EP0447314B1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum dynamischen Trennen von zwei Zonen - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum dynamischen Trennen von zwei Zonen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0447314B1
EP0447314B1 EP91400675A EP91400675A EP0447314B1 EP 0447314 B1 EP0447314 B1 EP 0447314B1 EP 91400675 A EP91400675 A EP 91400675A EP 91400675 A EP91400675 A EP 91400675A EP 0447314 B1 EP0447314 B1 EP 0447314B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
gas
zones
zone
stream
relatively
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91400675A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0447314A1 (de
Inventor
François Meline
Robert Guetron
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Societe Generale pour les Techniques Nouvelles SA SGN
Original Assignee
Societe Generale pour les Techniques Nouvelles SA SGN
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Societe Generale pour les Techniques Nouvelles SA SGN filed Critical Societe Generale pour les Techniques Nouvelles SA SGN
Publication of EP0447314A1 publication Critical patent/EP0447314A1/de
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Publication of EP0447314B1 publication Critical patent/EP0447314B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F9/00—Use of air currents for screening, e.g. air curtains
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/16—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by purification, e.g. by filtering; by sterilisation; by ozonisation
    • F24F3/163—Clean air work stations, i.e. selected areas within a space which filtered air is passed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F9/00—Use of air currents for screening, e.g. air curtains
    • F24F2009/007—Use of air currents for screening, e.g. air curtains using more than one jet or band in the air curtain

