EP0251945B1 - Verfahren zum Verschliessen von Verpackungsbehältern - Google Patents

Verfahren zum Verschliessen von Verpackungsbehältern Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0251945B1
EP0251945B1 EP87420170A EP87420170A EP0251945B1 EP 0251945 B1 EP0251945 B1 EP 0251945B1 EP 87420170 A EP87420170 A EP 87420170A EP 87420170 A EP87420170 A EP 87420170A EP 0251945 B1 EP0251945 B1 EP 0251945B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
container
folds
cover
flaps
lid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP87420170A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0251945A1 (de
EP0251945B2 (de
Inventor
Raphaelle Justamente
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=9336839&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0251945(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to AT87420170T priority Critical patent/ATE63088T1/de
Publication of EP0251945A1 publication Critical patent/EP0251945A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0251945B1 publication Critical patent/EP0251945B1/de
Publication of EP0251945B2 publication Critical patent/EP0251945B2/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
    • B65D5/02—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper by folding or erecting a single blank to form a tubular body with or without subsequent folding operations, or the addition of separate elements, to close the ends of the body
    • B65D5/12—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper by folding or erecting a single blank to form a tubular body with or without subsequent folding operations, or the addition of separate elements, to close the ends of the body with end closures formed separately from tubular body
    • B65D5/14—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper by folding or erecting a single blank to form a tubular body with or without subsequent folding operations, or the addition of separate elements, to close the ends of the body with end closures formed separately from tubular body with inset end closures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D85/00—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials
    • B65D85/07—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for compressible or flexible articles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a particular method of automatically closing packages which are used as containers for a material, product, or material.
  • the device also comprises the basic folds which are cut in the corners in order to allow the penetration of said folds under the container flaps and more particularly in the corners of the container, which have no flexibility due to the folding of the folds and their continuity in this location.
  • This device comprises a piston which compresses the product to be packaged via an upper plate in an American box. At the end of the compression of the product, the latter is retained by rods which pass right through the body. This allows the upper flaps to be fixed with adhesive strips. Finally, it suffices to remove the retaining rods so that the upper plate rises under the action of the compressed product until contact with the flaps.
  • This compactor currently receives, and as drawn in fig. 2, a container 7 of conventional waste of the "American box” type.
  • the technique used is that of the waste container case 7 fig. 2 in corrugated cardboard with upper and lower flaps.
  • This box closed in its lower part using a self-adhesive strip is introduced into the compactor by a large main door 9 fig. 2 articulated laterally and on a vertical axis.
  • the upper flaps must be folded out of the box 7 fig. 2. It then suffices to close the large main door 9 fig. 2.
  • the apparatus being thus ready for use, the loading of the waste can be carried out by the small loading door 10 fig. 3.
  • the latter is tiltable by about 60 ° towards the outside of the device and articulated in its lower part on a horizontal axis.
  • the method according to the invention makes it possible to permanently close the waste container packaging without having to take it out of the enclosure of the device.
  • the system essentially rests on a cover which is forced into a waste container specially adapted for receiving this cover and no longer allows it to be reopened.
  • the packaging in its simplest form is shown in fig 1, before use and after filling and closing.
  • the cover in this case is rectangular, but can be of various shape (square, hexagonal, octagonal, etc ...) depending on the container in which it is inserted.
  • This cover can be made of different materials depending on the use of the packaging and the intended purpose. In the case shown, it is made of corrugated cardboard covered on the face in contact with the waste with an attached plastic film which can exceed by a few centimeters the edges of this cover or of a treatment ensuring good protection against humidity.
  • This cover 1 fig 7 consists of a base of rectangular or other shape, depending on the shape of the container, the dimensions of which are slightly smaller (a few millimeters for example) than the dimensions of the inlet opening of the container in which it comes enter, and fold 2 fig. 7 of variable height (3 to 5 cm for example) having the function of forming its sides.
  • this cover is differentiated by the fact that the folds which form its periphery are not interconnected in the corners, but on the contrary are notched in each corner 15 fig. 7 so as to make them independent of each other.
  • the notches 15 made in the corners of the cover may have a variable angle, but preferably a 180 ° cut as in 15 fig. 7 to allow good penetration of the corners of the cover (after folding) in the corners of the flaps or sidewalks of the container. Indeed, if the notch had an angle of 90 ⁇ , the folds after folding would touch and could not pass under the flaps of the container especially in the corners.
  • These folds can be obtained by marking a trace 14 fig. 7 to manufacture or any other means. The purpose of this marking is to maintain an elasticity to these folds after folding, since it is necessary to be able to fold them perpendicularly to introduce the cover into the enclosure 8 fig. 2.
  • this cover is introduced into the compactor by the loading door 10 fig. 2 but upside down with a normal cover, that is to say with its folds oriented upwards, and this in order to allow a pushing by the pressing piston without risk of catching with the side walls of the compression chamber 8 fig. 2 and also its locking inside the container.
  • the container can be made of corrugated cardboard, laminated polyethylene cardboard or other materials, cardboard treated with HOT-MELT, KRAPO, etc., or even in "extra" type packaging (cardboard in which is glued a plastic bag previously welded) and possibly in thermoformed plastic, blown, injected, or any other process which allows to achieve, according to the requirements of use, mechanical resistance or against moisture.
  • This container 3 fig. 1, of parallelepiped shape in the example presented, is provided in its upper part with a trace of folding 13 fig. 6 located at a certain distance from the top of the container 3. These interruptions are either indentations representing a certain angle for example 45 (12 fig. 6) or more simply cuts made at right angles to the height of the flaps or sidewalks 4.
  • Figs. 3, 4 and 5 show clearly and precisely, the different phases of the automatic closing of the packaging which is the subject of the request.
  • the container 3 being in the enclosure of the device is filled with waste 5.
  • the cover 1 whose folds 2 are folded is in place, after having been introduced into the enclosure located below the container full of waste.
  • the pressure piston 6, the base surface of which covers almost the entire surface of the cover, is in the high position.
  • Fig. 5 represents the ascent of the pressing piston 6. The latter has been engaged using a position switch forcing in the previous phase the piston to descend by a distance defined in advance in order to be certain that the folds of the cover have gone well beyond the container flaps. It is therefore at this point that the cover, pushed upwards by the natural volume recovery of the compressed waste, rises again and the folds 2 of the cover are locked definitively under the flaps or sidewalks 4 forming the periphery of the packaging 3 fig. 5.
  • the objective aimed by the use of the waste compacting technique in the hospital field is definitively achieved, that is to say compress the waste to reduce the volumes, while isolating it from the ambient environment in an enclosure. close, and this as close as possible to the place of their production.
  • this system can also be applied to the bottom of the packaging which avoids the flaps or other means of closing using a tape, gluing or stapling technique and gives it once the bottom and the cover in place a character of inviolability and an excellent resistance to the load.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Closing Of Containers (AREA)
  • Cartons (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Basic Packing Technique (AREA)
  • Refuse Receptacles (AREA)
  • Pressure Vessels And Lids Thereof (AREA)

