EP0532762B1 - Simple analyzing device - Google Patents

Simple analyzing device Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0532762B1
EP0532762B1 EP92907605A EP92907605A EP0532762B1 EP 0532762 B1 EP0532762 B1 EP 0532762B1 EP 92907605 A EP92907605 A EP 92907605A EP 92907605 A EP92907605 A EP 92907605A EP 0532762 B1 EP0532762 B1 EP 0532762B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antibody
container
target analyte
liquid sample
membrane
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP92907605A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0532762A1 (en
EP0532762A4 (enExample
Inventor
Fumio Pharm. Res. Ctr. Meijiseika K.K. Kimura
Naohisa Pharm. Res. Ctr. Meiji Seika Kk Koizumi
Koichi Pharm. Res. Ctr. Meiji Seika K.K Matsuo
Minoru Pharm. Res. Ctr. Meiji Seika K.K. Aoyagi
Kiyomi Meiji Seika Kabushiki Kaisha Harakawa
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nippon Shoji Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Nippon Shoji Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nippon Shoji Co Ltd filed Critical Nippon Shoji Co Ltd
Publication of EP0532762A1 publication Critical patent/EP0532762A1/en
Publication of EP0532762A4 publication Critical patent/EP0532762A4/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0532762B1 publication Critical patent/EP0532762B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/508—Rigid containers without fluid transport within
    • B01L3/5085—Rigid containers without fluid transport within for multiple samples, e.g. microtitration plates
    • B01L3/50853—Rigid containers without fluid transport within for multiple samples, e.g. microtitration plates with covers or lids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
    • B01L3/5025—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures for parallel transport of multiple samples
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/5302—Apparatus specially adapted for immunological test procedures
    • G01N33/5304—Reaction vessels, e.g. agglutination plates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/04—Closures and closing means
    • B01L2300/046—Function or devices integrated in the closure
    • B01L2300/047—Additional chamber, reservoir
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/06—Auxiliary integrated devices, integrated components
    • B01L2300/069—Absorbents; Gels to retain a fluid
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/81—Packaged device or kit
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10S436/805—Optical property
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10S436/807—Apparatus included in process claim, e.g. physical support structures
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10S436/807—Apparatus included in process claim, e.g. physical support structures
    • Y10S436/809—Multifield plates or multicontainer arrays
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10S436/807—Apparatus included in process claim, e.g. physical support structures
    • Y10S436/81—Tube, bottle, or dipstick

