EP0432601A1 - Fluides électrovisqueux à base de polyéthers dispersés - Google Patents
Fluides électrovisqueux à base de polyéthers dispersés Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0432601A1 EP0432601A1 EP90123063A EP90123063A EP0432601A1 EP 0432601 A1 EP0432601 A1 EP 0432601A1 EP 90123063 A EP90123063 A EP 90123063A EP 90123063 A EP90123063 A EP 90123063A EP 0432601 A1 EP0432601 A1 EP 0432601A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- electroviscous
- weight
- evf
- component
- viscosity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
- C10M171/001—Electrorheological fluids; smart fluids
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electroviscous liquid, the viscosity of which is increased when a voltage is applied.
- Electroviscous liquids are dispersions of finely divided, hydrophilic solids in hydrophobic and electrically non-conductive oils, whose viscosity changes very quickly and reversibly under the influence of a sufficiently strong electric field from the liquid to the plastic or solid state.
- the viscosity reacts to both DC electrical fields and AC fields, whereby the current flow through the EVF should be very low. Therefore EVF can be used wherever the transmission of large forces with the help of low electrical power is required, e.g. in couplings, hydraulic valves, shock absorbers, vibrators or devices for positioning and fixing workpieces.
- the abrasiveness and settling stability of the disperse phase play an important role in practical use.
- the disperse phase should not sediment as far as possible, but in any case it should be easy to redisperse and should not cause any abrasion even under extreme mechanical stress.
- the disperse phase consists of organic solids, such as Saccharides (DE 2 530 694), starch (EP 284 268 A2, US 3 970 573), polymers (EP 150 994 A1, DE 3 310 959 A1, GB 1 570 234, US 4 129 513), ion exchange resins (JP 92 278 / 1975, JP 32 221/1985, US 3 047 507), or silicone resins (DE 3 912 888 A1).
- inorganic materials such as e.g.
- Li hydrazine sulfate (US 4,772,407 A), zeolites (EP 265 252 A2), silica gel (DE 3,517,281 A1, DE 3,427,499 A1), and aluminum silicates (DE 3,536,934 A1) are used.
- the electroviscous effect of the substances mentioned is due to the loading of the solids with water. Small amounts of water enable the migration of ions and thereby increase the ionic conductivity or the polarizability of the disperse particles, which is essential for the formation of the effect.
- the electroviscous effect arises from the fact that the polarized particles of the disperse phase agglomerate in an external electrical field by means of dipole-dipole interactions.
- Soot-filled bead polymers JP 016 093 or conductive polymers such as polypyrene or polyacetylene (JP 01 260 710) have also been used as replacements for the water-containing ones Phase discussed. However, such systems are expensive or complex to manufacture.
- the above-mentioned EVF corresponding to the prior art are generally produced by dispersing a solid into a dispersion medium.
- the viscosity of the resulting suspension depends on the shape and size, or the size distribution of the dispersed particles, and on the solids concentration and the dispersing action of any dispersing agents used. High volume-related solids contents with low viscosity are difficult to achieve.
- solids which consist of particles with a spherical geometry, the volume fraction of the disperse phase and thus the electroviscous effect can be increased while maintaining the viscosity.
- the object of the invention was to provide an anhydrous, non-abrasive, sedimentation-stable EVF with good electroviscous properties, which despite high volume fractions of the disperse phase is characterized by a low basic viscosity and low electrical conductivity.
- the EVF according to the invention contains, dispersed in a non-conductive liquid in pure form or as a reaction product with other substances, 1 to 80% by weight, preferably 1 to 60% by weight, particularly preferably 20 to 60% by weight, of one Polyether.
- the mixture of polyether and any additives, called template, which is dispersed into the non-conductive liquid during the EVF manufacturing process, should preferably be in liquid form.
- the template can be chemically modified by adding suitable reagents before, during or after the dispersing step. This modification influences the consistency and, through the partial or complete implementation of the functional groups of the template, the conductivity of the disperse phase in the finished EVF.
