EP0411172A1 - Dispositif de réfrigération pour plusieurs circuits de fluide refroidisseur - Google Patents

Dispositif de réfrigération pour plusieurs circuits de fluide refroidisseur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0411172A1
EP0411172A1 EP89114116A EP89114116A EP0411172A1 EP 0411172 A1 EP0411172 A1 EP 0411172A1 EP 89114116 A EP89114116 A EP 89114116A EP 89114116 A EP89114116 A EP 89114116A EP 0411172 A1 EP0411172 A1 EP 0411172A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coolant
evaporator
compressor
circuits
cooling
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP89114116A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0411172B1 (fr
Inventor
Noya Mikhail
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Kkw Kulmbacher Klimagerate-Werk GmbH
Original Assignee
Kkw Kulmbacher Klimagerate-Werk GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kkw Kulmbacher Klimagerate-Werk GmbH filed Critical Kkw Kulmbacher Klimagerate-Werk GmbH
Priority to DE8989114116T priority Critical patent/DE58903363D1/de
Priority to EP89114116A priority patent/EP0411172B1/fr
Priority to US07/552,752 priority patent/US5076068A/en
Publication of EP0411172A1 publication Critical patent/EP0411172A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0411172B1 publication Critical patent/EP0411172B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D17/00—Arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces
    • F25D17/02—Arrangements for circulating cooling fluids; Arrangements for circulating gas, e.g. air, within refrigerated spaces for circulating liquids, e.g. brine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
    • F25B41/20—Disposition of valves, e.g. of on-off valves or flow control valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B47/00—Arrangements for preventing or removing deposits or corrosion, not provided for in another subclass
    • F25B47/006—Arrangements for preventing or removing deposits or corrosion, not provided for in another subclass for preventing frost
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00—Control issues
    • F25B2600/25—Control of valves
    • F25B2600/2501—Bypass valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
    • F25B2700/19—Pressures
    • F25B2700/193—Pressures of the compressor
    • F25B2700/1933—Suction pressures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
    • F25B2700/21—Temperatures
    • F25B2700/2117—Temperatures of an evaporator
    • F25B2700/21171—Temperatures of an evaporator of the fluid cooled by the evaporator
    • F25B2700/21172—Temperatures of an evaporator of the fluid cooled by the evaporator at the inlet
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
    • F25B2700/21—Temperatures
    • F25B2700/2117—Temperatures of an evaporator
    • F25B2700/21175—Temperatures of an evaporator of the refrigerant at the outlet of the evaporator

