EP0515515B1 - Ablenkungskontrolle eines flüssigkeitsstrahls während seiner ausbreitung - Google Patents

Ablenkungskontrolle eines flüssigkeitsstrahls während seiner ausbreitung Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0515515B1
EP0515515B1 EP91904816A EP91904816A EP0515515B1 EP 0515515 B1 EP0515515 B1 EP 0515515B1 EP 91904816 A EP91904816 A EP 91904816A EP 91904816 A EP91904816 A EP 91904816A EP 0515515 B1 EP0515515 B1 EP 0515515B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
liquid
stream
dispensing
nozzle
orifice
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91904816A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0515515A1 (de
EP0515515A4 (de
Inventor
Masafumi Matsunaga
Yamagata Ikuo
Kitasako Shigenori
Takamatsu Akito
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nordson Corp
Original Assignee
Nordson Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nordson Corp filed Critical Nordson Corp
Publication of EP0515515A1 publication Critical patent/EP0515515A1/de
Publication of EP0515515A4 publication Critical patent/EP0515515A4/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0515515B1 publication Critical patent/EP0515515B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D1/02—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B12/00—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area
    • B05B12/02—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area for controlling time, or sequence, of delivery
    • B05B12/06—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area for controlling time, or sequence, of delivery for effecting pulsating flow
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B15/00—Details of spraying plant or spraying apparatus not otherwise provided for; Accessories
    • B05B15/50—Arrangements for cleaning; Arrangements for preventing deposits, drying-out or blockage; Arrangements for detecting improper discharge caused by the presence of foreign matter
    • B05B15/58—Arrangements for cleaning; Arrangements for preventing deposits, drying-out or blockage; Arrangements for detecting improper discharge caused by the presence of foreign matter preventing deposits, drying-out or blockage by recirculating the fluid to be sprayed from upstream of the discharge opening back to the supplying means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/02—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge
    • B05B7/06—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with at least one outlet orifice surrounding another approximately in the same plane
    • B05B7/062—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with at least one outlet orifice surrounding another approximately in the same plane with only one liquid outlet and at least one gas outlet
    • B05B7/066—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with at least one outlet orifice surrounding another approximately in the same plane with only one liquid outlet and at least one gas outlet with an inner liquid outlet surrounded by at least one annular gas outlet
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/02—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge
    • B05B7/08—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with separate outlet orifices, e.g. to form parallel jets, i.e. the axis of the jets being parallel, to form intersecting jets, i.e. the axis of the jets converging but not necessarily intersecting at a point
    • B05B7/0807—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with separate outlet orifices, e.g. to form parallel jets, i.e. the axis of the jets being parallel, to form intersecting jets, i.e. the axis of the jets converging but not necessarily intersecting at a point to form intersecting jets
    • B05B7/0815—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge with separate outlet orifices, e.g. to form parallel jets, i.e. the axis of the jets being parallel, to form intersecting jets, i.e. the axis of the jets converging but not necessarily intersecting at a point to form intersecting jets with at least one gas jet intersecting a jet constituted by a liquid or a mixture containing a liquid for controlling the shape of the latter
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/02—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge
    • B05B7/12—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge designed to control volume of flow, e.g. with adjustable passages
    • B05B7/1254—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge designed to control volume of flow, e.g. with adjustable passages the controlling means being fluid actuated
    • B05B7/1263—Spray pistols; Apparatus for discharge designed to control volume of flow, e.g. with adjustable passages the controlling means being fluid actuated pneumatically actuated
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D3/04—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to gases
    • B05D3/0406—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to gases the gas being air
    • B05D3/042—Directing or stopping the fluid to be coated with air