- a suitable dispersing agent is used for the dispersion.
- the size of the dispersed particles in the EVF according to the invention is 0.05, preferably 0.1 to 200 ⁇ m.
- the viscosity of the EVF at room temperature is between 0.5, preferably 3, and
- a preferably liquid template is used for the disperse phase, which contains at least one of the following substances: (I): a linear or branched, optionally functionalized polyether, (II): the reaction product of (I) with mono- or oligofunctional compounds, such as additives such as polyols, aliphatic carboxylic acids or amines, alcohols, esters etc., in different stoichiometric ratios, (III): a mixture of (I) and / or (II) with other non-reactive additives, which in the finished EVF influence the electrical or mechanical properties of the disperse phase, such as conductivity and elastic behavior.
- Additives (III) with plasticizer function in the sense of Invention are capped low molecular weight polyethers such as bismethylated trimethylpropane or the esters of phthalic acid.
- linear polyethers examples are polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, polybutylene glycols, statistical ethylene glycol-propylene glycol copolymers or else ethylene glycol-propylene glycol block polymers, such as those e.g. are sold by GAF under the trade name "Pluronic".
- Branched polyethers are, for example, tris (polypropylene oxide) ⁇ -ol) glycidyl ether or other substances which are obtained by ethoxylation or propoxylation of higher-functionality hydroxy compounds, e.g. Pentaerythritol or 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane can be obtained.
- the molecular weight of the polyglycols is between 62 and 1,000,000, preferably below 100,000, particularly preferably between 100 and 10,000.
- the polyglycols can optionally contain functional end groups. Amines, allyl or vinyl groups, or carboxyl groups are examples of such functional end groups.
- Polyethylene or polypropylene mono- or diamines can be obtained under the trade name "Jeffamin” from the company "TEXACO”. Examples of products containing acrylic groups are the esters of glycols with corresponding acids, e.g. Acrylic acid.
- the substances mentioned under (II) include e.g. the polyesters common in polymethane chemistry, which are sold by BAYER AG under the trade name "Desmophen".
- an additive (IV) for example crosslinking agent
- a crosslinking agent for example crosslinking agent
- emulsification of the template which by reaction with the functional end groups of the compounds (I), (II) and / or (III) leads to molecular weight build-up in the emulsion droplets, or also to a reduction in the number of functional end groups.
- viscous or solid particles are formed, the spherical geometry of which is retained during and after the reaction.
- crosslinkers examples are di- or multifunctional isocyanates with different structures, which are sold, for example, under the trade name "Desmodur” by BAYER AG.
- Tri- or higher functional Glycol is particularly preferred to use tolylene diisocyanate as a crosslinker.
- the so-called acetate, amine, benzamide, oxime and alkoxy crosslinkers commonly used in silicone chemistry can also be used for crosslinking.
- the isocyanate crosslinking agent is preferably used in amounts such that 20 to 100%, preferably up to 80%, of the OH groups of the glycol are reacted. Radical crosslinking systems are suitable for the conversion of allyl or vinyl group-modified compounds of groups (I) to (III).
- the EVF according to the invention contains the disperse phase (the reaction product from the initial charge and (IV)) to 10 to 85% by weight, but preferably to 40 to 70% by weight.
- silicone oils such as polydimethylsiloxanes or also polysiloxanes with higher alkyl groups, fluorine-containing siloxanes and liquid methylphenylsiloxanes are used. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more types.
- the solidification point of the dispersion media is preferably set below -30 ° C, the boiling point above 150 ° C.
- the viscosity of the oils is between 3 and 300 mm2 / s at room temperature. In general, the low-viscosity oils with a viscosity of 3 to 20 mm2 / s are preferred because they achieve a lower basic viscosity of the EVF.
- the oil should also have a density that approximately corresponds to the density of the disperse phase.
- a density that approximately corresponds to the density of the disperse phase.
