EP0326005B1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtungen zur Wärmebehandlung von Kohlenstoffstahldrähten, um so ein feines perlitisches Gefüge zu bekommen - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtungen zur Wärmebehandlung von Kohlenstoffstahldrähten, um so ein feines perlitisches Gefüge zu bekommen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0326005B1
EP0326005B1 EP89100781A EP89100781A EP0326005B1 EP 0326005 B1 EP0326005 B1 EP 0326005B1 EP 89100781 A EP89100781 A EP 89100781A EP 89100781 A EP89100781 A EP 89100781A EP 0326005 B1 EP0326005 B1 EP 0326005B1
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Prior art keywords
wire
temperature
tube
heat
pearlitisation
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EP89100781A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0326005A1 (de
Inventor
André Reiniche
Philippe Sauvage
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Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin SCA
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Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin SCA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
    • C21D9/54—Furnaces for treating strips or wire
    • C21D9/56—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire
    • C21D9/573—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire with cooling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
    • C21D9/54—Furnaces for treating strips or wire
    • C21D9/64—Patenting furnaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/52—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for wires; for strips ; for rods of unlimited length
    • C21D9/54—Furnaces for treating strips or wire
    • C21D9/56—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire
    • C21D9/573—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire with cooling
    • C21D9/5732—Continuous furnaces for strip or wire with cooling of wires; of rods