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a cooling device for a plurality of coolant circuits for devices to be cooled, which also run through an evaporator, and also greatly differing cooling capacity requirements, in detail according to claim 1.
  • cooling devices for changing volume flow or, in general, for changing cooling capacity can only be provided with relatively great effort. Realization becomes all the more difficult the more coolant circuits are to be operated, especially when the cooling capacity changes. If the cooling device is designed for high output, there is a risk of freezing at low output.
  • the invention has for its object to develop a cooling device whose cooling capacity depends in a simple manner on the coolant throughput in the secondary coolant circuits.
  • the solution to the described problem consists in a cooling device according to claim 1.
  • the evaporator is arranged in a refrigerant circuit with other components, such as a compressor, condenser and expansion valve.
  • a thermostat switches on the compressor depending on the temperature of the coolant of the secondary cooling circuits measured in front of the evaporator when the switching temperature of the coolant is reached.
  • the compressor is switched off when the temperature falls below the switching temperature.
  • a bypass valve is controlled in a bypass line between connection points of the refrigerant line behind the compressor on the one hand and behind the expansion valve on the other hand by a pressure sensor in the refrigerant line.
  • the pressure sensor is in the direction of flow of the refrigerant arranged in front of the compressor. It controls the bypass valve so that it is opened at a minimum pressure in the evaporator, which should not be undercut in the evaporator for safety reasons against freezing of the coolant - in one of the secondary circuits.
  • the bypass valve is closed at a certain pressure in the evaporator above the minimum pressure.
  • the cooling capacity of the cooling device adapts itself through the special control of the compressor to different flow rates or outputs in the secondary coolant lines, whereby the special bypass control prevents freezing of the coolant in the compressor, so that the full capacity adjustment is sensibly possible.
  • the adjustment of the cooling capacity of the cooling device goes so far that the coolant can also stand in individual coolant circuits, so that no cooling capacity can be achieved by the respective coolant circuit.
  • the evaporator can have a coaxial structure consisting of jacket tube, center tube and inner tube in a particularly simple manner, so that there are three coaxially arranged annular spaces.
  • a coolant can flow through the outer and the inner annulus in one direction, the refrigerant being passed through in the middle annulus in the opposite direction to the flow of the coolant.
  • Such a coaxial tube structure is known per se (DE-GM 84 07 854).
  • the thermostat has a temperature sensor, to which the lines of all the coolant circuits are guided.
  • the coolant temperature is averaged and simple control is only possible because there are individual sensors on the respective coolant line with coolant standstill, there would be no signal change, so that regulation with simple means would not be sensibly possible.
  • Water can be used as the coolant in the secondary coolant circuits.
  • the cooling device has two coolant circuits 2 and 3 guided through an evaporator 1.
  • Devices to be cooled can be connected to the connection sockets 4, which each complete the coolant circuits.
  • a compressor 6, a condenser 7 and an expansion valve 8 are located in the refrigerant circuit 5.
  • the expansion valve 8 is controlled in a conventional manner by means of temperature or additional pressure control in the throughput in such a way that just as much refrigerant is let through that it is in the evaporator 1 can still evaporate almost completely.
  • a dryer 9 can be connected upstream of the expansion valve 8 in the flow direction in a manner known per se. The direction of flow is illustrated by flow arrows 10.
  • a thermostat 11 switches on the compressor 6 as a function of the temperature of the coolant of the cooling circuits measured in front of the evaporator 1 when the switching temperature of the coolant is reached and switches off the compressor when the temperature falls below the switching temperature.
  • a bypass valve 12 in a bypass line 13 between connection points of the refrigerant line behind the compressor 6 on the one hand and behind the expansion valve 8 on the other hand is controlled by a pressure sensor 14 in the refrigerant circuit, which is arranged upstream of the compressor 6 and which controls as follows: At a minimum pressure in the evaporator 1, which for reasons of Safety against freezing of the coolant in the evaporator should not be undercut, the bypass valve 12 is opened.
  • the bypass valve 12 is closed. Otherwise, the coolant in the evaporator could freeze especially when the coolant comes to a standstill in a cooling circuit.
  • the requested cooling capacity can drop so far that some cooling circuits come to a standstill.
  • one of two cooling circuits can be switched off without the operation of the cooling device being impaired.
  • the pressure sensor 14 is functionally part of the pressostat 16.
  • the evaporator 1 can have a coaxial tube structure consisting of a jacket tube, center tube and inner tube.
  • the outer one can be provided to the coolant circuit 3 and the inner one to the coolant circuit 2.
  • the refrigerant then flows through the middle annulus.
  • the outer annular space can advantageously be provided for a coolant circuit for greater cooling capacity than in a coolant circuit connected to the inner annular space, since the outer annular space has larger heat-exchanging surfaces.
  • the lines of all coolant circuits are advantageously guided past a temperature sensor 15 of the thermostat 11.
  • the temperature sensor 15 is functionally part of the thermostat 11.
  • the two lines of the coolant circuits 2 and 3 are guided past the temperature sensor. Even if the coolant comes to a standstill in a coolant circuit, since cooling in this circuit is no longer required at all, the temperature sensor 15 thus easily determines a signal that can be used. For example, if the coolant circuit 3 is designed for 500 W cooling power and the coolant circuit 2 for 300 W, Standstill of the coolant in the coolant circuit 3, the cooling capacity provided by the coolant circuit 5 is reduced to the extent that the temperature at the temperature sensor 15 lowers due to the reduced cooling requirement.
  • the coolant in the cooling circuits 2 and 3 can be water.
  • Lithotripsy devices are one area of application for the cooling device, which takes into account very different cooling power requirements.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
EP89114116A 1989-07-31 1989-07-31 Dispositif de réfrigération pour plusieurs circuits de fluide refroidisseur Expired - Lifetime EP0411172B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE8989114116T DE58903363D1 (de) 1989-07-31 1989-07-31 Kuehleinrichtung fuer mehrere kuehlmittelkreislaeufe.
EP89114116A EP0411172B1 (fr) 1989-07-31 1989-07-31 Dispositif de réfrigération pour plusieurs circuits de fluide refroidisseur
US07/552,752 US5076068A (en) 1989-07-31 1990-07-16 Cooling device for a plurality of coolant circuits

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP89114116A EP0411172B1 (fr) 1989-07-31 1989-07-31 Dispositif de réfrigération pour plusieurs circuits de fluide refroidisseur

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0411172A1 true EP0411172A1 (fr) 1991-02-06
EP0411172B1 EP0411172B1 (fr) 1993-01-20

Family

ID=8201698

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89114116A Expired - Lifetime EP0411172B1 (fr) 1989-07-31 1989-07-31 Dispositif de réfrigération pour plusieurs circuits de fluide refroidisseur

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US5076068A (fr)
EP (1) EP0411172B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE58903363D1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT396834B (de) * 1992-05-04 1993-12-27 Friedmann Kg Alex Kältemaschine
CN106032949A (zh) * 2015-03-09 2016-10-19 大金工业株式会社 制冷装置