- Fluorine-containing siloxanes of the general structure are particularly suitable for producing sedimentation-stable EVF:
- Suitable dispersants for the disperse phase are surfactants which are soluble in the dispersion medium and which, e.g. are derived from amines, imidazolines, oxazolines, alcohols, glycol or sorbitol.
- Polymers soluble in the dispersion medium can also be used. Suitable are e.g. Polymers which contain 0.1 to 10% by weight of N and / or OH, and 25 to 83% by weight of C4-C24-alkyl groups and have a molecular weight in the range from 5000 to 1,000,000.
- the N- and / or OH-containing compounds in these polymers can e.g.
- Amine, amide, imide, nitrile, 5- to 6-membered N-containing heterocyclic rings, or an alcohol, and the C4-C24-alkyl groups are esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid.
- N and OH-containing compounds mentioned are N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, tert-butylacrylamide, maleimide, acrylonitrile, N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinylpyridine and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate.
- the abovementioned polymeric dispersants generally have the advantage over the low molecular weight surfactants that the dispersions prepared with them are more stable with regard to the settling behavior.
- Polysiloxane-polyether copolymers as are available, for example, under the trade name "Tegopren” from GOLDSCHMIDT AG in Essen (FRG), are preferably used for the dispersion in silicone oil.
- Particularly preferred dispersants from this class are polysiloxane polyethers with an ethylene oxide-propylene oxide weight ratio of approximately 1: 1.
- Such one Product, with an ethylene oxide-propylene oxide weight ratio of 49:51, is sold by GOLDSCHMIDT under the name "Tegopren 5830".
- the reaction products of hydroxy-functional polysiloxanes with a wide variety of silanes are dispersants for the preparation of the EVF according to the invention.
- Particularly preferred dispersants from this class of substances are the reaction products of a hydroxy-functional polysiloxane with aminosilanes.
- the dispersant should be present in the EVF in amounts of 0.1 to 4% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 3% by weight.
- EVF which is produced with silicone oil
- silicone oil it applies that they are stable in settling, physiologically indifferent (non-toxic), and are very compatible with elastomeric materials, in particular with rubber.
- they are heat and cold resistant within an unusually wide temperature range and have only a slight pressure dependence of the viscosity.
- the electroviscous dispersions according to the invention have a high dielectric strength. It should be emphasized as a further advantage that the EVFs described are settling-stable and not abrasive and have low basic viscosities despite high volume fractions of the disperse phase.
- the initial charge is mixed with the reactive additive or the crosslinking agent.
- the mixture is dispersed in a liquid phase containing the dispersant.
- shear homogenizers, high-pressure homogenizers or ultrasound can be used for this purpose.
- the dispersion should be carried out so that the particle size does not exceed 200 ⁇ m, preferably 100 ⁇ m.
- the product is allowed to react for a relatively long time at a suitable temperature which, depending on the reactivity of the crosslinking agent, is typically in a range from 0 ° C., preferably 15 ° C. to 150 ° C.
- the crosslinking agent is only mixed into the dispersion after the dispersion process.
- the template is sprayed with or without surfactant or additive (IV) into a fine powder, and the resulting powder is subsequently dispersed into the liquid phase.
- the electrode area of the inner rotating cylinder with a diameter of 50 mm is approx. 78 cm2, the gap between the electrodes is 0.50 mm.
- the shear load can be set to a maximum of 2640 s ⁇ 1.
- the measuring range of the shear stress of the viscometer is a maximum of 750 Pa.
- the EVF can be excited with both DC and AC voltage.
- the EVF is preferably tested with AC voltage and with dynamic shear stress. This gives well-reproducible flow curves.
- a constant shear rate of 0 ⁇ D ⁇ 2640 s ⁇ 1 is set and the dependence of the shear stress ⁇ on the electrical field strength E is measured effective current of 4 mA and a frequency between 50 and 550 Hz. Preferably, however, is measured at 50 Hz, because then the total current at lowest, and therefore the required electrical power is lowest.