Definitions

  • the invention relates to methods and devices for heat treating carbon steel wires so as to obtain a fine pearlitic structure. These threads are used in particular to reinforce rubber and / or plastic articles, for example tire casings.
  • One of the most used processes is a so-called "patenting" heat treatment which consists of austenitization of the wire at a temperature of 900 to 1000 ° C. followed by immersion in a bath of lead or of molten salts maintained at a temperature of 450 to 600 ° C.
  • Patenting unfortunately results in high cost prices because the handling of liquid metals or molten salts leads to heavy technologies and the need to clean the wire after patenting. On the other hand, lead is very toxic and the hygiene problems it poses lead to significant expenses.
  • European patent application no. EP-A-0 270 860 describes a process for thermally treating a carbon steel wire so as to obtain a fine pearlitic structure by regulating the temperature of the wire during the transformation of austenite into pearlite so that it does not differ not more than 10 ° C, by excess or by default, of a given temperature lower than the transformation temperature AC1 and higher than the temperature of the pearlitic nose, this adjustment being obtained by passing an electric current through the wire during a time greater than the pearlitization time and by performing a modulated ventilation during part of this time.
  • This process makes it possible to avoid the use of metals or of molten salts, and it therefore eliminates the problems of hygiene and cleaning of the abovementioned wires, while leading to simpler installations and more flexible operation.
  • this process requires the use of compressors or turbines to obtain modulated ventilation, which can lead to relatively high investment and operating costs.
  • this process can only be used on an industrial scale for wires of relatively small diameter, for example at most equal to 3 mm.
  • Application DE-A-2 111 631 describes a process for thermally treating a steel wire so as to obtain a pearlitic structure.
  • the wire is passed through a tube containing a reducing or inert gas which may be practically immobile.
  • This document gives no general relationship to be respected between the characteristics of the tube, the wire and the gas for this cooling.
  • the object of the invention is to make it possible to carry out a heat treatment for the transformation of austenite into perlite which avoids the use of metals or molten salts, as well as the use of forced ventilation, while making it possible to treat wires whose diameter can vary within wide limits.
  • the invention also relates to the methods and complete installations for heat treatment of carbon steel wires using the methods or devices described above.
  • FIG. 1 represents the curve ⁇ showing the evolution of the temperature of a steel wire as a function of time, when this wire is subjected to a pearlitization treatment.
  • This figure also represents the curve X1 corresponding to the start of the transformation of metastable austenite into perlite and the curve X2 corresponding to the end of the transformation of metastable austenite into perlite, for the steel of this wire.
  • the abscissa axis corresponds to time T and the ordinate axis corresponds to temperature ⁇ .
  • the wire Prior to the pearlitization treatment, the wire was heated and maintained at a temperature higher than the transformation temperature AC3 so as to obtain a homogeneous austenite, this temperature ⁇ A , for example between 900 ° C and 1000 ° C, corresponding to the point A in FIG. 1.
  • the point called "pearlitic nose” corresponds to the minimum time T m of the curve X1, the temperature of this pearlitic nose being referenced ⁇ p .
  • the origin O of times T corresponds to point A.
  • the wire is cooled until it reaches a temperature below the transformation temperature AC1, the state of the wire after this cooling corresponding to point B, the temperature obtained at this point B at the end of time T B being referenced ⁇ B.
  • This temperature ⁇ B has been shown in FIG. 1 as being greater than the temperature ⁇ p of the pearlitic nose, which is the most frequent in practice, without being absolutely necessary.
  • This cooling of the wire between points A and B there is transformation of stable austenite into metastable austenite, as soon as the temperature of the wire drops below the transformation point AC3, and "seeds" appear at the grain boundaries of the metastable austenite.
  • the area between the curves X1, X2 is referenced ⁇ .
  • Perlitization consists in passing the thread from the state represented by point B, to the left of zone ⁇ , to a state represented by point C, to the right of zone ⁇ .
  • This transformation of the wire is for example shown diagrammatically by the straight line segment BC which intersects the curve X1 at B x and the curve X2 at C x , but the invention also applies to cases where the variation in temperature of the wire between the points B and C is not linear.
  • the formation of the germs continues in the part of the segment BC situated to the left of the zone ⁇ , that is to say in the segment BBx.
  • the part of the segment BC crossing the zone ⁇ that is to say in the segment B x C x .
  • the pearlitization time is likely to vary from one steel to another, so the treatment represented by the segment C x C aims to avoid applying premature cooling to the wire in case the pearlitization is not completed.
  • residual metastable austenite which would undergo rapid cooling would transform into bainite which is not a structure favorable to wire drawing after heat treatment, nor to the use value and the mechanical properties of the final product.
  • the wire is cooled, for example to room temperature, this cooling, preferably rapid, being shown schematically for example by the curved line segment CD, the temperature at D being referenced ⁇ D.