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for ensuring the dynamic separation of two zones, one of these zones possibly being in particular a zone under controlled atmosphere, the confinement of which relative to the external atmosphere must be preserved.
  • the invention also relates to a device for implementing this method.
  • the dart of the vein in order for the dynamic separation of the two zones to be effective, is relatively slow, that is to say the zone of this vein in which the injected gas does not mix with the surrounding atmosphere and has a velocity vector equal at all points, has a length at least equal to the length of the opening, so that this dart alone completely separates the two zones.
  • the rate of injection of gas into the relatively slow vein is substantially equal to the flow induced by the face of the relatively fast vein which is in contact with this relatively slow vein, so that the relatively fast vein can develop fully without that its course is not bent on one side or the other.
  • the relatively slow vein ensures the effective separation between the two zones thanks to its sting, and the relatively fast vein stabilizes the relatively slow vein by serving as a "dynamic tutor".
  • the dynamic barrier thus created is not effective in the other direction. Indeed, a current of air or gas coming from the external atmosphere and directed towards the confined zone risks bending the sting of the relatively slow vein towards this latter zone, thus leading to the rupture of the confinement.
  • a moving gas stream creates on both sides of its path a depression all the greater the higher the gas speed. This depression sucks in the surrounding gas and leads to a gradual widening of the vein as it progresses. This enlargement supposes, of course, that sufficient gas is present on either side of the relatively rapid gas stream. Otherwise, this vein will tend to bend on the side where the gas supply is insufficient.
  • the relatively fast stream is fed on one side by the relatively slow stream and, on the opposite side, by the external atmosphere.
  • the object of the present invention is precisely a method and a device for dynamic separation of two zones, designed so as to very significantly reduce the consumption of gas inside these zones and so as to ensure effective dynamic separation in a sense as in the other.
  • a curtain is created between the two zones of gas comprising a relatively fast vein located on the side of the first zone and a relatively slow vein adjacent to the relatively fast vein, on the side of the other zone, the relatively slow vein having a stinger which completely separates the two zones and being injected at a flow rate substantially equal to the flow rate induced by the face of the relatively fast vein which is in contact with this relatively slow vein, characterized by the fact that the gas curtain thus created further comprises a second relatively slow vein adjacent to the relatively fast vein, on the side of the first zone, this second relatively slow vein having a dart totally separating the two zones and being injected at a flow rate substantially equal to the flow rate induced by the face of the relatively fast vein which is in contact with the second relatively slow vein.
  • a device for the dynamic separation of two zones, comprising a set of nozzles capable of emitting a gas curtain completely separating the two zones, and suction means. of this gas curtain, the set of nozzles comprising, on the side of a first of said zones to be protected vis-à-vis the other zone, a first nozzle capable of emitting a relatively rapid gas stream and, on the side from the other zone, a second nozzle adjacent to the first nozzle and capable of emitting a relatively slow jet, the width of this second nozzle being at least equal to 1/6 th of the length of the gas curtain, characterized by the fact that the nozzle assembly comprises, on the side of the first zone, a third nozzle adjacent to the first nozzle and capable of emitting a relatively slow jet, the width of this third nozzle being at least equal to 1/6 e of the length of the gas curtain.
  • the suction means comprise a suction grid placed opposite the set of nozzles and oriented parallel to this set.
  • means can be provided to diffuse inside this enclosure a stream of gas, at a flow rate which is then very much lower than the gas flow rate which was to be imperatively injected into the devices of the prior art.
  • the dynamic separation of two zones 10 and 12 is carried out by means of a device mainly comprising a set of nozzles 14 making it possible to create between the two zones 10 and 12 a gas curtain 16, and suction means 18 for this gas curtain.
  • the zone 10 is a confined zone which has the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped delimited on all its faces by a wall 20, with the exception of its front face which is open towards the outside.
  • a wall 20 the floor 20a, the ceiling 20b and the vertical bottom 20c of this wall 20.
  • the front face of the area 10 is open to define an access opening whose upper edge supports over its entire length the set of nozzles 14, fixed to the ceiling 20b and whose lower edge supports over its entire length the suction means 18, fixed to the floor 20a.
  • the device according to the invention can be used in many other cases, whether to ensure the dynamic confinement of an area delimited by an enclosure having one or more openings of different shapes, or to delimit, at the 'interior of a room, a confined area without the help of any material wall.
  • the latter applies in particular to the protection of an operating bed or table from a circular, rectangular or other ramp overlooking the area concerned and carrying the set of nozzles.
  • nozzles 14 comprises, in accordance with the invention, three juxtaposed nozzles designated respectively by the references 22, 24 and 26.
  • each of these nozzles consists of a box, for example of rectangular section, open on the side of the opening formed in the wall 20, that is to say facing the suction means 18, for example in the form of a grid.
  • the opening of the central nozzle 24 has a relatively small width (for example, about 6 mm), so that the speed of the gas stream 28 leaving this nozzle 24 is relatively fast (for example, about 4 m / s ), for a low flow rate (for example, around 100 m3 / h).
  • the nozzles 22 and 26, which are placed respectively on the side of the zone 10 and on the side of the zone 12 and preferably have identical characteristics, have an orifice whose width is relatively large (for example, about 200 mm ), so that, for an average gas injection rate inside these nozzles (for example, about 440 m3 / h), the gas streams 30 and 32 leaving these nozzles have a relatively low speed ( for example, about 0.4 m / s).
  • the darts 30a and 32a of the gas streams 30 and 32 have a length at least equal to the height of the opening in which the device according to the invention ensures dynamic separation between zones 10 and 12.
  • the darts 30a and 32a both ensure complete dynamic separation between zones 10 and 12.
  • the height of the opening is defined by the distance separating the assembly nozzles 14 of the suction means 18, the length of each of the darts 30a and 32a is at least equal to this distance.
  • the width of the slots formed in the nozzles 22 and 26 is therefore equal to at least about 1/6 th of the distance separating the assembly of nozzles 14 from the suction means 18.