- Flow curves corresponding to FIG. 1 are obtained. It can be seen that the shear stress ⁇ initially increases parabolically with small field strengths and linearly with larger field strengths. The slope S of the linear part of the curve can be seen in the figure and is given in Pa.m / kV.
- comparison approaches 1 to 3 correspond to the prior art. They are based on Examples 6, 7 and 9 of DE 3 536 934 A1. The liquids described in these examples are distinguished by particularly good electroviscous properties.
- Examples 1 to 12 are EVFs according to the invention.
- Table I lists the electroviscous properties of the EVF I to 11 according to the invention and the comparative samples at different temperatures.
- EVF 2 to 4 shows the relationship between some properties (electro-viscous effect S, threshold value of the electric field strength E o and viscosity V at a rotational speed of the rotor of 1,000 rpm) of the EVF described in Examples 1 to 5 and the Amount of hydroxyl groups reacted with isocyanate at a measuring temperature of 25 ° C.
- the arrows on the ordinate represent typical values for an EVF according to Comparative Example 2. It should be particularly emphasized that many EVF according to the invention are characterized by very good electroviscous effects despite their low viscosity and low threshold field strength.
- the EVF was produced in accordance with the procedure given in Example 1. However, no crosslinker was added, so that the conversion of the hydroxyl groups of the glycol is 0 mol%.
- the dispersant (b) 0.6 g of the dispersant (b) are dissolved in 20 g of the dispersion medium (a). 17.5 g of the glycol (a) are mixed with 7.61 g of the crosslinking agent (a). In the case of a quantitative reaction, this amount of crosslinker leads to the stoichiometric conversion of the hydroxyl groups in the glycol and thus corresponds to an OH conversion of 100 mol%.
- the mixture is emulsified into the dispersant solution immediately after the preparation according to Example 1. The samples were subsequently reacted for 48 hours at room temperature.
- the dispersant (b) 0.6 g of the dispersant (b) are dissolved in 20 g of the dispersion medium (a). 17.5 g of the trifunctional glycol (b) are mixed with 6.79 g of the crosslinker (a). In the case of a quantitative reaction, this amount of crosslinker leads to the stoichiometric conversion of the hydroxyl groups in the glycol and thus corresponds to an OH conversion of 100 mol%.
- the mixture is emulsified into the dispersant solution immediately after the preparation according to Example 1. Subsequently, the samples were fully reacted at 90 ° C. for 8 hours.
- dispersant (b) 0.5 g of the dispersant (b) are dissolved in 20 g of the dispersion medium (a). 15.0 g of the bifunctional glycol (a) are mixed with 4.14 g of the crosslinker (b). In the case of a quantitative reaction, this amount of crosslinker leads to an OH conversion of 75 mol%.
- the mixture is emulsified into the dispersant solution immediately after the preparation according to Example 1. Subsequently, the samples were left to react for 48 hours at room temperature.
- the dispersant (b) 0.6 g of the dispersant (b) are dissolved in 20 g of the dispersion medium (b). 17.5 g of the trifunctional glycol (b) are mixed with 6.79 g of the crosslinker (a). In the case of a quantitative reaction, this amount of crosslinker leads to the stoichiometric conversion of the hydroxyl groups in the glycol and thus corresponds to an OH conversion of 100 mol%.
- the mixture is emulsified into the dispersant solution immediately after the preparation according to Example 1. The samples were subsequently fully reacted at 90 ° C. for 8 hours.
- Example 6 of patent DE 3 536 934 A1 50 parts by weight of an erionite (composition: 62% by weight SiO2, 18% by weight Al2O3, 10% by weight Na2O) in 50 parts by weight of a polydimethylsiloxane -Silicone oil with a viscosity of 5 mm2 / s (at 25 ° C) dispersed.
- the moisture content of the erionite according to DIN 55 921 was 6% by weight.