  • FIGS 2 and 3 show a device 100 according to the invention.
  • This device 100 is a heat exchanger comprising an enclosure 3 in the form of a tube with an internal diameter D ti and an external diameter D te in which the wire 1 to be treated runs along arrow F, the diameter of the wire 1 being referenced D f , this wire 1 being a carbon steel wire.
  • Figure 2 is a section taken along the axis xx 'of the wire 1 which is also the axis of the device 100
  • Figure 3 is a section made perpendicular to this axis xx', the section of Figure 3 being shown schematically by the straight line segments III-III, in Figure 2, the axis xx 'being shown schematically by the letter "x" in Figure 3.
  • the drive means of the wire 1 are known means not shown in these Figures 2 and 3 for the purpose of simplification, these means comprising for example a winder actuated by a motor, for winding the wire after treatment.
  • the space 6 between the wire 1 and the tube 3 is filled with a gas 12 which is directly in contact with the wire 1 and the inner wall 30 of the tube 3.
  • the gas 12 remains in the space 6 during the treatment of the wire 1, the device 100 being devoid of means capable of allowing forced ventilation of the gas 12, that is to say that the gas 12 without forced ventilation is possibly set in motion in space 6 only by the displacement of the wire 1 according to arrow F.
  • ⁇ is the conductivity of the gas 12 determined at 600 ° C. This conductivity is expressed in watts.m ⁇ 1. 0 K ⁇ 1.
  • the wire 1 is guided by two wire guides 2 made for example of ceramic or tungsten carbide, these guides 2 being located one at the inlet, the other at the outlet of the wire 1 in the tube 3.
  • the tube 3 is cooled externally by a heat transfer fluid 9, for example water circulating in an annular sleeve 4 which surrounds the tube 3.
  • This sleeve 4 has a length L m , an internal diameter D mi , an external diameter D me .
  • the sleeve 4 is supplied with water 9 through the tubing 8, the water 9 leaves the sleeve 4 through the tubing 10, the flow of water 9 along the tube 3 thus taking place in the opposite direction to the direction F
  • the seal between the zone 7 containing water 9 (internal volume of the sleeve 4) and the space 6 containing the gas 12 is obtained using seals 5 made for example of elastomers.
  • the length of the tube 3 in contact with the fluid 9 is referenced L t in FIG. 2.
  • the exchanger 100 can in itself constitute a device according to the invention. It is also possible to assemble several exchangers 100, along the axis xx ′, by means of the flanges 11 constituting the ends of the sleeve 4, the wire 1 then passing through several exchangers 100 arranged in series along the axis xx ′.
  • These devices allow the thermal treatment of the wire 1 represented by the part of the curve ⁇ located between the points A and C, that is to say the treatment comprising a cooling followed by a pearlitization. These devices can also be used to cool the wire 1 after pearlitization, if desired, this cooling corresponding to the part CD of the curve ⁇ .
  • the gas 12 is for example hydrogen, nitrogen, helium, a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen, hydrogen and methane, nitrogen and methane, helium and methane, d 'hydrogen, nitrogen and methane.
  • the ratio R between the internal diameter D ti and the diameter D f of the wire is close to 1, and the use of a very conductive gas 12, for example hydrogen, becomes necessary .
  • Figures 4 and 5 show another device 200 according to the invention with an axis yy ′, Figure 4 being a section along this axis and Figure 5 being a section perpendicular to this axis, the section of Figure 5 being shown schematically by the straight line segments VV in FIG. 4, the axis xx ′, being shown diagrammatically by the letter "x” and the axis yy ′ being shown diagrammatically by the letter "y”, in FIG. 5.
  • This exchanger 200 is similar to the exchanger 100 previously described with the difference that it comprises six tubes 3 surrounded by the cylindrical sleeve 4, a wire 1 being disposed along the axis xx ′ of each of these tubes, this axis xx ′ therefore also being the axis of the wire 1 placed in this tube 3.
  • Each of these tubes 3 is filled with gas 12, as for the exchanger 100, and the volume 7 inside the sleeve 4, outside the tubes 3 is the seat of a circulation of heat transfer fluid, for example water.
  • the exchanger 200 can alone constitute a device according to the invention, or be assembled coaxially with other exchangers 200 by means of flanges 11 constituting the ends of the sleeves 4, the wires 1 thus passing through several 200 exchangers arranged in series.
  • the steps of transformation of the wire shown diagrammatically by the line BC in FIG. 1 are carried out at a temperature which varies as little as possible, the temperature of wire 1 , for example, not differing by more than 10 ° C by excess or by default of the temperature ⁇ B obtained after the cooling shown diagrammatically by the line AB.
  • This limitation of the variation in temperature is therefore carried out for a time greater than the pearlitization time, this pearlitization time corresponding to the BxCx segment.
  • the temperature of the wire 1 does not differ by more than 5 ° C by excess or by default of the temperature ⁇ B on this line BC.
  • Figure 1 shows for example the ideal case where the temperature is constant and equal to ⁇ B during the steps schematized by the line BC which is therefore a line segment parallel to the abscissa axis.
  • This modulation can preferably be carried out by varying either the internal diameter of the tubes 3 through which the wire passes, or the length of the various tubes 3 through which the wire passes.