  • the height of the protected opening is therefore, at most, equal to approximately 1200 mm.
  • each of these streams could be deflected, for example under the effect of an air current between zones 10 and 12, in the absence of the relatively fast gas stream 28.
  • the speed of the gaseous vein 28 emitted by the nozzle 24 is high enough for this vein to serve as a support for each of the veins 30 and 32. The latter are thus stabilized and any risk of rupture of the confinement resulting from their deformation due any possible draft is suppressed.
  • a gaseous vein exiting a nozzle comprises, in addition to the aforementioned dart whose width gradually decreases away from the nozzle, a zone of full development of the jet, the width of which on the contrary gradually increases in s' away from the nozzle, and in which the gas injected by the nozzle mixes, by suction, with the surrounding gas.
  • the gas emitted by the nozzle "feeds" on the surrounding gas.
  • the quantity of surrounding gas which must be supplied to a developing gas stream is all the more important the higher the speed of the gas inside this stream. In fact, the depression created by the vein is then greater and the quantity of gas necessary to fill it is therefore greater.
  • the relatively fast gas stream 28 coming from the nozzle 24 must be fed by the relatively slow gas streams 30 and 32 coming from the nozzles 22 and 26, since the stream 28 is located directly between these veins 30 and 32. Consequently, the relatively fast gas stream 28 is fed entirely by the relatively slow gas streams 30 and 32.
  • the flow of gas from the nozzles 22 and 26 must be adjusted in order to supply the relatively rapid gas stream 28 with the quantity of gas necessary for its full development.
  • the gas flow injected by the nozzles 22 and 26 must be substantially equal to the flow induced by each of the faces of the relatively fast gas stream 28 in contact with the relatively slow gas streams 30 and 32 respectively.
  • the suction means 18 advantageously consist of a grid 34 which extends parallel to the set of nozzles 14, opposite this set, over its entire length and over a width which takes account of the development of the jets 30 and 32
  • This grid 34 constitutes the upper wall of a suction chamber 35 (FIG. 2).
  • This circuit which can in particular be designed in a manner comparable to that which is described in document EP-A-0 099 818, comprises means making it possible to aspirate the curtain of gas formed by the veins 28, 30 and 32 through the grid 34, means for purifying this gas, and means for reinjecting it into each of the nozzles of the set of nozzles 14 with the desired flow rate.
  • This circuit which can be realized so arbitrary by a person skilled in the art taking into account these different imperatives, is not part of the invention.
  • the device according to the invention makes it possible to create a gas curtain of symmetrical structure formed from three juxtaposed gas streams and ensuring, on the one hand, protection of the area 10 against vis-à-vis zone 12 and, on the other hand, protection of zone 12 vis-à-vis zone 10.
  • the first protection is ensured against any current of gas tending to pass through the zone 12 the atmosphere contained in zone 10, by the assembly formed by the dart 30a of the relatively slow gas stream 30 and by the relatively fast gas stream 28 which stabilizes the stream 30. Protection against any current gas tending to pass into zone 10 the atmosphere contained in zone 12 is provided for its part by the sting 32a of the relatively slow gas stream 32, this gas stream 32 being stabilized by the relatively fast gas stream 28.
  • Cross-protection is particularly useful in many industrial applications, in particular when zone 10 contains an atmosphere which must at all costs be protected against pollution of the external atmosphere contained in zone 12 and in which the atmosphere in zone 10 could be dangerous if it reached the outside atmosphere of zone 12.
  • the gas curtain formed by this set therefore ensures complete isolation of the controlled area 10 from the outside area 12 and, conversely , an insulation of the external zone 12 with respect to the controlled zone 10.
  • the rear face 20c of the wall 20 delimiting the controlled zone 10 comprises, in the example described, a double wall internally delimiting a gas inlet chamber 36 which communicates with the zone 10 by perforations 38.
  • the chamber 36 is connected to a gas source (not shown) so that the gaseous atmosphere of the zone 10 is renewed at a controlled rate, which is optimized according to the dimensions of the perforations 38, so that it does not modify the direction of the gas streams leaving the nozzle assembly 14.
  • a set of nozzles 14 emitting three juxtaposed gas streams comprising a relatively fast intermediate stream 28 and two relatively slow side streams 30 and 32 makes it possible to very significantly reduce the amount of gas introduced into zone 10 compared to previous devices in which the relatively rapid vein was directly in contact with the atmosphere contained in the controlled zone.
  • a flow rate of a few m3 / h is sufficient in the case of FIG. 2, whereas the prior devices would have required a flow rate of approximately 470 m3 / h.
  • FIG. 2 one of the multiple intervention possibilities offered by the dynamic separation device according to the invention is also illustrated, by way of example only, inside the controlled zone 10.
  • a master / slave manipulator 40 passes through the gas curtain formed by the nozzle assembly 14, so that the master arm 42 is located in the external zone 12 and the slave arm 44 in the confined zone 10.
  • the central block 46 of this remote manipulator 40 is mounted on a support 48 linked to a carriage 50 capable of moving on rails 52 fixed on the ceiling 20b and extending in a direction parallel to the opening formed on the front face of the wall 20, that is to say to the set of nozzles 14 and to the suction means 18.
  • the central block 46 which crosses the gas streams 28, 30 and 32, has the effect of cutting the darts 30a and 32a.
  • the stream intermediate gas 28 allows, thanks to its speed, to immediately evacuate a large part of the contaminants possibly diffused in the slow jets. Therefore, the dynamic separation between zones 10 and 12 is preserved.
  • the gas curtain obtained using the dynamic separation device according to the invention can be crossed by any other tools or members allowing an operator to intervene from the outside, at any point in the zone 10 It can in particular be a light gripping tool maneuvered by the operator from the outside, or even the operator's arms.
  • the dynamic separation obtained using the three juxtaposed gas streams can be used to isolate a specific area inside a larger room, without this area being delimited by any material barrier. Furthermore, the arrangement of the assembly of nozzles and suction means can be produced differently, these two elements not necessarily being placed on the horizontal edge of an opening.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Automatic Assembly (AREA)
  • Devices For Use In Laboratory Experiments (AREA)
  • Manipulator (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Cyclones (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Networks Using Active Elements (AREA)
  • Ventilation (AREA)