- 2.5 parts by weight of the dispersant 1 (amino-functional siloxane) described in the patent were used as the dispersant.
- Example 7 of patent DE 3 536 934 A1 40 parts by weight of an Al silicate (composition: 75% by weight SiO2, 9% by weight Al2O3, 7% by weight Na2O) were converted into 60 parts by weight a polydimethylsiloxane silicone oil with a viscosity of 5 mm2 / s (at 25 ° C) dispersed.
- the moisture of the Al silicate according to DIN 55 921 was 6% by weight. 6 parts by weight of the dispersant 1 described in the patent were used as the dispersant.
- Example 9 of patent DE 3 536 934 A1 50 parts by weight of a zeolite Y (Na form) (composition: 58% by weight SiO2, 20% by weight Al2O3, 12% by weight Na2O) were added in 50 Part by weight of a polydimethylsiloxane silicone oil with a viscosity of 5 mm2 / s (at 25 ° C) dispersed.
- the moisture of the zeolite Y according to DIN 55 921 was 6% by weight.
- 2.5 parts by weight of the dispersant 1 described in the patent were used as the dispersant.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19893941232 DE3941232A1 (de) | 1989-12-14 | 1989-12-14 | Elektroviskose fluessigkeiten auf basis von polyglykolen und aminofunktionellen polyethern |
DE3941232 | 1989-12-14 | ||
DE4026880 | 1990-08-25 | ||
DE4026880 | 1990-08-25 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0432601A1 true EP0432601A1 (fr) | 1991-06-19 |
EP0432601B1 EP0432601B1 (fr) | 1996-05-15 |
Family
ID=25887955
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP90123063A Expired - Lifetime EP0432601B1 (fr) | 1989-12-14 | 1990-12-01 | Fluides électrovisqueux à base de polyéthers dispersés |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0432601B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPH03255193A (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE138092T1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE59010326D1 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2087113T3 (fr) |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0472991A1 (fr) * | 1990-08-25 | 1992-03-04 | Bayer Ag | Fluides électrovisceuses à base de dispersions de polymères avec une phase dispersée contenant des électrolytes |
WO1992022623A1 (fr) * | 1991-06-14 | 1992-12-23 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Fluide electrovisqueux a base d'acrylates de polyether utilises comme phase dispersee |
EP0521638A1 (fr) * | 1991-06-29 | 1993-01-07 | Dow Corning Limited | Fluide électrorheologique comprenant un polysiloxane contenant un groupe fluorohexylalcoyle |
EP0529166A1 (fr) * | 1991-08-29 | 1993-03-03 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Fluides électrorhéologiques |
WO1993006199A1 (fr) * | 1991-09-19 | 1993-04-01 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Liquide electrovisqueux |
WO1993007244A1 (fr) * | 1991-10-10 | 1993-04-15 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Fluides electrorheologiques renfermant des polyanilines |
WO1993007243A1 (fr) * | 1991-10-10 | 1993-04-15 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Fluides electrorheologiques renfermant des polymeres electroniquement conducteurs |
EP0543377A1 (fr) * | 1991-11-20 | 1993-05-26 | Dow Corning Toray Silicone Company, Limited | Fluide électrovisqueuse |
EP0636683A1 (fr) * | 1993-07-30 | 1995-02-01 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Fluide électrorhéologique |
FR2712600A1 (fr) * | 1993-11-18 | 1995-05-24 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Fluide électrorhéologique anhydre. |
US5595680A (en) * | 1991-10-10 | 1997-01-21 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Electrorheological fluids containing polyanilines |
US5843331A (en) * | 1995-11-13 | 1998-12-01 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Polymeric materials to self-regulate the level of polar activators in electrorheological fluids |
US6065572A (en) * | 1995-11-13 | 2000-05-23 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Polymeric materials to self-regulate the level of polar activators in electrorheological fluids |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2021191811A (ja) * | 2020-06-05 | 2021-12-16 | 日立Astemo株式会社 | 電気粘性流体およびシリンダ装置 |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0219751A2 (fr) * | 1985-10-17 | 1987-04-29 | Bayer Ag | Fluides électrovisqueux |