  • the lengths of elements, referenced Lm1 to Lm7, are constant for elements 100-1 to 100-7, as well as the lengths of tube 3 in contact with water, referenced L t1 to L t7 .
  • the 100-4 heat exchanger with the highest cooling power therefore corresponds to the zone where the pearlitization speed is greatest.
  • the device 400 shown in FIG. 7 has the same structure as the device 300 previously described, with seven exchangers referenced 100-1 to 100-7 connected in series by their flange 11.
  • the difference with the device 300 comes from the fact that the exchangers 100 of this device 400 all have the same internal diameter D ti for the tubes 3, and that the length L t , measured parallel to the wire 1, of the tubes 3 in contact with the fluid 9 is varied, without making vary the diameter D ti and this for an element length 100 which can be constant for all these elements, the element lengths, referenced Lm1 to Lm7 in FIG. 7 therefore having for example the same value, for the device 400.
  • the lengths of tubes 3 are referenced L t1 to L t7 for the exchangers 100-1 to 100-7 of the device 400.
  • the exchangers 100-2 to 100-4 have lengths of tubes L t2 to L t4 increasing in the direction of arrow F, so that there is an increase in the average cooling power, reported per meter of wire, from exchanger 100-2 to exchanger 100-4.
  • the lengths L t4 to L t6 decrease in the direction of arrow F, so that there is a decrease in the average cooling power, compared to the meter of wire, from the exchanger 100-4 to '' at exchanger 100-6.
  • relations (3) and (4) need only be checked for exchangers 100-4 where the pearlitization speed is the fastest.
  • exchangers 100-1 and 100-7 lead to small heat exchanges per unit of length, either because the corresponding diameter D ti is high, in the case of device 300, or because the length L ti corresponding is small, in the case of the device 400 and it is possible that these exchangers 100-1 and 100-7 do not verify any of the relations (1) to (4).
  • These exchangers 100-1 and 100-7 correspond to the practically isothermal maintenance of the wire 1 before and after pearlitization, that is to say for the parts BBx and CxC of the segment BC situated outside the zone ⁇ (FIG. 1 ) the temperature is therefore practically constant on the BC segment.
  • the CxC segment corresponds to a practically isothermal maintenance after pearlitization, to avoid applying to the wire 1 premature cooling for the case where the pearlitization is not finished, since the pearlitization time is likely to vary from steel to steel. other as said before.
  • the invention covers cases where both the diameter D ti and the length L t are varied in the same device.
  • exchangers 200 connected in series could be used, so as to treat several wires simultaneously.
  • FIG. 8 represents the diagram of a complete installation for treating a wire 1, this installation according to the invention using at least one of the devices described above.
  • This installation 500 comprises five zones referenced Z1 to Z5.
  • the wire 1 coming from the coil 13 is heated in the zone Z1, in a known manner, for example by means of a gas or muffle furnace up to a temperature of 900 to 1000 ° C to obtain a homogeneous austenite corresponding to point A in FIG. 1, this temperature being higher than the transformation temperature AC3.
  • the wire 1 is then cooled in the zone Z2 to a temperature of 500 to 600 ° C., so as to obtain a metastable austenite corresponding to point B in FIG. 1.
  • the wire 1 then passes through the zone Z3 where it undergoes the treatments corresponding to the segment BC of FIG. 1.
  • the wire then passes through the zone Z4 where it is cooled to a temperature for example of around 300 ° C.
  • the wire then enters the zone Z5 where it is brought to a temperature close to room temperature, for example from 20 to 50 ° C, by immersion in water.
  • the cooling effected in zones Z4 and Z5 corresponds to the segment CD in FIG. 1.
  • the wire 1 leaving the bath Z5 is then wound on the coil 14.
  • the zones Z2 to Z4 can for example use exchangers of the same type as the exchangers 100, 200 previously described with optionally for the zone Z3 a device with modulation 300 or 400.
  • the wires treated in these examples are made of steel, the composition of this steel being given in Table 1, according to the examples, as well as the transformation temperatures AC1 and AC3.
  • the duration of the cooling time in the zone Z2 is less than 5 seconds, this cooling corresponding to the portion AB of the curve ⁇ ( Figure 1).
  • Example 2 This example is carried out under the same conditions as Example 1, further varying the diameter D f of the wire and the composition of the hydrogen / nitrogen mixture.
  • the exchangers of zones Z2 and Z4 check the relations (1), (2) and the exchanger 100-4 where the pearlitization speed is maximum, in the device 300 of zone Z3, checks the relations (3 ) and (4).
  • Table 3 gives the values of D f , R and K for the exchangers of zones Z2, Z4 and for the exchanger 100-4 of device 300, the volumetric% of hydrogen in the gas mixtures, as well as the values of ⁇ at 600 ° C.
  • the values of R and K for the zones Z2 and Z4 are referenced respectively R M , K M
  • the values of R and K for the exchanger 100-4 are referenced respectively R m and K m .
  • the exchangers of zones Z2 and Z4 verify relations (1) and (2).
  • the following table 4 gives, for the exchangers 100-1 to 100-7, of the device 300 the values of R and K as well as the relationships (1) to (4) possibly verified.
  • TABLE 4 n ° of exchangers R K Relations (1) to (4) possibly verified 100-1 and 100-7 12.5 24.05 (1) 100-2 and 100-6 1.75 5.33 (1) to (4) 100-3 and 100-5 1.50 3.86 (1), (3), (4) 100-4 1.40 3.20 (1), (3), (4)