Definitions

  • This invention relates to liquid dispensing. More particularly, this invention relates to a method and apparatus for controlled deflection of a liquid stream during dispensing to achieve a complex pattern on a substrate or uniform coating of an irregular surface.
  • One particular embodiment of the invention relates to uniform coating of the entire interior surface of a metal can with a single nozzle.
  • Binary liquid spray (air spray) and airless spray are two commonly used methods for discharging a coating agent from a nozzle opening to achieve a spray pattern on a substrate. Differences among spray patterns formed by these and other methods generally relate to the varied ways in which compressed gas is used to generate the spray.
  • Spraying of compressed air on both sides of a liquid stream may be used to provide another type of spray pattern, or to alter a known spray pattern.
  • spraying of air sideways into the liquid stream generally creates a broad deformation of the spray pattern.
  • One method referred to as the swirl spray method creates descending spirals forming a whirlpool by discharging liquid downward through a nozzle opening and spraying a heated, compressed gas in the vicinity of the external periphery of the discharged stream from multiple openings located in regular intervals around the periphery of the nozzle.
  • US-A-4681258 discloses the uniform spray coating of a substrate in which a stream of liquid falls towards the substrate past a point towards which a plurality of nozzles are directed. Bursts of atomising gas are sprayed through the nozzles in a repeated sequence, so as to cause a repeated sequence of equal durations of spray in a plurality of directions.
  • a method of uniformly coating the inside surface of a can in accordance with the invention comprises the steps of spraying a liquid or particulate stream from a nozzle toward the inside surface of the can, characterised by directing each of a plurality of independently actuatable gas flows inwardly into contact with the sprayed stream and by independently controlling each gas flow to deflect the stream in a desired sequence of directions to coat a portion of the can uniformly without producing a spray reflection.
  • the can may be held in a non-rotating position and the nozzle located inside the can and then moved relative to the can iniformly to coat additional portions of the inside surface of the can.
  • the can may be moved past a series of nozzles, each nozzle providing a liquid or particulate spray stream directed towards a predetermined level of the inside of the can, so as to coat the entire inside surface of the can uniformly, the can being held in a non-rotating position relative to each nozzle and each nozzle being located outside the can during the coating step.
  • a desired distribution pattern may be produced on a substrate.
  • the invention applies to a dispensed liquid stream in the form of relatively large drops or an atomized spray or to a dispensed particulate stream.
  • the product may be a hollow metal can with one open end and the entire interior surface of the sides and the closed end of the can may be coated uniformly by the deflected liquid or particulate material.
  • blowout ports are spaced equidistant around the central dispensing orifice in the nozzle.
  • the blowout ports are directed inwardly toward an axis aligned along the central dispensing orifice.
  • One particular advantage provided by the methods and apparatus in accordance with the invention relates to coating of the entire interior surface of a metal can with a single nozzle. Due to increased versatility and control of the direction of the stream that is dispensed from the orifice of the nozzle, the inside surface of a can may be uniformly coated at a reduced cost, and with a minimum of undesired air cushioning.
  • Air cushioning is reduced by sequentially actuating the blowout ports located around the dispensing opening to supply radially inwardly directed flows from directions which rotate circumferentially around the stream.
  • Rotational deflection of the stream particularly a liquid stream that is an atomized spray, prevents undesired reflection and dispersion of the stream.
  • a problem of prior coating methods that of uneven coating in the corners of the can, is eliminated.
  • the selective deflecting means may comprise a plurality of conduits, each conduit connected to a pressurised gas source and terminating at a port and having a solenoid valve operatively connected thereto, each solenoid valve being electrically actuatable to permit the flow of pressurised gas from the source along the conduit and out of the port and a timer operatively connected to the solenoid valves and the dispensing means and adapted to control the dispensing of liquid or particulate material through the discharge orifice and the flow of gas from the ports.
  • the timer may comprise means for selecting the sequence and duration of the gas flows selectively to deflect the stream of liquid so as to produce a desired distribution pattern on the substrate.
  • the discharge orifice may generate a liquid stream in the form of an airless spray.
  • Such apparatus may include a liquid dispensing gun with a timer actuated solenoid valve that controls flow of the dispensing liquid from an inner chamber and out of an orifice in a nozzle connected to the end of the gun.
  • the nozzle also includes six radially directed bores which communicate with six respective blowout ports, each blowout port aimed to intersect the liquid stream from the nozzle orifice at a slight distance away from the tip of the gun.
  • Six conduits connect to the radial bores and supply compressed gas to the blowout ports.
  • the flow of pressurized gas through the conduits, the bores and out of the blowout ports is controlled by electrically actuated solenoid valves connected to the conduits.
  • the solenoid valves are actuated by the timer which also controls the liquid flow valve of the gun.
  • the timer is preferably a pulse controller capable of supplying current pulses ranging from about 4 milliseconds to 50 milliseconds.
  • the dispensed liquid stream may be deflected in a desired manner to achieve a complex distribution pattern on a substrate.
  • a method of dispensing liquid or particulate material in accordance with a further aspect of the invention comprises spraying a liquid or particulate stream from a dispensing orifice of a nozzle toward a substrate, characterised by spraying a second, liquid or aerosol stream from a second orifice in the nozzle to combine the streams sprayed from both orifices in a mixed stream, and by selectively deflecting the mixed stream with a plurality of independently actuatable flows from a plurality of ports located around the periphery of the dispensing orifice so as to achieve a desired distribution pattern of the dispensed liquid or particulate material on the substrate.