EP0284268A2 (fr) * | 1987-03-24 | 1988-09-28 | Er Fluid Developments Limited | Fluides électro-rhéologiques/fluides sensibles à un champ électrique |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH01266191A (ja) * | 1988-04-19 | 1989-10-24 | Bridgestone Corp | 電気粘性液体 |
-
1990
- 1990-12-01 EP EP90123063A patent/EP0432601B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-12-01 DE DE59010326T patent/DE59010326D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-12-01 AT AT90123063T patent/ATE138092T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-12-01 ES ES90123063T patent/ES2087113T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-12-11 JP JP2409707A patent/JPH03255193A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0219751A2 (fr) * | 1985-10-17 | 1987-04-29 | Bayer Ag | Fluides électrovisqueux |
EP0284268A2 (fr) * | 1987-03-24 | 1988-09-28 | Er Fluid Developments Limited | Fluides électro-rhéologiques/fluides sensibles à un champ électrique |
Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5268118A (en) * | 1990-08-25 | 1993-12-07 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Electroviscous liquids based on polymer dispersions with an electrolyte-containing disperse phase |
EP0472991A1 (fr) * | 1990-08-25 | 1992-03-04 | Bayer Ag | Fluides électrovisceuses à base de dispersions de polymères avec une phase dispersée contenant des électrolytes |
WO1992022623A1 (fr) * | 1991-06-14 | 1992-12-23 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Fluide electrovisqueux a base d'acrylates de polyether utilises comme phase dispersee |
US5462687A (en) * | 1991-06-14 | 1995-10-31 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Electroviscous fluid based on polyether acrylates as disperse phase |
EP0521638A1 (fr) * | 1991-06-29 | 1993-01-07 | Dow Corning Limited | Fluide électrorheologique comprenant un polysiloxane contenant un groupe fluorohexylalcoyle |
EP0529166A1 (fr) * | 1991-08-29 | 1993-03-03 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Fluides électrorhéologiques |
WO1993006199A1 (fr) * | 1991-09-19 | 1993-04-01 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Liquide electrovisqueux |
WO1993007243A1 (fr) * | 1991-10-10 | 1993-04-15 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Fluides electrorheologiques renfermant des polymeres electroniquement conducteurs |
US5435932A (en) * | 1991-10-10 | 1995-07-25 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Electrorheological fluids containing eletronically conductive polymers |
US5437806A (en) * | 1991-10-10 | 1995-08-01 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Electrorheological fluids containing polyanilines |
WO1993007244A1 (fr) * | 1991-10-10 | 1993-04-15 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Fluides electrorheologiques renfermant des polyanilines |
US5595680A (en) * | 1991-10-10 | 1997-01-21 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Electrorheological fluids containing polyanilines |
EP0543377A1 (fr) * | 1991-11-20 | 1993-05-26 | Dow Corning Toray Silicone Company, Limited | Fluide électrovisqueuse |
EP0636683A1 (fr) * | 1993-07-30 | 1995-02-01 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Fluide électrorhéologique |
FR2712600A1 (fr) * | 1993-11-18 | 1995-05-24 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Fluide électrorhéologique anhydre. |
US5843331A (en) * | 1995-11-13 | 1998-12-01 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Polymeric materials to self-regulate the level of polar activators in electrorheological fluids |
US6065572A (en) * | 1995-11-13 | 2000-05-23 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Polymeric materials to self-regulate the level of polar activators in electrorheological fluids |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE138092T1 (de) | 1996-06-15 |
DE59010326D1 (de) | 1996-06-20 |
EP0432601B1 (fr) | 1996-05-15 |
ES2087113T3 (es) | 1996-07-16 |
JPH03255193A (ja) | 1991-11-14 |
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