Claims (4)

  1. Verfahren zum dynamischen Trennen von zwei Zonen (10, 12), gemäß dem man, um eine erste (10) dieser Zonen gegenüber der anderen zu schützen, einen Gasvorhang zwischen den beiden Zonen schafft, der einen relativ schnellen Strahl (28) enthält, der sich auf der Seite der ersten Zone befindet, und einen relativ langsamen Strahl (32), der auf der Seite der anderen Zone (12) an den relativ schnellen Strahl angrenzt, wobei der relativ langsame Strahl einen Kern (32a) hat, der die beiden Zonen gänzlich trennt und einen Durchsatz aufweist, der im wesentlichen dem Durchsatz an der Außenfläche des relativ schnellen Strahls entspricht, die in Kontakt ist mit diesem relativ langsamen Strahl,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    daß der so erzeugte Gasvorhang außerdem einen zweiten relativ langsamen Strahl (30) enthält, der an den relativ schnellen Strahl (28) auf der Seite der ersten Zone (10) angrenzt, wobei dieser zweite relativ langsame Strahl einen Kern (30a) hat, welcher die beiden Zonen gänzlich trennt und einen Durchsatz aufweist, der im wesentlichen dem Durchsatz an der Außenfläche des relativ schnellen Strahls entspricht, die in Kontakt ist mit dem zweiten relativ langsamen Strahl.
  2. Vorrichtung für die dynamische Trennung der beiden Zonen, die einen Düsenaufbau (14) enthält, der einen Gasvorhang herstellen kann, der geeignet ist, die beiden Zonen gänzlich zu trennen, und Absaugmittel (18) für diesen Gasvorhang, wobei der Düsenaufbau auf der Seite einer ersten (10) der Zonen, die es gegenüber der anderen Zone zu schützen gilt, eine erste Düse (24) enthält, die einen relativ schnellen Gasstrahl (28) aussendet, und auf der Seite der anderen Zone (12) eine zweite Düse (26), angrenzend an die erste Düse, so ausgebildet, daß sie einen relativ langsamen Strahl (32) aussendet, wobei die Breite dieser zweiten Düse wenigstens gleich ungefähr 1/6 der Länge des Gasvorhangs beträgt,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Düsenaufbau auf der Seite der ersten Zone (10) eine dritte Düse (22) enthält, die an die erste Düse angrenzt und so ausgebildet ist, daß sie einen relativ langsamen Strahl (30) aussendet, wobei die Breite dieser dritten Düse wenigstens gleich ungefähr 1/6 der Länge des Gasvorhangs beträgt.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Absaugmittel ein Absauggitter (34) enthalten, das dem Düsenaufbau (14) gegenüberliegend angebracht und parallel zu diesem Aufbau ausgerichtet ist.
  4. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 2 und 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß eine der Zonen, die durch eine Hülle (20) abgegrenzt wird, Mittel (38) aufweist für das Einleiten eines Gasstroms in diese letztere mit einem relativ geringen Durchsatz, der in etwa dem Durchsatz an der Außenfläche des relativ langsamen Strahls (30) entspricht, die angrenzt an die Zone, welche von der Hülle (20) abgegrenzt wird.
EP91400675A 1990-03-14 1991-03-12 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum dynamischen Trennen von zwei Zonen Expired - Lifetime EP0447314B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9003255 1990-03-14
FR9003255A FR2659782B1 (fr) 1990-03-14 1990-03-14 Procede et dispositif de separation dynamique de deux zones.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0447314A1 EP0447314A1 (de) 1991-09-18
EP0447314B1 true EP0447314B1 (de) 1993-07-07

Family

ID=9394725

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91400675A Expired - Lifetime EP0447314B1 (de) 1990-03-14 1991-03-12 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum dynamischen Trennen von zwei Zonen