  • the first and second liquids may be demineralised water and liquid nitrogen, respectively.
  • the central dispensing orifice may be a single orifice at the end of a liquid passage that extends to a liquid reservoir.
  • the nozzle and gun may also be equipped for an airless spray nozzle.
  • the nozzle may also include a concentric atomizing port located intermediately between the nozzle opening and the blowout ports for binary liquid spray dispensing. Such arrangements enable controlled deflection of a stream of particles that have already been atomized.
  • the gun and nozzle may also be adaptable for extruding a liquid.
  • the nozzle opening may include two or more orifices for liquid dispensing of two or more types of liquid.
  • the multiple orifices may be arranged side-by-side, or concentrically.
  • One of the orifices may be used to mix aerosol into another dispensing liquid.
  • aerosol may be used as the deflecting agent through the blowout ports for deflecting the mixture.
  • this invention promotes increased spraying or dispensing versatility from a single nozzle within a minimum amount of space.
  • Methods and apparatus in accordance with the invention also reduce the cost of spraying multiple or complex patterns because a single nozzle can be used to achieve a wide range of distribution patterns. If desired, additional blowout ports may be provided to further increase versatility in achieving complex deflection patterns.
  • Methods and apparatus in accordance with the invention enable liquid to be dispensed in multiple and/or complex patterns in an economically feasible manner, within a minimum space, and in a manner which minimizes deflection and/or turbulence of atomized particles during dispensing.
  • Fig. 1 shows a first embodiment of a liquid dispensing apparatus, or gun, designated generally by numeral 20, in accordance with the invention.
  • the gun 20 is connected to a nozzle 21 for dispensing of a liquid therefrom.
  • the aligned gun 20 and nozzle 21 form a central liquid passage 23 which terminates in an orifice 24 through which liquid is dispensed.
  • this invention contemplates liquid dispensing as drops, droplets or atomized particles in a spray
  • the dispensed liquid is generally referred to in the application as a liquid stream, and designated by numeral 26.
  • the surface upon which the stream 26 is dispensed and distributed is referred to generally as substrate 27.
  • the dispensing liquid is contained within the gun 20 inside an annular chamber 28. Fluid supplied to the chamber 28 is provided by an external pump 29 connected to the gun 20. Flow control of dispensing liquid from chamber 28 is accomplished by operation of a liquid valve 30 which extends through chamber 28 and seats within an upper end of central liquid passage 23.
  • Nozzle 21 includes six blowout ports, designated consecutively by numerals 33a-33f. Gas blown from the blowout ports deflects the dispensed liquid stream 26 to provide a desired deflection distribution on substrate 27. While six blowout ports 33a-33f are shown, it is contemplated that an optimal arrangement would include up to thirty-six blowout ports. Each blowout port communicates with a respective, radially directed bore in the nozzle 21, designated consecutively by numerals 34a-34f and shown in phantom in Fig. 2. Six conduits designated consecutively by numerals 35a-35f connect to the outer circumference of the nozzle 21 for fluid communication with radial bores 34a-34f, respectively.
  • Valves 36a-36f are located along conduits 35a-35f, respectively, although only valves 36a and 36d are shown in Fig. 1.
  • the valves 36a-36f regulate the flow of pressurized gas toward blowout ports 33a-33f, respectively.
  • At least two solenoid valves 38 and 39 are operatively connected to the conduits 35a-35f to control flow of pressurized gas from a pressurized gas source 37, along the conduits 35a-35f, through the bores 34a-34f and eventually out of the blowout ports 33a-33f.
  • Solenoid valves 38 and 39 are electrically connected to a timer 41, and, as depicted, each of these valves 38 or 39 control gas flows from three of the blowout ports. If additional blowout ports are used, additional solenoid valves may be necessary.
  • the timer 41 actuates the solenoid valves 38 and 39 according to a desired sequence and duration to produce a predetermined distribution pattern of the liquid stream 26 onto the substrate 27.
  • the timer 41 is a current pulse controller capable of providing square wave current pulses of selectable durations. Particularly in spray coating applications, since disturbances referred to as air cushions may cause undesired reflection of the gas flows, as described in the background, it is best if the time duration of the current pulses from timer 41 are kept under 500 milliseconds. Preferably, the timer 41 should be capable of delivering current pulses ranging in duration of several milliseconds, i.e., about 4 milliseconds, up to about 50 milliseconds.
  • the timer 41 is also electrically connected to a solenoid valve 42 which controls the supplying of dispensing liquid from pump 29 to chamber 28.
  • Dispensing liquid may be supplied from a liquid tank 44, a pressurized liquid tank 45 or a gravity pressure tank 46.
  • a feedback line 47 may also be used to connect chamber 28 with pump 29 to assist regulation of pressure and/or flow conditions of dispensing liquid in chamber 28.
  • the pressurized gas moves a piston 51 upwardly within the cylinder 50 to raise the valve 30.
  • solenoid valve 48 When no pressurized gas is supplied from solenoid valve 48, downward force from a spring 52 acts against the top surface of the piston 51 to hold valve 30 in a normally closed position.
  • a valve 49 may be used to variably control the volume of gas that flows into cylinder 50 when solenoid valve 48 is actuated.
  • Fig. 2 shows the radial orientation of the six blowout ports 33a-33f with respect to orifice 24. From this view, it can be readily seen that the alignment of the blowout ports 33a-33f enables a liquid stream 26 to be deflected from the opening 24 in any one of six radial directions, the six directions being spaced 60° around the exterior of the orifice 24.
  • Fig. 3 shows a dot pattern formed on a substrate 27 using the gun 20 depicted in Fig. 1.