  • the wire 1 After heat treatment, the wire 1 has a tensile breaking strength equal to 1340 MPa. After brass plating and drawing in a known manner to obtain a diameter of 0.3 mm, the tensile breaking strength is 3450 MPa, the section ratio being 44.44.
  • This example is produced with an installation using exchangers 200 for zones Z les, Z3, Z4, so as to treat six wires 1 simultaneously.
  • the wire 1 After heat treatment, the wire 1 has a tensile breaking strength of 1350 MPa. After brass plating and wire drawing carried out in a known manner to have a diameter of 0.3 mm the tensile breaking strength is 3500 MPa for a section ratio of 44.44.
  • Example 4 The conditions are identical to those of Example 4 by varying the diameter D f of the wires as well as the composition of the gas (mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen).
  • the exchangers of zones Z2 and Z4 check the relations (1) and (2), and the exchanger 100-4 where the pearlitization speed is maximum, in the device 300 of zone Zricif, checks the relations (3) and (4).
  • Table 5 gives the values of D f , of R and K for the exchangers of zones Z2, Z4 and for the exchanger 100-4 of device 300, the volumetric% of hydrogen in the gas mixtures, as well as the values from ⁇ to 600 ° C.
  • R M , K M and the values of R and K for the exchanger 100-4 are referenced respectively R m and K m .
  • Example 2 This example is carried out under the same conditions as Example 1, but the cracked ammonia which is a decarburizing gas has been replaced by a gas maintaining the thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to the carbon of the steel at 800 ° C. .
  • the values of R and K as well as the relationships that are verified are identical to what is shown in Table 2.
  • the figures concerning the drawing and the resistance of the wire are identical to within 2% of those obtained for Example 1.
  • Example 2 This example is carried out under the same conditions as Example 1, but the cracked ammonia has been replaced by a fuel gas making it possible to correct a decarburization which has occurred in the treatments prior to the heat treatment according to the invention.
  • the wire After heat treatment, the wire has a breaking tensile strength of 1320 MPa. After brass plating and wire drawing carried out in a known manner to have a diameter of 0.2 mm, the section ratio being 42.25, the tensile breaking strength is 3450 MPa.
  • the wire After heat treatment, the wire has a tensile breaking strength equal to 1310 MPa. After brass plating and drawing in a known manner to have a diameter of 0.84 mm, the section ratio being 42.87, the wire has a tensile breaking strength equal to 3350 MPa.
  • the wire 1 treated according to the invention has the same structure as that obtained by the known lead patenting process, that is to say a fine pearlitic structure.
  • This structure includes cementite lamellae separated by ferrite lamellae.
  • FIG. 9 represents in section a portion 50 of such a fine pearlitic structure.
  • This portion 50 comprises two substantially parallel cementite lamellae 51 separated by a ferrite lamella 52.
  • the thickness of the cementite lamellae 51 is represented by "i” and the thickness of the ferrite lamellae 52 is represented by "e”.
  • the pearlitic structure is fine, that is to say that the average value i + e is at most equal to 100 nanometers (1000 ⁇ ), with a standard deviation of 25 nm (250 ⁇ ).
  • the two examples 10 and 11 which follow are not in accordance with the invention.
  • These two comparative examples are produced with an installation similar to the installation 500 previously described comprising the zones Z1 to Z5.
  • the length of the installation is 18 m (zones Z2 to Z4).
  • the heat conducting gas 12 is cracked ammonia comprising 75% hydrogen and 25% nitrogen (% by volume).
  • the conductivity ⁇ at 600 ° C is equal to 0.28 watt.m ⁇ 1.
  • the steel contains 0.7% carbon, it is identical to that used for the previous examples 4, 5, 6 (Table 1).
  • Temperature of the wire leaving the zone Z1 975 ° C.
  • the cooling time corresponding to zone Z2 is 6.7 sec, the wire leaving this zone Z2 having a temperature of approximately 600 ° C.
  • zone Z3 The passage time in zone Z3 is 4, 6 sec, the perlitization being completed at the exit of this zone Z3.
  • the recalescence is significant, the temperature difference between the minimum temperature and the maximum temperature of the wire, during the transformation of the austenite into perlite (zone Z3) being 80 ° C.
  • the wire After the heat treatment described, the wire has a tensile breaking strength equal to 1100 MPa.
  • the wire is then brass plated and then drawn in a known manner up to a diameter of 0.23 mm and it then has a tensile breaking strength equal to 2765 MPa for a section ratio of 31.95.
  • This example not in accordance with the invention therefore results in excessive recalescence, and low breaking strength values, before and after drawing.
  • Diameter of the treated wire 2.8 mm, speed of progression of the wire: 0.5 m / sec.
  • the temperature of the wire leaving the zone Z1 is 975 ° C as in the previous example.
  • zone Z2 The passage time in zone Z2 is 11.5 sec, the wire, at the exit of this zone Z2, having a temperature of approximately 630 ° C.
  • zone Z3 The passage time in zone Z3 is 8.5 sec, the perlitization being completed at the exit from this zone Z3.
  • the temperature difference between the minimum temperature and the maximum temperature of the wire is 60 ° C., that is to say that the recalescence is less significant than in Example 10 above. , by following a low pearlitization speed in the zone Z3, which is due to a higher transformation temperature.
  • the wire After heat treatment, the wire has a tensile breaking strength of 1010 MPa.
  • the wire is then brass plated then drawn in a known manner up to a diameter of 0.42 mm and it then has a tensile breaking strength equal to 2500 MPa for a section ratio of 44.44.