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US5145459A (de)
EP (1) EP0447314B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2715345B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE91339T1 (de)
DE (1) DE69100151T2 (de)
DK (1) DK0447314T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2043442T3 (de)
FR (1) FR2659782B1 (de)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2652520B1 (fr) * 1989-10-02 1992-02-07 Sgn Soc Gen Tech Nouvelle Procede et dispositif pour maintenir une atmosphere propre a temperature regulee sur un poste de travail.
US5207830A (en) * 1990-03-21 1993-05-04 Venture Innovations, Inc. Lightweight particulate cementitious materials and process for producing same
US5316794A (en) * 1992-12-11 1994-05-31 Applied Materials, Inc. Method for servicing vacuum chamber using non-reactive gas-filled maintenance enclosure
NL9301661A (nl) * 1993-09-27 1995-04-18 Biddle F H Bv Meervoudig gasgordijn.
FR2730297B1 (fr) * 1995-02-02 1997-05-09 Soc Generale Pour Les Techniques Nouvelles Sgn Procede et dispositif de confinement, notamment d'une atmosphere particuliere dans un espace de traitement en continu de produits traversants
FR2740205B1 (fr) * 1995-10-23 1998-01-09 Unir Ultra Propre Nutrition In Dispositif de protection contre l'aerocontamination
TW353137B (en) * 1996-03-28 1999-02-21 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Manufacturing apparatus with cleaning mechanism and cleaning method
FR2756910B1 (fr) * 1996-12-10 1999-01-08 Commissariat Energie Atomique Procede de separation dynamique de deux zones par un rideau d'air propre
FR2757933B1 (fr) 1996-12-27 1999-01-22 Commissariat Energie Atomique Dispositif de separation dynamique de deux zones par au moins une zone tampon et deux rideaux d'air propre
FR2760199B1 (fr) 1997-03-03 1999-05-21 Unir Ultra Propre Nutrition In Dispositif de separation de deux zones a ambiances differentes
JP2005518655A (ja) * 2001-07-15 2005-06-23 アプライド　マテリアルズ　インコーポレイテッド 処理システム
ITBO20030375A1 (it) * 2003-06-19 2004-12-20 Ima Spa Struttura per la copertura e l'isolamento dall'ambiente
CN101828081B (zh) * 2007-10-16 2013-03-27 汉德斯玛特沙皮威利戴维特有限公司 用于产生气壁的设备
DE102009026949A1 (de) * 2009-06-16 2010-12-23 Lks Israel Gmbh Klimatechnisches Engineering Luftschottanlage zur Verhinderung von Ausgleichsströmungen
FR2968384B1 (fr) * 2010-12-01 2013-12-27 Robert Guetron Dispositif de separation fluidique de 2 regions
WO2013128083A1 (fr) 2012-02-28 2013-09-06 Robert Guetron Dispositif de séparation fluidique de deux régions
FR2990143B1 (fr) * 2012-05-07 2015-01-30 Paul Brunon Buse de soufflage a jets multiples
US11015824B2 (en) 2016-09-02 2021-05-25 Inertechip Llc Air curtain containment system and assembly for data centers
FR3093454B1 (fr) * 2019-03-07 2022-01-28 Hydro Fill Element de manipulation comprenant un gant

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2593702A (en) * 1948-04-13 1952-04-22 Claude B Schneible Gaseous curtain for ventilating exhaust
US3211078A (en) * 1963-06-06 1965-10-12 Gunnar C F Asker Air curtain
GB1237694A (en) * 1968-08-19 1971-06-30 Progress Jets Ltd Improvements relating to air curtains
JPS5385555A (en) * 1977-01-07 1978-07-28 Sharp Corp Show case
FR2530163B1 (fr) * 1982-07-15 1986-08-29 Commissariat Energie Atomique Procede de confinement de la pollution d'un local a l'aide d'une veine gazeuse
JPS63156963A (ja) * 1986-12-22 1988-06-30 Ebara Corp エア・カ−テン・システム

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0447314A1 (de) 1991-09-18
DK0447314T3 (da) 1993-08-16
ES2043442T3 (es) 1993-12-16
JPH04222639A (ja) 1992-08-12
DE69100151T2 (de) 1994-01-27
FR2659782B1 (fr) 1992-06-12
DE69100151D1 (de) 1993-08-12
JP2715345B2 (ja) 1998-02-18
ATE91339T1 (de) 1993-07-15
FR2659782A1 (fr) 1991-09-20
US5145459A (en) 1992-09-08

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