  • valve 30 When valve 30 is raised to an "open" position, the liquid in chamber 28 moves through passage 23 and out orifice 24 in a downward direction. If the liquid has a relatively low pressure in contrast to a relatively high viscosity, a high cohesive force is created. For instance, a rubber type liquid substance or a hot-melt adhesive agent would fit this description and produce a high cohesive force. As a result, the effluent flow will create a linear form of discharge flow. Compressed gas is then blown out sequentially from each of the multiple, independently actuatable gas blowout ports 33a-33f. As the gas blowout flows strike the linear outgoing flow, the liquid stream 26 is deflected, or redirected in a different direction.
  • Fig. 3 shows dots 55a-55f produced by gas flows from blowout ports 33a-33f, respectively. It is noted that each dot resides on the opposite side of the blowout port from which it was deflected.
  • Fig. 4 shows an enlarged view of a second embodiment of a nozzle 21 suitable for use in gun 20 in accordance with the invention.
  • the nozzle 21 is equipped with an airless spray orifice 57, which makes it possible to obtain a complex spray pattern from a liquid stream 26 that is atomized. All of the other elements of the gun 20 are similar to those shown in Fig. 1, although higher liquid pressures may be necessary.
  • the liquid used to produce the dot pattern of Fig. 3 had a relatively high viscosity, but the liquid used with the airless spray orifice 57 has a relatively low viscosity (for instance a solvent, coating agent, emulsion, oil, atomized gas, etc.).
  • the resulting pattern which appears on substrate 27 is a spray coating pattern, as shown in Fig. 5.
  • the airless spray orifice 57 produces spray regions 58a-58f of atomized droplets corresponding to directional gas flows from the blowout ports 33a-33f, respectively.
  • Fig. 6 shows a third embodiment of a liquid dispensing apparatus in accordance with the invention, which contemplates use of a gun 20 equipped to provide binary liquid spray to achieve atomization of the liquid stream 26.
  • the gas blowout ports 33a-33f surround the periphery of a nozzle orifice 59 and atomization of the dispensed liquid is achieved by discharging atomizing gas from the nozzle 21 via a concentric atomizing gas outlet 60 located at an end of a longitudinal, concentric passage 61.
  • the atomization creates a spray flow for the liquid stream 26.
  • the atomized liquid stream 26 combines with multiple distribution gas blowout flows from the blowout ports 33a-33f. when the gas blowout ports 33a-33f are actuated sequentially to produce gas flows which strike the atomized liquid stream 26, deflection occurs and it is possible to obtain a desired complex spray pattern as shown in Fig. 5.
  • the binary liquid spray gun 20 of Fig. 6 is similar to that of Fig. 1, except for the modifications necessary to spray atomizing air along passage 61 and from outlet 60 into the liquid stream 26. More particularly, the gun 20 includes the passage 61 which terminates in a bore 64, and the bore 64 is connected to a conduit 65 which is in turn connected to the pressurized source 37 via a solenoid valve 68. Solenoid valve 68 is electrically actuated by timer 41 to permit pressurized air flow along conduit 65, through bore 64, along passage 61, and eventually out of outlet 60 during liquid dispensing from orifice 23, thereby to atomize the liquid stream 26. An additional flow valve 67 may be used along conduit 65 to provide additional control over the flow of atomizing gas therethrough.
  • Fig. 7A depicts current versus time for the current signals from timer 41 which control operation of the liquid dispensing valve 30 and gas flows from the blowout ports 33a-33f.
  • Curve 70 represents the timing of the discharge of the liquid from orifice 24.
  • Numerals 73a-73f represent the current pulses that generate the gas flows from respective multiple distribution gas blowout ports 33a-33f.
  • the distribution blowout ports (six in this case) have identical allocations for liquid discharge time, sequentially distributed gas is blown out from each of the blowout ports 33a-33f during only one allocated time pulse.
  • Fig. 7A shows blowout from the first blowout port 33a occurring simultaneously with the pulse 70 which initiates discharge of the liquid stream 26. Subsequently, the other blowout ports 33b, 33c, 33d, 33e and 33f are actuated sequentially by respective pulses 73b, 73c, 73d, 73e and 73f.
  • a gas flow from a blowout port strikes the liquid stream 26, the two flows combine to create a deflected directional flow that eventually lands on the surface of the substrate 27.
  • Fig. 7A depicts a timing diagram in which the first gas flow commences a time delay 76 later than initial discharge of the liquid stream 26.
  • Figs. 7A and 7B show timing for continuously discharged liquid with sequentially blown out gas. With continuous liquid dispensing, some of the direction of the liquid stream 26 will be retained during distribution as it existed before the change of the direction. More particularly, a tail, such as those shown in Figs. 8A and 8B will be added to each of the dot shapes or coated regions 74a-74f. Note that central dot 80 remains unaffected in Fig. 8B.
  • Fig. 9 shows an example of the coordination of the current pulses 70, 78 and 73a-73f for producing discharge of liquid, atomized gas and distributed gas flows, respectively, using the binary liquid spray gun 20 shown in Fig. 6.
  • the timing pulses of Fig. 9 produce distribution of the liquid stream 26 on a substrate 27 in the pattern shown in Fig. 10A. If a time lag between signal 70 and signal 73a were to be used, and all of the other gas flows were sequenced and of the same duration, the pattern shown in Fig. 10B would be produced on substrate 27.
  • Fig. 11A depicts current pulses which produce intermittent discharge of liquid stream 26 and intermittent actuation of atomized gas.
  • Fig. 11B depicts current pulses which produce intermittent discharge of the liquid stream 26 with continuous blowing out of atomized gas.
  • the spray distribution patterns of Figs. 12A and 12B are produced without tails.
  • Fig. 12B depicts a central coated region 80 that would be caused if the first gas flow were to lag behind initial liquid dispensing. This current control scheme is not depicted.
  • the current pulses to actuate the gas flows i.e., 73a-73f, are sequenced and staggered.
  • Fig. 12D depicts a pattern that would be formed if a time lag were used between initiation of liquid dispensing and the first gas flow from the blowout ports. In all cases, if the liquid dispensing is intermittent, the spray pattern will not have tails.
  • the number of these distribution gas blowout ports 33a-33f and the patterns have a generally circular shape
  • the number of these distribution gas blowout ports may be increased to twelve to obtain a ring shape, such as the one shown in Fig. 13A.