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an analyzer which can easily determine the presence or absence of a target analyte in a sample through immunoassay or the like.
  • the presence or absence of a target analyte in a sample has hitherto been determined by bringing the sample into contact with a substance capable of specifically binding to the target analyte and detecting a binding reaction between the target analyte and the substance .
  • a technique include in immunological technique by virtue of an antigen-antibody reaction and a hybridization technique for determining the presence or absence of a target sequence through a hybridization with a specific oligonucleotide.
  • Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 127160/1988 discloses an apparatus wherein a membrane having an antibody bound thereto in a spot form is put on the top surface of a cylindrical container and the lower portion is filled with a highly hygroscopic substance.
  • a liquid sample is added, and an antibody labelled with a gold colloid particle is dropwise added thereto. If the liquid sample contains an antigen in a detectable concentration or more, a reddish purple spot is observed.
  • EP-A-0 295 069 discloses a diagnostic test device comprising a cover having an aperture, a microporous medium, an absorbent and a porous element for venting gas therefrom. With the device, the liquid sample is applied from above through the aperture and absorbed into the absorbent, passing down through the microporous medium. However, in this device, the microporous medium also easily dries.
  • the liquid sample is a urine or feces suspension or the like
  • an apparatus having the surface of the membrane which is exposed to air even after the reaction is unsanitary.
  • the apparatus having the surface of the membrane which is exposed to air is unsuitable for transportation.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a simple analyzer.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus having a surface of a membrane which does not easily dry after a reaction, whereby results of reaction are less susceptible to change with the elapse of time and whereby the apparatus is sanitary and easy to transport.
  • the present invention provides a two-part apparatus for determining the presence or absence of a target analyte in a liquid sample, comprising:
  • a reaction between a target analyte and a substance capable specifically binding to the target substance can be easily observed outside the apparatus.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view of the analyzer according to the present invention.
  • a container 1 comprises a cylindrical vessel portion comprising a transparent material, for example, a resin, and an end 12 provided on the opening of the vessel portion. The whole container 1 may be transparent. Alternatively, the bottom portion 11 alone may be transparent.
  • An insertion member 2 comprises a supporting member 22 which is a cylinder having a barrel portion having a opening portion 26 and serves also as a body of the insertion member 2, a membrane 21 inserted into the barrel portion, an absorbent 23 in physical contact with the membrane 21 and a fixing member 24 having a vent hole 25 for fixing the membrane 21 to the absorbent 23.
  • the insertion member 2 is capable of being inserted into the container 1.
  • the insertion member 2 is provided with a protrusion 27 for stably fixing the insertion member 2 to the container when the insertion member 2 is inserted into the container 1.
  • the protrusion 27 is engaged with the end 12 of the container 1 when the insertion member 2 is inserted into the container 1.
  • the supporting member 22 of the insertion member 2 comprises a barrel portion 28 in a cylindrical form and a flat plate portion 29 connected to the opening of the barrel portion 28.
  • An opening portion 26 is provided at the bottom of the barrel portion.
  • a vent hole 25 is provided on the side of the barrel portion 28.
  • a membrane 21 is inserted into the bottom of the barrel portion 28, and an absorbent 23 is inserted into the barrel portion 28 so that it comes into physical contact with the membrane 21.
  • the membrane 21 and the absorbent 23 are fixed to the barrel portion 28 of the supporting member 22 by bonding a fixing plate 24 to the supporting member 22 at its flat plate portion.
  • the membrane 21 comprises a porous material.
  • porous used herein is intended to mean that the membrane 21 has a water permeability to such an extent that water permeates through the membrane 21 and easily reaches the absorbent 23.
  • Preferred examples of the material for the membrane 21 include nitrocellulose, cellulose mixed ester, polyvinylidene fluoride and nylon 66.
  • the absorbent 23 comprises a material capable of absorbing water which has been passed through the membrane 21. Preferred examples thereof include filter paper, filter paper powder, coaster paper, chip board paper, felt, nonwoven fabric, absorbent cotton, sodium polyacrylate, rubber and high polymer.
  • a substance which is capable of specifically binding to the target analyte is carried on the main surface of the membrane 21 which faces on the side of the opening portion 26.
  • the kind of the target analyte which can determine the presence or absence by the analyzer according to the present invention so far as a substance capable of specifically binding to the target analyte can be provided and the presence or absence of a bond between the target analyte and the substance capable of specifically binding to the target analyte can be determined.
  • Preferred examples of the combination of a target analyte with a substance capable of specifically binding to the target analyte include a combination of an antigen with an antibody and a combination of two hybridizable nucleotide sequences.
  • a liquid sample to be analyzed is poured into a container 1.
  • An insertion member 2 provided with a membrane 21 having a substance capable of specifically binding to the target analyte is, then, inserted into the container 1 (see Fig. 3 (a)), and a protrusion 27 is engaged with an end 12 to connect the container 1 to the insertion member 2 (see Fig. 3 (b)).
  • the insertion member 2 is inserted into the container 1
  • the liquid sample within the container 1 is absorbed into the absorbent 23 through the membrane 21. If the target analyte is present in the liquid sample, the target analyte in the liquid sample is bound to the substance capable of specifically binding to the target analyte on the membrane 21 and stays on the membrane 21.
  • a labelled substance capable of emitting a signal preferably a visible signal
  • a signal emitted on the membrane 21 by this labelled substance can be easily observed from the outside of the container 1.
  • the analyzer it is possible to prevent the membrane 21 from drying since the membrane 21 is covered with the container 1. Therefore, the results of the test can be judged even after the elapse of time. Further, since the liquid sample is absorbed into the absorbent 23 and the container 1 is stably connected to the insertion member 2, the liquid sample does not leak out.
  • the analyzer is sanitary and can be easily carried.
  • the target analyte to be detected may be any of an antigen and an antibody.
  • Specific examples of the target analyte include hemoglobin, HCG, anti-HIV antibody, anti-HCV antibody, HBV antibody, HIV antigen, HCV antigen, HBV antigen and LH.
  • a first antibody against the antigen is carried on the membrane 21.
