6318228B1 (en) * | 1997-04-24 | 2001-11-20 | Ramtech 2000, L.L.C. | Forcible entry device |
AT405729B (de) * | 1998-06-16 | 1999-11-25 | Hirtenberger Praezisionstechni | Verzögerungselement für pyrotechnische ladungen |
JP3943295B2 (ja) * | 1999-08-25 | 2007-07-11 | タカタ株式会社 | プリテンショナ及びそれを有するシートベルト装置 |
US6532739B2 (en) | 1999-08-25 | 2003-03-18 | Takata Corporation | Pretensioner |
US6631668B1 (en) | 2000-11-10 | 2003-10-14 | David Wilson | Recoilless impact device |
US6672194B2 (en) | 2001-07-19 | 2004-01-06 | Textron Systems Corporation | Energetic-based actuator device with rotary piston |
US7182191B2 (en) * | 2002-07-11 | 2007-02-27 | Autoliv Asp, Inc. | Motion damper |
US6764118B2 (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2004-07-20 | Autoliv Asp, Inc. | Active bumper assembly |
US6922153B2 (en) | 2003-05-13 | 2005-07-26 | Credo Technology Corporation | Safety detection and protection system for power tools |
US6942261B2 (en) | 2003-08-14 | 2005-09-13 | Autoliv Asp, Inc. | Linear actuator with an internal dampening mechanism |
FR2864021B1 (fr) * | 2003-12-19 | 2006-05-26 | Lacroix Soc E | Dispositif de commande a deplacement d'un element de fermeture pour vehicule |
US20050155449A1 (en) * | 2004-01-21 | 2005-07-21 | Greg Birchmeier | Steering wheel damper |
US7303040B2 (en) * | 2004-05-18 | 2007-12-04 | Autolive Asp, Inc. | Active vehicle hood system and method |
EP1771664A2 (de) * | 2004-07-23 | 2007-04-11 | Delphi Technologies, Inc. | Pyrotechnischer aktor |
DE102005051657A1 (de) | 2005-10-28 | 2007-05-03 | GM Global Technology Operations, Inc., Detroit | Pyrotechnischer Aktuator |
GB2432399A (en) * | 2005-11-18 | 2007-05-23 | Autoliv Dev | Piston and cylinder pyrotechnic actuator |
JP5239253B2 (ja) * | 2007-08-14 | 2013-07-17 | 日産自動車株式会社 | フード跳ね上げ装置 |
EP2303890A4 (en) * | 2008-06-19 | 2012-04-11 | Progenics Pharm Inc | INHIBITORS OF PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITE-3-KINASE |
EP2290245A1 (en) | 2009-08-27 | 2011-03-02 | WOW Company | Actuator with a counter compression means and pre compression means |
DE102010033438B4 (de) * | 2010-08-04 | 2013-10-31 | Dominic Becker | Absperrarmatur |
US8534174B2 (en) | 2010-09-27 | 2013-09-17 | Power Tool Institute | Pyrotechnic actuator and power cutting tool with safety reaction system having such pyrotechnic actuator |
DE102011106513A1 (de) * | 2011-06-15 | 2012-12-20 | Trw Airbag Systems Gmbh | Pyrotechnischer Aktuator mit Entlüftung |
DE102011107543A1 (de) | 2011-07-15 | 2013-01-17 | Bayern-Chemie Gesellschaft Für Flugchemische Antriebe Mbh | Gedämpfter pyrotechnischer Aktuator |
FR3042237B1 (fr) * | 2015-10-09 | 2017-11-03 | Labinal Power Systems | Dispositif d'actionnement pour systeme d'eolienne de secours d'aeronef |
US11512645B2 (en) * | 2020-03-06 | 2022-11-29 | Goodrich Corporation | Solid-propellant gas generator assemblies and methods |
Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB809031A (en) * | 1954-11-26 | 1959-02-18 | Gen Electric | Improvements in apparatus for generating gaseous working fluid |
US2892452A (en) * | 1957-05-08 | 1959-06-30 | Weinstock Manuel | Load sensitive-gas operated thruster |
US3118349A (en) * | 1964-01-21 | Actuator cylinder | ||