  • This example and the prior examples all used identical angles for the blowout ports, as well as identical blowout pressures and blowout times.
  • these variables are changed, it becomes possible to obtain more complex patterns, such as those shown in Figs. 13B, 13C and 13D.
  • the patterns shown in Figs. 13B and 13C require a total twelve ports, similar to Fig. 13A, but with some of the ports angled differently than the others.
  • Fig. 13D requires sixteen blowout ports and variation in the angles of the ports, or alternately, variation in the duration of the current pulses which generate the gas flows. While Figs. 13A-13D show the effects of variation in blowout port angles or current pulse duration for the spray, the same techniques can also be applied to the apparatus shown in Fig. 1 to obtain dot shaped patterns.
  • blowout ports While use of the blowout ports to achieve single directional deflection has been described, it is also possible to use a combination of intersecting gas flows. It is also possible to use gas flows to create a twist to the liquid stream 26. Such a technique is a particularly efficient method of applying dot shapes in a desired distribution pattern.
  • multiple liquids may be discharged from multiple nozzles, as shown in Figs. 14A, 14B and 14C.
  • a combined flow is achieved.
  • Figs. 14A and 14B show an airless spray nozzle 85 for mixing liquids dispensed from an inner orifice 86 and an outer, concentric orifice 87. Both orifice 86 and orifice 87 reside within the blowout ports 33a-33f.
  • Fig. 14C shows a variation for spraying a liquid stream 26 of liquid from three orifices 89, 90 and 91, located within a concentric atomizing outlet 92, with blowout ports 33a-33f located further outside.
  • One of the additionally mixed liquids may also be liquid aerosol, as shown in Fig. 15, with aerosol supplied by one, or both, of the conduits 95 or 96 connected to tanks 97 and 98, respectively.
  • Flow of liquid aerosol to orifice 87 of the gun 20 via line 104 is controlled by a solenoid valve 101 connected to timer 41.
  • Valve 102 provides additional control of aerosol flow through line 104.
  • Fig. 15 also shows that aerosol conduits 96 and 99 from tanks 97 and 98, respectively, interconnect to solenoid valves 38 and 39.
  • the aerosol is supplied to the blowout ports 33a-33f and used as the blowing agent to deflect the mixed liquid stream 26 formed from both liquids dispensed out of nozzle 21. It would also be possible to supply different aerosols to each of the blowout ports 33a-33f, provided that additional pipe lines were used for each of the aerosols.
  • Mixing of the liquid that forms the aerosol can be conducted with a solvent, a catalyst, a hardening agent, a liquified gas, etc.
  • a solvent it is more effective to use self-cleaning of the orifice 23 and of the distributed gas blowout ports 33a-33f.
  • adding amine to epoxy-type paints is an effective manner of vapor curing.
  • liquified gas the high amount of energy created by expansion during mixing of the gas and liquid accelerates atomization.
  • molten liquids may be used with apparatus in accordance with the invention to produce a thermoplastic resin, a hot melt adhesive agent, wax, or a similar substance with a relatively low viscosity under 200°C.
  • the adhesive was discharged intermittently from a nozzle opening while the substrate was moved relative to the nozzle in order to achieve a straight line of coating.
  • Figs. 16A and 16B show distribution patterns of dots that can be attained with the gun shown in Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 16C shows a dot distribution pattern obtainable with multiple, parallel guns 20 of this type.
  • Figs. 17A-17D also show distribution patterns attainable with a gun 20 of the type shown in Fig. 1, but with additional blowout ports added and liquid dispensing during relative movement of the gun 20 and substrate 27.
  • Liquid dispensing apparatus and methods in accordance with the invention may also incorporate electrostatic coating.
  • electrostatic coating By charging the liquid with static electricity when the liquid is supplied to the gun, or attaching a corona pin to the vicinity of the nozzle orifice 24 for the liquid, the liquid can be charged as it is dispensed from the gun 20. Charging of the liquid stream 26 accelerates atomization, thereby reducing particle size to microscopic dimensions and improving the adhesion characteristics on a coated substrate 27.
  • the most important commercial advantage of the invention relates to coating the interior surfaces of a hollow product such as a metallic container.
  • a spray nozzle was located inside the can and the can was revolved until the entire inside circumferential surface had been coated.
  • centrifugal force created by rotation of the can causes some of the spray coating to accumulate in the corners of the can, resulting in uneven coating of the inside corners of the can.
  • the corners of the can were particularly susceptible to spray reflection.
  • a first method in accordance with the invention for uniformly coating the inside surfaces of a can adjustments are made to the timer 41 to produce a spray distribution pattern of the type shown in Fig. 18, with seven generally circularly shaped spray regions.
  • the nozzle 21 is inserted into the inside of a can 109 and spraying is conducted near the bottom of the can 109.
  • the liquid stream 26 is distributed by changing the direction of each of the gas flows from the blowout ports 33a-33f so that there are no reflection flows within the can 109. Because the direction of the liquid stream 26 may be shifted within a short period of time, i.e., 20 milliseconds or less, the occurrence of air cushions within the can 109 during spray coating is eliminated.
  • the time of one cycle of gas flows i.e., one gas flow from each blowout port 33a-33f, is approximately 120 milliseconds.
  • a second method in accordance with the invention for uniformly coating the inside surface of a metal can as shown in Fig. 19B, three different coating steps or stages are used.
  • Each stage supplies coating to a different region of the can 109, and each stage employs a gun located outside of the can but pointed toward the can.
  • the nozzle 21A supplies coating to a bottom portion of can 109A
  • nozzle 21B at stage 112 supplies coating to a mid portion of the can 109B
  • nozzle 21C at stage 113 supplies coating to an upper portion of can 109C.
  • Fig. 19B shows coating the internal surfaces of cans 109A, 109B and 109C with three different nozzle and gun set ups, one for each coating stage.
  • more or less nozzles could be employed for more or less spraying stages, particularly if the dimensions of the can 109 increase or decrease.