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JPH0828969A (ja) * 1994-07-15 1996-02-02 Sanyo Electric Co Ltd 冷却装置
US5491982A (en) * 1994-10-27 1996-02-20 Aec, Inc. Chiller bypass
DE19737671A1 (de) * 1997-08-29 1999-03-04 Ralph Kerstner Einrichtung zur Verhinderung von Kompressorschäden insbesondere bei Kompressoren für Fahrzeugkühlung durch Ölmangel bei sehr tiefen Ansaugtemperaturen
JP2000009034A (ja) * 1998-06-25 2000-01-11 Toyota Autom Loom Works Ltd 空調システム
JP2000028208A (ja) * 1998-07-09 2000-01-28 Komatsu Ltd 冷凍装置の制御装置
JP3150117B2 (ja) * 1998-11-27 2001-03-26 エスエムシー株式会社 恒温冷媒液循環装置
CN1343296A (zh) 1999-01-12 2002-04-03 Xdx有限公司 蒸汽压缩系统及其方法
US6185958B1 (en) 1999-11-02 2001-02-13 Xdx, Llc Vapor compression system and method
JP2002535590A (ja) 1999-01-12 2002-10-22 エックスディーエックス・インコーポレーテッド ベーパ圧縮装置及び方法
US6314747B1 (en) 1999-01-12 2001-11-13 Xdx, Llc Vapor compression system and method
US6026650A (en) * 1999-01-15 2000-02-22 York International Corporation Freeze point protection for water cooled chillers
US6237352B1 (en) * 1999-08-18 2001-05-29 Winton J. Goodchild Water producing and dispensing machine
DE60138328D1 (de) * 2000-02-24 2009-05-28 Calsonic Kansei Corp Verbindung für Doppelwandröhren, Verfahren zum Hartlöten der Verbindung an Doppelwandröhren, und Klimaanlage für Fahrzeuge
US6393851B1 (en) 2000-09-14 2002-05-28 Xdx, Llc Vapor compression system
US6401470B1 (en) 2000-09-14 2002-06-11 Xdx, Llc Expansion device for vapor compression system
ITBO20020025A1 (it) * 2002-01-22 2003-07-22 Gencold Srl Gruppo di refrigerazione per acqua
US6775996B2 (en) * 2002-02-22 2004-08-17 Advanced Thermal Sciences Corp. Systems and methods for temperature control
AU2002951636A0 (en) * 2002-09-25 2002-10-10 Peter Hamilton Boyle Method and apparatus for collecting atmospheric moisture
US7896910B2 (en) 2004-05-17 2011-03-01 Coolsystems, Inc. Modular apparatus for therapy of an animate body
DE102005029048B4 (de) * 2005-06-21 2007-11-08 Alfons Kruck Luftwärmepumpen-Verdampfungsvorrichtung für eine Luftwärmepumpenheizung sowie Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Luftwärmepumpenheizung
US7828048B2 (en) * 2006-01-11 2010-11-09 Randall Douglas Dickinson Tank for a system that outputs liquid at a user-defined constant temperature
US8092676B2 (en) * 2006-01-11 2012-01-10 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Tank for a system that outputs liquid at a user-defined constant temperature
DE102007003464B4 (de) * 2007-01-24 2012-10-18 Technotrans Ag Kühlvorrichtung für Druckmaschinen
US7837638B2 (en) 2007-02-13 2010-11-23 Coolsystems, Inc. Flexible joint wrap
US7731244B2 (en) 2007-09-12 2010-06-08 Coolsystems, Inc. Make-brake connector assembly with opposing latches
WO2009140584A2 (fr) 2008-05-15 2009-11-19 Xdx Innovative Refrigeration, Llc Système de transfert de chaleur à compression de vapeur pompée avec dégivrage réduit
ES2543471T3 (es) 2009-10-22 2015-08-19 Coolsystems, Inc. Control de temperatura y de flujo en un dispositivo de terapia térmica
US9615967B2 (en) 2010-12-30 2017-04-11 Coolsystems, Inc. Reinforced therapeutic wrap and method
US8597217B2 (en) 2010-12-30 2013-12-03 Coolsystems, Inc. Reinforced therapeutic wrap and method
US10463565B2 (en) 2011-06-17 2019-11-05 Coolsystems, Inc. Adjustable patient therapy device
WO2015050870A1 (fr) 2013-10-01 2015-04-09 Coolsystems, Inc. Dispositif d'enveloppement pour main et pied
CN106714743B (zh) 2014-08-05 2019-11-01 酷尔系统公司 集成的多部分热交换器
US10859295B2 (en) 2016-04-13 2020-12-08 ZeoThermal Technologies, LLC Cooling and heating platform
CN109791009B (zh) * 2016-09-30 2020-07-07 大金工业株式会社 制冷装置
US11638675B2 (en) 2018-11-07 2023-05-02 Zenith Technical Innovations, Llc System and method for heat or cold therapy and compression therapy
US11221165B2 (en) 2019-09-17 2022-01-11 Laird Thermal Systems, Inc. Temperature regulating refrigeration systems for varying loads
US20230296301A1 (en) * 2022-03-15 2023-09-21 Goodman Manufacturing Company, L.P. Refrigerant leak mitigation for multi-circuit refrigerant systems

Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2022771A (en) * 1931-10-13 1935-12-03 Gen Motors Corp Refrigerating apparatus
US2136813A (en) * 1935-09-12 1938-11-15 Dewey H Dolison Liquid cooler control
CH202328A (de) * 1937-09-15 1939-01-15 Sulzer Ag Regelvorrichtung für Kompressionskältemaschinen.
CH223393A (de) * 1941-05-03 1942-09-15 Sulzer Ag Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Regelung der Leistung von Kälte- bezw. Wärmepumpenanlagen.
CH265303A (de) * 1947-11-29 1949-11-30 Sulzer Ag Anlage zum Kühlen mit Hilfe eines flüssigen Kälteträgers.
US2598751A (en) * 1950-03-18 1952-06-03 Berkowitz Joseph Art of cooling and dispensing beverages
US2646667A (en) * 1949-10-15 1953-07-28 Wallace R Kromer Method of and apparatus for storing, cooling, and dispensing beverages
US3481151A (en) * 1967-12-28 1969-12-02 Frick Co Refrigerant system employing liquid chilling evaporators
FR2114419A5 (fr) * 1970-11-19 1972-06-30 Clark Equipment Co
US3859812A (en) * 1974-03-08 1975-01-14 Richard B Pavlak Methods and apparatus for treating machine tool coolants
US4060997A (en) * 1976-03-31 1977-12-06 Application Engineering Corporation Water chiller control
DE3101138A1 (de) * 1981-01-15 1982-08-05 Jürgen 4500 Osnabrück Vonhoff Waermepumpe mit waermetauschern
FR2625871A1 (fr) * 1988-01-18 1989-07-21 Prominox Sa Procede et systeme de stockage et de conservation du lait dans une installation de refroidissement a compression de vapeur et a detente directe

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE8407854U1 (de) * 1984-03-14 1984-08-02 KKW Kulmbacher Klimageräte-Werk GmbH, 8650 Kulmbach Waermepumpe

Patent Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2022771A (en) * 1931-10-13 1935-12-03 Gen Motors Corp Refrigerating apparatus
US2136813A (en) * 1935-09-12 1938-11-15 Dewey H Dolison Liquid cooler control
CH202328A (de) * 1937-09-15 1939-01-15 Sulzer Ag Regelvorrichtung für Kompressionskältemaschinen.
CH223393A (de) * 1941-05-03 1942-09-15 Sulzer Ag Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Regelung der Leistung von Kälte- bezw. Wärmepumpenanlagen.
CH265303A (de) * 1947-11-29 1949-11-30 Sulzer Ag Anlage zum Kühlen mit Hilfe eines flüssigen Kälteträgers.
US2646667A (en) * 1949-10-15 1953-07-28 Wallace R Kromer Method of and apparatus for storing, cooling, and dispensing beverages
US2598751A (en) * 1950-03-18 1952-06-03 Berkowitz Joseph Art of cooling and dispensing beverages
US3481151A (en) * 1967-12-28 1969-12-02 Frick Co Refrigerant system employing liquid chilling evaporators
FR2114419A5 (fr) * 1970-11-19 1972-06-30 Clark Equipment Co
US3859812A (en) * 1974-03-08 1975-01-14 Richard B Pavlak Methods and apparatus for treating machine tool coolants
US4060997A (en) * 1976-03-31 1977-12-06 Application Engineering Corporation Water chiller control
DE3101138A1 (de) * 1981-01-15 1982-08-05 Jürgen 4500 Osnabrück Vonhoff Waermepumpe mit waermetauschern
FR2625871A1 (fr) * 1988-01-18 1989-07-21 Prominox Sa Procede et systeme de stockage et de conservation du lait dans une installation de refroidissement a compression de vapeur et a detente directe

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT396834B (de) * 1992-05-04 1993-12-27 Friedmann Kg Alex Kältemaschine
CN106032949A (zh) * 2015-03-09 2016-10-19 大金工业株式会社 制冷装置
CN106032949B (zh) * 2015-03-09 2020-01-10 大金工业株式会社 制冷装置

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US5076068A (en) 1991-12-31
DE58903363D1 (de) 1993-03-04
EP0411172B1 (fr) 1993-01-20

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