FR1582177A (ro) * | 1968-07-11 | 1969-09-26 | ||
US4054032A (en) * | 1976-09-03 | 1977-10-18 | Networks Electronic Corporation | Explosive actuated pin puller |
US4237690A (en) * | 1978-08-25 | 1980-12-09 | Nippon Soken, Inc. | Piston return stop device for seat belt tensioning device |
FR2489898A1 (fr) * | 1980-09-11 | 1982-03-12 | Repa Feinstanzwerk Gmbh | Dispositif d'entrainement pyrotechnique notamment pour le tendeur de rappel d'un systeme de ceinture de securite |
US4412420A (en) * | 1980-07-03 | 1983-11-01 | Networks Electronics Corp. | Explosive actuated pin puller |
DE3717458A1 (de) * | 1987-05-23 | 1988-12-01 | Diehl Gmbh & Co | Pyrotechnisches kraftelement |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3149456A (en) * | 1963-08-16 | 1964-09-22 | Charles S Sterrett | Gas damped thruster |
US4034816A (en) * | 1976-05-04 | 1977-07-12 | Lutich Louis L | Demolition tool |
US4037821A (en) * | 1976-08-10 | 1977-07-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Telescoping retractor |
US4753151A (en) * | 1986-06-27 | 1988-06-28 | Lockheed Corporation | Self-retracting ballistic actuator system |
-
1991
- 1991-12-31 FR FR9116385A patent/FR2685741A1/fr active Granted
-
1992
- 1992-12-21 EP EP92403492A patent/EP0550321A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1992-12-23 US US07/995,822 patent/US5303631A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3118349A (en) * | 1964-01-21 | Actuator cylinder | ||
GB809031A (en) * | 1954-11-26 | 1959-02-18 | Gen Electric | Improvements in apparatus for generating gaseous working fluid |
US2892452A (en) * | 1957-05-08 | 1959-06-30 | Weinstock Manuel | Load sensitive-gas operated thruster |
FR1582177A (ro) * | 1968-07-11 | 1969-09-26 | ||
US4054032A (en) * | 1976-09-03 | 1977-10-18 | Networks Electronic Corporation | Explosive actuated pin puller |
US4237690A (en) * | 1978-08-25 | 1980-12-09 | Nippon Soken, Inc. | Piston return stop device for seat belt tensioning device |
US4412420A (en) * | 1980-07-03 | 1983-11-01 | Networks Electronics Corp. | Explosive actuated pin puller |
FR2489898A1 (fr) * | 1980-09-11 | 1982-03-12 | Repa Feinstanzwerk Gmbh | Dispositif d'entrainement pyrotechnique notamment pour le tendeur de rappel d'un systeme de ceinture de securite |
DE3717458A1 (de) * | 1987-05-23 | 1988-12-01 | Diehl Gmbh & Co | Pyrotechnisches kraftelement |
Cited By (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2807123A1 (fr) * | 2000-03-29 | 2001-10-05 | Pyroalliance | Ecrou de separation rearmable a faible niveau de choc induit |
EP1138957A1 (fr) * | 2000-03-29 | 2001-10-04 | Pyroalliance | Ecrou de séparation réarmable à faible niveau de choc induit |
FR2845446A1 (fr) | 2002-10-04 | 2004-04-09 | Pyroalliance | Dispositif d'absorption d'energie pour colonne de direction |
DE10346031B4 (de) * | 2002-10-04 | 2006-06-08 | Pyroalliance | Energie aufnehmende Vorrichtung, insbesondere für Lenksäulen |
US6959548B2 (en) | 2003-06-13 | 2005-11-01 | Pyroalliance | Adjustable pyrotechnic-gas shock absorber |
EP1486697A1 (fr) | 2003-06-13 | 2004-12-15 | Pyroalliance | Amortisseur modulable à gaz pyrotechniques |
FR2856125A1 (fr) | 2003-06-13 | 2004-12-17 | Pyroalliance | Amortisseur modulable a gaz pyrotechniques |