Landscapes

  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
  • Feeding And Controlling Fuel (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Verfahren zum gleichmäßigen Beschichten der Innenoberfläche einer Dose (109), enthaltend die folgenden Schritte:
    Sprühen eines Flüssigkeits- oder Partikelstrahls (26) aus einer Düse (21) in Richtung auf die Innenoberfläche der Dose (109),
    gekennzeichnet durch Ausrichten jedes Gasstromes einer Mehrzahl von unabhängig betätigbaren Gasströmen nach innen zum Inkontaktbringen mit dem Sprühstrom (26), und durch unabhängiges Steuern jedes Gasstroms, um den Sprühstrom (26) in einer gewünschte Abfolge von Richtungen zum gleichmäßigen Beschichten eines Abschnitts der Dose (109) ohne Erzeugung einer Strahlreflektion abzulenken.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem die Dose (109) in einer sich nicht drehenden Stellung gehalten wird und bei dem die Düse (21) innerhalb der Dose (109) angeordnet und anschließend relativ zu der Dose (109) gleichförmig bewegt wird, um zusätzliche Abschnitte der Innenoberfläche der Dose zu beschichten.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, bei dem die Dose (109) an einer Reihe von Düsen (21A, 21B, 21C) vorbeibewegt wird, wobei jede Düse einen Flüssigkeits- oder einen Partikelsprühstrahl abgibt, der auf eine vorgegebene Höhe an der Innenseite der Dose (109) gerichtet ist, so daß die gesamte Innenoberfläche der Dose (109) gleichmäßig beschichtet wird, wobei die Dose (109) in einer sich nicht drehenden Stellung relativ zu jeder Düse gehalten wird und sich jede Düse (21A, 21B, 21C) außerhalb der Dose (109) während des Beschichtungsschrittes befindet.
  4. Verfahren zum Abgeben einer Flüssigkeit oder eines Partikelmaterials, enthaltend das Sprühen eines Flüssigkeits- oder Partikelstroms (26) von einer Abgabeöffnung (59, 86) einer Düse (21) in Richtung eines Substrats (27),
    gekennzeichnet durch Sprühen eines zweiten Flüssigkeits- oder Aerosolstroms aus einer zweiten Öffnung (60, 87) in der Düse (21), um die aus beiden Öffnungen (59, 86, 60, 87) gesprühten Ströme zu einem Mischstrom (26) zu verbinden, und durch ausgewähltes Ablenken des Mischstroms (26) mit mehreren unabhängig betätigbaren Strömen aus mehreren Ausgängen (33a-33f), die um den Umfang der abgebenden Öffnung (59, 86) herum angeordnet sind, so daß ein gewünschtes Verteilungsmuster der abgegebenen Flüssigkeit oder des abgegebenen Partikelstroms auf dem Substrat (27) erzielt wird.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die erste und die zweite Flüssigkeit demineralisiertes Wasser bzw. flüssiger Stickstoff sind.
  6. Vorrichtung (20) zum Abgeben einer Flüssigkeit oder eines Partikelmaterials, enthaltend eine Düse (21), die eine Abgabeöffnung (24, 59, 86), mehrere Ausgänge (33a-33f), weiche die Öffnung (24, 59, 86) umgeben, und Mittel (28, 30) zum Abgeben eines Flüssigkeitsstromes (26) oder eines Partikelmaterialstromes (26) aus der Abgabeöffnung auf ein Produkt (109) aufweist, welches in einer sich nicht drehenden Stellung gehalten wird,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Mittel zum selektiven Ablenken des Stroms mit mehreren unabhängig betätigbaren Strömen aus den entsprechenden Ausgängen (33a-33f) vorgesehen sind, und daß Mittel zum unabhängigen Steuern der betätigten Ströme und der Abgabemittel vorgesehen sind, um ein gewünschtes Verteilungsmuster der abgegebenen Flüssigkeit oder des abgegebenen Partikelmaterials auf der Oberfläche des Produkts (109) zu erzeugen.
  7. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Produkt eine hohle Metalldose mit einem offenen Ende ist, und daß die gesamte Innenoberfläche der Seiten und das geschlossene Ende der Dose gleichmäßig mit der abgelenkten Flüssigkeit oder dem abgelenkten Partikelmaterial beschichtet werden.
  8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6 oder 7,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Mittel zum selektiven Ablenken mehrere Leitungen (35a-35f) enthält, wobei jede Leitung mit einer Druckgasquelle (37) verbunden ist und an einem Ausgang (33a-33f) endet sowie ein Solenoidventil (38, 39), welches mit der Leitung funktionell verbunden ist, wobei jedes Solenoidventil (38, 39) elektrisch betätigbar ist, um den Druckgasstrom aus der Quelle (37) entlang der Leitung (35a-35f) und aus dem Ausblasausgang (33a-33f) zu ermöglichen, und einen Zeitgeber (41) aufweist, der mit den Solenoidventilen (38, 39) und den Abgabemitteln (28, 30) funktionell verbunden und in der Lage ist, die Abgabe der Flüssigkeit oder des Partikelmaterials durch die Abgabeöffnung (24, 59, 86) sowie den Gasstrom aus den Ausgängen (33a-33f) zu steuern.
  9. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 8,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Zeitgeber (41) Mittel zum Auswählen der Abfolge und Dauer der Gasströme enthält, um den Flüssigkeitsstrom oder den Partikelmaterialstrom (26) abzulenken, so daß ein gewünschtes Verteilungsmuster der abgegebenen Flüssigkeit oder des abgegebenen Partikelstromes auf dem Produkt (109) erzeugt wird.
  10. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 8 oder 9,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Abgabeöffnung (24, 59, 86) einen Flüssigkeitsstrom (26) in Form eines luftlosen Sprühstrahls erzeugt.
EP91904816A 1990-02-15 1991-02-15 Ablenkungskontrolle eines flüssigkeitsstrahls während seiner ausbreitung Expired - Lifetime EP0515515B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2034806A JP2992760B2 (ja) 1990-02-15 1990-02-15 ノズル孔より流出する液体又は溶融体をその周辺よりの気体噴出流により偏向分配する方法
JP34806/90 1990-02-15
PCT/US1991/001033 WO1991012088A1 (en) 1990-02-15 1991-02-15 Deflection control of liquid stream during dispensing