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Claims (11)

  1. Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung mindestens eines Kohlenstoffstahldrahts zum Erhalt eines feinen perlitischen Gefüges, wobei der Draht vor dieser Behandlung zum Erhalt eines homogenen Austenits auf einer über der Umwandlungstemperatur AC3 liegenden Temperatur gehalten wurde; dieses Verfahren umfaßt folgende Punkte :
    a) der Draht wird während weniger als 5 Sekunden von einer über der Umwandlungstemperatur AC3 liegenden Temperatur auf eine unter der Umwandlungstemperatur AC1 liegende Temperatur herabgekühlt;
    b) anschließend wird die Perlitisierungsbehandlung auf einer unter der Umwandlungstemperatur AC1 liegenden Temperatur vorgenommen;
    c) diese Kühl- und Perlitisierungsbehandlung wird durchgeführt, indem man den Draht in mindestens ein Rohr führt, das ein Gas enthält, das praktisch keiner Zwangsbelüftung ausgesetzt ist; das Rohr ist von einem Wärme bzw. Kälte transportierendes Fluid umgeben, so daß von dem Draht durch das Gas und das Rohr hindurch eine Wärmeübertragung auf das Wärme bzw. Kälte transportierendes Fluid stattfindet;
    wobei dieses verfahren dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß:
    d) die Eigenschaften des Rohrs, des Drahts und des Gases so gewählt sind, daß folgende Gleichungen verifiziert werden, zumindest während des Abkühlens vor der Perlitisierung:

    1,05 ≦ R < 15   (1)
    Figure imgb0048
    5 ≦ K ≦ 10   (2)
    Figure imgb0049

    wobei, per definitionem:

    R = D ti /D f
    Figure imgb0050
    K = [Log (D ti /D f )]xD f ²/λ
    Figure imgb0051

    wobei
    Dti der in Millimetern ausgedrückte Innendurchmesser des Rohrs und Df der in Millimetern ausgedrückte Durchmesser des Drahts ist, wobei dieser Durchmesser höchstens gleich 6 mm ist, λ die bei 600°C bestimmte Leitfähigkeit des Gases ist, wobei diese Leitfähigkeit in Watt.m⁻¹.°K⁻¹ ausgedrückt wird, und Log der Neperlogarithmus ist.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Draht nach seiner Abkühlung von einer über der Umwandlungstemperatur AC3 liegenden Temperatur auf eine gegebene, unter der Umwandlungstemperatur AC1 liegende Temperatur auf einer Temperatur gehalten wird, die um nicht mehr als 10°C nach oben oder unten von dieser gegebenen Temperatur abweicht, und zwar über eine Zeitspanne, die länger ist als die Perlitisierungszeit, indem man die Wärmeaustausche moduliert, wobei die folgenden Gleichungen in der oder den Zonen des Rohrs oder der Rohre verifiziert werden, in denen die Perlitisierungsgeschwindigkeit am höchsten ist:

    1,05 ≦ R ≦ 8   (3)
    Figure imgb0052
    3 ≦ K ≦ 8   (4).
    Figure imgb0053
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Draht auf einer Temperatur gehalten wird, die um nicht mehr als 5°C nach oben oder unten von dieser gegebenen Temperatur abweicht.
  4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Modulierung durch Veränderung des Innendurchmessers des oder mindestens eines Rohrs erreicht wird.
  5. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Modulierung durch den Einsatz mehrerer Rohre erreicht wird, deren Länge unterschiedlich ist.
  6. Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung mindestens eines Kohlenstoffstahldrahts, gekennzeichnet durch folgende Punkte:
    - man erhitzt den Draht auf eine über der Umwandlungstemperatur AC3 liegende Temperatur, um einen homogenen Austenit zu erhalten;
    - man nimmt anschließend eine den Ansprüchen 1 bis 5 konforme Behandlung vor;
    - man kühlt anschließend den Draht ab.
  7. Vorrichtung zur Wärmebehandlung mindestens eines Kohlenstoffstahldrahts zum Erhalt eines feinen perlitischen Gefüges, wobei der Draht zum Erhalt eines homogenen Austenits vor dieser Behandlung auf einer über der Umwandlungstemperatur AC3 liegenden Temperatur gehalten wurde ; diese Vorrichtung umfaßt:
    a) Mittel zum Abkühlen des Drahts von einer über der Umwandlungstemperatur AC3 liegenden Temperatur auf eine unter der Umwandlungstemperatur AC1 liegende Temperatur während weniger als 5 Sekunden;
    b) Mittel zur Perlitisierungsbehandlung bei einer unter der Umwandlungstemperatur AC1 liegenden Temperatur;
    c) diese Mittel zum Kühlen und Perlitisieren umfassen mindestens ein Rohr und Mittel , mit denen der Draht in das Rohr geführt wird; dieses Rohr enthält ein Gas, das praktisch keiner Zwangsbelüftung ausgesetzt ist, und ist von einem Wärme bzw. Kälte transportierendes Fluid umgeben, so daß von dem Draht durch das Gas und das Rohr hindurch Wärme auf das Wärme bzw. Kälte transportierendes Fluid übertragen wird;
    wobei diese Vorrichtung dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß
    d) die Eigenschaften mindestens eines solchen Rohrs, des Drahts und des Gases so gewählt sind, daß folgende Gleichungen verifiziert werden, zumindest während der Abkühlungsphase, die der Perlitisierung vorangeht:

    1,05 ≦ R < 15   (1)
    Figure imgb0054
    5 ≦ K ≦ 10   (2)
    Figure imgb0055

    wobei, per definitionem:

    R = D ti /D f
    Figure imgb0056
    K = [Log (D ti /D f )]xD f ²/λ
    Figure imgb0057

    wobei
    Dti der in Millimetern ausgedrückte Innendurchmesser des Rohrs und Df der in Millimetern ausgedrückte Durchmesser des Drahts ist, der höchstens gleich 6 mm ist, λ die bei 600°C bestimmte Leitfähigkeit des Gases ist und in Watt.m⁻¹.°K⁻¹ ausgedrückt wird und Log der Neperlogarithmus ist;
    e) eines oder mehrere solcher Rohre so vorgesehen sind, daß sie nach Abkühlung des Drahts von einer über der Umwandlungstemperatur AC3 liegenden Temperatur auf eine gegebene, unter der Umwandlungstemperatur AC1 liegende Temperatur den Draht auf einer Temperatur halten können, die um nicht mehr als 10°C nach oben oder unten von dieser gegebenen Temperatur abweicht, und zwar während einer Zeit, die länger ist als die Perlitisierungszeit, indem man die Wärmeaustausche moduliert, wobei dieses oder diese Rohr(e) mehrere Rohrzonen bilden, die die besagte Modulierung ermöglichen, wobei die folgenden Gleichungen in der oder den Rohrzonen, in denen die Perlitisierungsgeschwindigkeit am höchsten ist, verifiziert werden:

    1,05 ≦ R ≦ 8   (3)
    Figure imgb0058
    3 ≦ K ≦ 8   (4).
    Figure imgb0059
  8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß dieses oder diese Rohr(e) so angeordnet sind, daß die Temperatur des Drahts um nicht mehr als 5°C nach oben oder unten von dieser gegebenen Temperatur abweicht.
  9. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 7 oder 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Innendurchmesser des oder mindestens eines Rohrs abweichend ist.
  10. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie mehrere Rohre mit unterschiedlicher Länge umfaßt.
  11. Anlage zur Wärmebehandlung mindestens eines Kohlenstoffstahldrahts, umfassend mindestens eine Vorrichtung, die einem der Ansprüche 7 bis 10 entspricht, wobei diese Anlage außerdem Mittel aufweist, mit denen der Draht vor der Perlitisierung auf eine über der Umwandlungstemperatur AC3 liegende Temperatur gebracht werden kann, sowie Mittel , mit denen der Draht nach der Perlitisierung abgekühlt werden kann.
EP89100781A 1988-01-25 1989-01-18 Verfahren und Vorrichtungen zur Wärmebehandlung von Kohlenstoffstahldrähten, um so ein feines perlitisches Gefüge zu bekommen Expired - Lifetime EP0326005B1 (de)

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CA1333249C (fr) 1994-11-29
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ATE87667T1 (de) 1993-04-15
AU614811B2 (en) 1991-09-12
BR8900292A (pt) 1989-09-19
JPH01222025A (ja) 1989-09-05
IE64032B1 (en) 1995-06-28
CN1022050C (zh) 1993-09-08
AU2876489A (en) 1989-07-27
KR890012012A (ko) 1989-08-23
TR23543A (tr) 1990-03-22
OA08978A (fr) 1990-11-30
US4983227A (en) 1991-01-08
KR970008163B1 (ko) 1997-05-21
JP2812696B2 (ja) 1998-10-22
EP0326005A1 (de) 1989-08-02
IE890212L (en) 1989-07-25
DE68905618T2 (de) 1993-07-08
ZA89575B (en) 1989-09-27
DE68905618D1 (de) 1993-05-06

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