  • the antibody may be carried on the membrane 21 through a physical adsorption or a chemical bond. The method of binding the antibody may be properly selected depending upon a material of the membrane 21.
  • a second antibody against the antigen should be provide.
  • the second antibody may be directly or indirectly labelled.
  • the antibody is preferably labelled with a metallic particle, a colored latex particle, blue dextran, a microorganism, a pigment, liposome, an enzyme or the like.
  • it is preferred to use a method wherein an antibody is labelled with colloidal gold Horisberger and Rossert, J. Histochem, Cytochem, 25, 295-305 (1877) and Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 25553/1988 and 32169/1989).
  • the first antibody and second antibody may be the same or different.
  • a polyclonal antibody and a monoclonal antibody respectively as the first antibody and the second antibody.
  • a combination of monoclonal antibodies different from each other in an epitope may be used.
  • a liquid sample is prepared by a method such as dilution of a sample derived from an organism, and the second antibody is added to the resultant solution.
  • the resultant liquid sample containing the second antibody is placed in the container 1.
  • An insertion member 2 provided with a membrane 21 having the first antibody carried thereon is inserted into the container 1 containing the liquid sample with the antibody.
  • the target analyte binds to the first antibody on the membrane 21 and further the second antibody in the liquid sample.
  • the antibody-antigen reaction causes the labelling substance on the membrane 21 to emit a signal.
  • This signal can be observed from the outside of the container 1 through the transparent portion of the container 1.
  • the second antibody is labelled with colloidal gold
  • the presence of an antigen in the liquid sample causes the membrane 21 to be colored to reddish purple. The coloration can be easily observed through the transparent portion of the container 1.
  • a step of washing an unreacted antigen is omitted although the step is usually conducted in the sandwich immunoassay after the reaction of the first antibody with the antigen. It is a matter of course that it is possible to use a method which includes the steps of bringing the membrane 21 into contact with a liquid sample which does not include the second antibody, bringing water into contact with the membrane 21 to wash the membrane and bringing a solution containing the second antibody into contact with the membrane 21. In the apparatus of the present invention, however, if the specificity of the second antibody is more selective, it is possible to determine the presence or absence of an antigen as the target analyte without the above washing step. The omission of the washing step is preferred also from the viewpoint of simplification of the assay procedure.
  • a still preferred example with the analyzer according to the present invention is to determine hemoglobin in a dejection.
  • a sample solution containing the dejection diluted by a factor of 50 to 1000 is prepared by suspending the dejection in water.
  • a polyclonal antibody against hemoglobin is used as the first antibody and carried on the membrane 21.
  • a hemoglobin monoclonal antibody labelled with collidal gold is used as the second antibody.
  • the second antibody is mixed with the sample solution, and the above procedure according to the present invention is conducted to determine the presence of hemoglobin in the dejection.
  • the analyzer according to the present invention may comprise a plurality of containers 1 connected to and integrated with each other and a plurality of insertion members 2 connected to and integrated with each other.
  • Figs. 4 (a) and (b) are respectively a sectional view and a plan view of the analytical apparatus according to the present invention comprising a plurality of containers 1 connected to each other in two rows and a plurality of insertion members 2 connected to each other in two rows.
  • an analyzer enables a plurality of samples to be simultaneously analyzed.
  • FIG. 5 (a) and (b) show an embodiment wherein the analyzer comprises a plurality of containers 1 in one row and a plurality of insertion members 2 in one row.
  • a cut line or a line may be provided so that a plurality of containers 1 connected to each other and a plurality of insertion members 2 connected to each other can be easily separated one by one or plural by plural.
  • a 10 % chloroaurate solution (HAuCl ⁇ 4H 2 O) was added to 500 ml of distilled water of 95°C with stirring.
  • 5 ml of a 2 % sodium citrate solution was added thereto, stirring was continued for additional 20 min, and the reaction mixture was cooled to 30°C.
  • a pH value of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 7.0 with a 0.1 M potassium carbonate solution.
  • 1 ml of 1 % PEG 20000 was added to the mixture as a stabilizer. The mixture was stirred for 10 min and filtered by means of a 0.22 ⁇ m filter manufactured by Millipore.
  • Anti-human hemoglobin monoclonal antibody MSU-110 (manufactured by Nippon Biotest Laboratory) was diluted with 10 mM HEPES (pH:7.1) to a concentration of 200 ⁇ g/ml. 3 ml of the solution and 30 ml of the colloidal gold solution prepared in part (1) was placed in a centrifugation tube and sufficiently stirred. Then, 3.3 ml of an Al buffer (10 mM HEPES, 0.3 M D-mannitol, 0.05 % PEG 20000, 0.1 % BSA, pH 7.1)was added to the tube. The mixture was stirred for one hour, and was centrifuged at 10°C and 9000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was placed in another centrifugation tube and centrifuged at 10 o C and 15000 rpm for 30 min. The above procedure was repeated twice, and 10 ml of the Al buffer was added to the resultant precipitate.
  • 10 mM HEPES pH:7.1
  • Anti-human hemoglobin rabbit polyclonal antibody (manufactured by DAKO PATTS) was diluted with PBS (0.9 % NaCl, 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.2) so that the concentration was 1 mg/ml.
  • a nitrocellulose membrane (manufactured by Bio Rad) having a size of 1 cm x 1 cm was blotted with 3 ⁇ l of the solution. After air drying, the membrane was immersed in 1 % BSA-added PBS at 37°C for one hour and then air-dried.
  • Human hemoglobin (manufactured by SIGMA) was dissolved in Al buffer to prepare human hemoglobin solutions having concentrations of 0 ⁇ g/ml, 0.05 ⁇ g/ml and 0.2 ⁇ g/ml. 60 ⁇ l of these human hemoglobin solutions and 60 ⁇ l of the anti-human hemoglobin monoclonal antibody labelled with colloidal gold prepared in part (2) were added to the container 1 shown in Fig. 1, and mixing was conducted.
  • An insertion member 2 shown in Fig. 1 having, carried thereon as a membrane 21, an antibody-bond membrane prepared in part (3) was prepared. This insertion member was inserted into and put on top of the container.
  • the evaluation was conducted by observing the intensity of coloration to reddish purple of the colloidal gold with the naked eye. In the table, -: no coloration was observed.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
  • Other Investigation Or Analysis Of Materials By Electrical Means (AREA)
  • Steroid Compounds (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By The Use Of Chemical Reactions (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
EP92907605A 1991-03-28 1992-03-30 Simple analyzing device Expired - Lifetime EP0532762B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP64433/91 1991-03-28
JP6443391 1991-03-28
PCT/JP1992/000394 WO1992017782A1 (fr) 1991-03-28 1992-03-30 Dispositif d'analyse simple