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0515515A1 EP0515515A1 (de) 1992-12-02
EP0515515A4 EP0515515A4 (de) 1994-01-05
EP0515515B1 true EP0515515B1 (de) 1997-05-07

Family

ID=12424467

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91904816A Expired - Lifetime EP0515515B1 (de) 1990-02-15 1991-02-15 Ablenkungskontrolle eines flüssigkeitsstrahls während seiner ausbreitung

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0515515B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2992760B2 (de)
AU (1) AU7325491A (de)
CA (1) CA2075040A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69126019T2 (de)
WO (1) WO1991012088A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9113304D0 (en) * 1991-06-20 1991-08-07 Alcan Int Ltd Metal spraying apparatus
JPH05123283A (ja) * 1991-11-08 1993-05-21 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 浴槽洗浄装置
JPH05123282A (ja) * 1991-11-08 1993-05-21 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 浴槽洗浄装置
US5242110A (en) * 1991-12-02 1993-09-07 Praxair Technology, Inc. Method for changing the direction of an atomized flow
DE9205639U1 (de) * 1992-04-25 1992-06-25 Bombach, Jürgen, 7460 Balingen Vorrichtung zum dosierten Versprühen, insbesondere von Klebstoff
US5733597A (en) * 1992-07-08 1998-03-31 Nordson Corporation Snuff back controlled coating dispensing apparatus and methods
JP3438080B2 (ja) * 1994-02-01 2003-08-18 ノードソン株式会社 偏向分配ノズル装置の汚れ防止方法及び装置
GB9217461D0 (en) * 1992-08-17 1992-09-30 Sprayforming Dev Ltd Singleton rotary valve
CA2209274A1 (en) * 1996-07-19 1998-01-19 Patrick Thomas Hogan Method and apparatus for applying a liquid coating with an improved spray nozzle
US6325853B1 (en) 1996-07-19 2001-12-04 Nordson Corporation Apparatus for applying a liquid coating with an improved spray nozzle
ES2186038T3 (es) * 1997-08-05 2003-05-01 Afros Spa Aparato y procedimiento para la produccion de material de poliuretano.
US6045864A (en) * 1997-12-01 2000-04-04 3M Innovative Properties Company Vapor coating method
US6197370B1 (en) * 1999-07-09 2001-03-06 Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Coating cylinder bores with ultra thin solid lubricant phase
JP2002066393A (ja) * 2000-08-25 2002-03-05 Freunt Ind Co Ltd 多頭型スプレーガン及びそれを用いたコーティング装置、並びにコーティング方法
JP4335746B2 (ja) * 2004-05-27 2009-09-30 アルプス電気株式会社 スプレーコート装置及びこれを用いたスプレーコート方法
JP4816892B2 (ja) * 2005-08-29 2011-11-16 凸版印刷株式会社 レジスト塗布装置
PT1872864E (pt) * 2006-06-27 2013-10-08 Mankiewicz Gebr & Co Dispositivo e processo para a aplicação de um revestimento líquido sobre uma superfície
US20120031327A1 (en) 2010-08-04 2012-02-09 Love Iii Franklin S Apparatus for controlled application of liquid streams to a substrate with diverted liquid collection system
FR2964047B1 (fr) 2010-08-31 2015-05-22 Exel Ind Ensemble de pulverisation et pulverisateur equipe d'au moins un tel ensemble
US9566599B2 (en) 2012-11-09 2017-02-14 L&P Property Management Company Self-cleaning spray valve assembly
US9724719B2 (en) 2012-11-09 2017-08-08 L&P Property Management Company Self-cleaning spray valve assembly
DE102012113124A1 (de) * 2012-12-27 2014-07-03 Ev Group E. Thallner Gmbh Sprühdüseneinrichtung und Verfahren zum Beschichten
JP7457521B2 (ja) * 2020-02-20 2024-03-28 株式会社ディスコ 水噴射装置
DE102020115837A1 (de) 2020-06-16 2021-12-16 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Sprühvorrichtung für eine Sprühpistole, Sprühpistole sowie Verwendung einer Sprühpistole