EP1496268A1 (fr) * | 2003-07-10 | 2005-01-12 | Pyroalliance | Actionneur pyrotechnique à effet de poussée variable |
FR2857421A1 (fr) * | 2003-07-10 | 2005-01-14 | Pyroalliance | Actionneur pyrotechnique a effet de poussee variable |
EP1495918A3 (fr) * | 2003-07-10 | 2005-03-16 | Pyroalliance | Dispositif d'amortissement du déplacement d'une pièce d'un véhicule impliquant un fil métallique |
FR2857313A1 (fr) * | 2003-07-10 | 2005-01-14 | Pyroalliance | Dispositif d'amortissement du deplacement d'une piece impliquant un fil metallique |
US7296504B2 (en) | 2003-07-10 | 2007-11-20 | Snpe Materiaux Energetiques | Pyrotechnic actuator of the variable-thrust-acting type |
EP1495918A2 (fr) * | 2003-07-10 | 2005-01-12 | Pyroalliance | Dispositif d'amortissement du déplacement d'une pièce d'un véhicule impliquant un fil métallique |
FR2875293A1 (fr) | 2004-09-14 | 2006-03-17 | Pyroalliance Sa | Actionneur hybride muni d'une charge comprenant un oxydant et un reducteur dissocies |
EP1637511A2 (fr) | 2004-09-14 | 2006-03-22 | Pyroalliance | Actionneur pyrotechnique muni d'une charge comprenant un oxydant et un réducteur dissociés |
US7568341B2 (en) | 2004-10-07 | 2009-08-04 | Snpe Materiaux Energetiques | Pyrotechnic actuator with controllable force and optimised geometry |
FR2883606A1 (fr) * | 2005-03-24 | 2006-09-29 | Snpe Materiaux Energetiques Sa | Actionneur pyrotechnique muni d'un organe regulateur de pression |
US7475542B2 (en) | 2005-03-24 | 2009-01-13 | Snpe Materiaux Energeriques | Pyrotechnic actuator furnished with a pressure regulator member |
EP1705383A3 (fr) * | 2005-03-24 | 2009-05-13 | SNPE Matériaux Energétiques | Actionneur pyrotechnique muni d'un organe régulateur de pression |
EP1705383A2 (fr) | 2005-03-24 | 2006-09-27 | SNPE Matériaux Energétiques | Actionneur pyrotechnique muni d'un organe régulateur de pression |
EP1795405A2 (de) * | 2005-12-08 | 2007-06-13 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Anordnung einer Frontklappe an einem Fahrzeug |
EP1795405A3 (de) * | 2005-12-08 | 2007-08-22 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Anordnung einer Frontklappe an einem Fahrzeug |
WO2011157940A1 (fr) | 2010-06-15 | 2011-12-22 | Sme | Verin a course declenchee muni d'un dispositif d'evacuation des gaz |
US9470250B2 (en) | 2010-06-15 | 2016-10-18 | Herakles | Triggered-stroke actuator fitted with a gas evacuation device |
WO2013174121A1 (zh) * | 2012-05-23 | 2013-11-28 | 中联重科股份有限公司 | 液压缸缓冲控制方法、缓冲式液压缸控制系统及液压设备 |
FR3005724A1 (fr) * | 2013-05-17 | 2014-11-21 | Herakles | Generateur de gaz pyrotechnique |
FR3005725A1 (fr) * | 2013-05-17 | 2014-11-21 | Herakles | Generateur de gaz pyrotechnique |
WO2014184505A3 (fr) * | 2013-05-17 | 2015-06-04 | Herakles | Generateur de gaz pyrotechnique |
US10072912B2 (en) | 2013-05-17 | 2018-09-11 | Arianegroup Sas | Pyrotechnical gas generator |
DE112014002455B4 (de) | 2013-05-17 | 2024-05-02 | Arianegroup Sas | Pyrotechnischer Gasgenerator |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5303631A (en) | 1994-04-19 |
FR2685741B1 (ro) | 1995-04-07 |
FR2685741A1 (fr) | 1993-07-02 |
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PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
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