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0532762A1 EP0532762A1 (en) 1993-03-24
EP0532762A4 EP0532762A4 (enExample) 1994-04-13
EP0532762B1 true EP0532762B1 (en) 1998-09-09

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP92907605A Expired - Lifetime EP0532762B1 (en) 1991-03-28 1992-03-30 Simple analyzing device

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US5418171A (enExample)
EP (1) EP0532762B1 (enExample)
JP (1) JP3126383B2 (enExample)
AT (1) ATE170981T1 (enExample)
DE (1) DE69226916T2 (enExample)
WO (1) WO1992017782A1 (enExample)

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AU602694B2 (en) * 1986-06-09 1990-10-25 Ortho Diagnostic Systems Inc. Improved colloidal gold membrane assay
EP0254081A3 (en) * 1986-06-30 1988-04-20 Yuko Yoneda Method of detecting specific protein
EP0295069B1 (en) * 1987-06-12 1992-08-26 Pall Corporation Diagnostic test device
JPH0238972A (ja) * 1988-07-29 1990-02-08 Nitto Denko Corp 免疫学的測定機器及び方法
IT1227293B (it) * 1988-10-06 1991-04-05 Boehringer Biochemia Srl Dispositivo e metodo per la diagnosi di gravidanza

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US5418171A (en) 1995-05-23
ATE170981T1 (de) 1998-09-15
EP0532762A1 (en) 1993-03-24
WO1992017782A1 (fr) 1992-10-15
DE69226916T2 (de) 1999-05-12
DE69226916D1 (de) 1998-10-15
JP3126383B2 (ja) 2001-01-22
EP0532762A4 (enExample) 1994-04-13

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