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE568572A (de) *
US1608833A (en) * 1921-08-19 1926-11-30 Matthews W N Corp Method of and apparatus for applying coatings
DE729469C (de) * 1939-02-19 1942-12-17 Albert Heidler Vorrichtung zum Aufspritzen von Farbfluessigkeiten auf die Innenwandungen von Hohlkoerpern, insbesondere Rohren
DE808310C (de) * 1949-07-30 1951-07-12 Carola Doernemann Rotierende Zerstaeubungswinkelduese fuer Metallspritzpistolen
US2740670A (en) * 1951-12-29 1956-04-03 Harder August Spray guns
US3296015A (en) * 1964-01-06 1967-01-03 Devilbiss Co Method and apparatus for electrostatic deposition of coating materials
US4066117A (en) * 1975-10-28 1978-01-03 The International Nickel Company, Inc. Spray casting of gas atomized molten metal to produce high density ingots
GB8311167D0 (en) * 1983-04-25 1983-06-02 Jenkins W N Directed spray
DE3675955D1 (de) * 1985-02-18 1991-01-17 Nat Res Dev Verfahren zum verteilen von fluessigkeiten auf substrata.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69126019D1 (de) 1997-06-12
WO1991012088A1 (en) 1991-08-22
DE69126019T2 (de) 1997-11-13
AU7325491A (en) 1991-09-03
JP2992760B2 (ja) 1999-12-20
EP0515515A1 (de) 1992-12-02
CA2075040A1 (en) 1991-08-16
EP0515515A4 (de) 1994-01-05
JPH03238061A (ja) 1991-10-23

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0515515B1 (de) Ablenkungskontrolle eines flüssigkeitsstrahls während seiner ausbreitung
US10464095B2 (en) Coating device comprising a jet of coating medium which is broken down into drops
JP6463802B2 (ja) 吹付塗装装置およびシステム
US5800867A (en) Deflection control of liquid or powder stream during dispensing
KR100483728B1 (ko) 개선된 스프레이노즐에 의한 액체코팅재료의 도포방법 및 장치
RU2752590C2 (ru) Головка для нанесения покрывающего продукта на поверхность, подлежащую нанесению покрытия, и система нанесения покрывающего продукта, содержащая такую головку для нанесения покрывающего продукта
US4681258A (en) Producing directed spray
JP2004074155A (ja) 改善された噴霧用スプレーガン
AU2006203147B2 (en) Radius edge bell cup and method for shaping an atomized spray pattern
JPH04227873A (ja) 静電噴射装置
CN112018416A (zh) 燃料电池的制造方法
CN1092545C (zh) 农业和其它用途的喷射装置及喷射方法
EP0819473B1 (de) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Auftragen eines flüssigen Beschichtungsmittels in atomisierter oder nichtatomisierter Form mittels einer einzigen Düse
JPH07299389A (ja) 分与時における流体または粉体流の偏向制御
JPH082429B2 (ja) 塗装方法および塗装装置
JP3122819B2 (ja) ノズル孔より流出する液体又は溶融体をその周辺よりの気体噴出流により偏向分配する方法
WO1997018042A1 (en) Spray dispenser and system for spraying viscous liquids
JPS61161176A (ja) エアレススプレイのスプレイ方法
JPH0330853A (ja) 噴霧装置
GB2138324A (en) Electrostatic spraying
JPH0361504B2 (de)

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19920814

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): CH DE FR GB IT LI

A4 Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched

Effective date: 19931116

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A4

Designated state(s): CH DE FR GB IT LI

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19950914

GRAG Despatch of communication of intention to grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): CH DE FR GB IT LI

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: EP

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 69126019

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19970612

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: NV

Representative=s name: E. BLUM & CO. PATENTANWAELTE

ET Fr: translation filed
RIN2 Information on inventor provided after grant (corrected)

Free format text: MATSUNAGA, MASAFUMI * IKUO, YAMAGATA * SHIGENORI, KITASAKO * AKITO, TAKAYANAGI

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 19980112

Year of fee payment: 8

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 19980121

Year of fee payment: 8

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 19980126

Year of fee payment: 8

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Payment date: 19980127

Year of fee payment: 8

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed
PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19990215

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19990228

Ref country code: CH

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19990228

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 19990215

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19991029

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 19991201

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20050215