Claims (5)

1. Verfahren zum automatischen Verschließen einer Verpackung, die aus einem Behälter, der mit in das Innere gerichteten Falzen versehen ist, und einem mit Randabwinklungen versehenen Deckel besteht,
gekennzeichnet durch
folgende Schritte:
- Anordnen eines komprierbaren Materials (5) in das Innere des Behälters (3);
- Drücken des Deckels (1) ebenso wie des komprimierbaren Materials (5) in den Behälter, damit die Randabwinklungen (2) des Deckels, die an den Ecken Einschnitte mit einem Winkel größer als 900 aufweisen, an den Falzen (4) vorbeigeführt werden, die in den Ecken durchgehend und zwischen den Ecken unterbrochen sind, um die Randabwinklungen (2) elastisch gegen die innere Wand des Behälters zu drücken,
- Zulassen, daß das komprimierte Material (5) in natürlicher Weise wieder an Volumen zunimmt, um den Deckel (1) nach oben zu stoßen, damit die Randabwinklungen (2) sich endgültig unter den Falzen (4) des Behälters verriegeln.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das komprimierbare Material (5) aus trägen oder inaktiven Materialien gebildet wird, die einem elastischen Material zugeordnet sind.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das elastische Material unter dem Deckel (1) befestigt ist.
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Abmessungen des Deckels (1) geringfügig kleiner als die Eingangsöffnung des Behälters (3) sind.
5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Randabwinklungen (2) vormarkiert sind, um ihnen eine Elastizität zu verleihen, die versucht, sie in dieselbe Ebene wie die Basis des Deckels (1) zurückzuführen.
EP87420170A 1986-06-25 1987-06-19 Verfahren zum Verschliessen von Verpackungsbehältern Expired - Lifetime EP0251945B2 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT87420170T ATE63088T1 (de) 1986-06-25 1987-06-19 Verfahren zum verschliessen von verpackungsbehaeltern.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8609412A FR2600632B1 (fr) 1986-06-25 1986-06-25 Systeme particulier de fermeture automatique par couvercle special destine a tous les emballages conteneurs
FR8609412 1986-06-25

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0251945A1 EP0251945A1 (de) 1988-01-07
EP0251945B1 true EP0251945B1 (de) 1991-05-02
EP0251945B2 EP0251945B2 (de) 1997-09-24

Family

ID=9336839

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87420170A Expired - Lifetime EP0251945B2 (de) 1986-06-25 1987-06-19 Verfahren zum Verschliessen von Verpackungsbehältern

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0251945B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE63088T1 (de)
DE (1) DE3769713D1 (de)
ES (1) ES2022434T5 (de)
FR (1) FR2600632B1 (de)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2619788B1 (fr) * 1987-09-01 1990-04-13 Justamente Raphaelle Conteneur etanche obtenu par pliage dote de rabats permettant la fermeture automatique de son couvercle
FR2627165B1 (fr) * 1988-02-15 1990-08-17 Transordures Sa Emballage parallelepipedique
FR2631311B1 (fr) * 1988-05-16 1990-09-21 Caruelle Recipient en carton pour compactage
FR2815014B1 (fr) * 2000-10-10 2003-03-21 Plus Dev B Procede et machine pour le calage des objets dans une caisse a section carree ou rectangulaire
EP1479613A1 (de) * 2003-05-22 2004-11-24 P.L.V. Spa Behälter aus Karton für feste, körnige oder pastöse Produkte und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
FR3001955B1 (fr) 2013-02-12 2015-10-30 B & Equipment Cale pour immobiliser des objets dans une boite a section carree ou rectangulaire.

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE540848A (de) *
FR1579675A (de) * 1968-07-03 1969-08-29
IT7960913V0 (it) * 1979-04-06 1979-04-06 Catalfamo Giuseppe Contenitore per prodotti densi, stucchi, grassi, ecc. con particolare tipi di chiusura.
WO1981001398A1 (en) * 1979-11-19 1981-05-28 W Swan A polygonal container

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE63088T1 (de) 1991-05-15
EP0251945A1 (de) 1988-01-07
ES2022434B3 (es) 1991-12-01
ES2022434T5 (es) 1997-12-01
DE3769713D1 (de) 1991-06-06
EP0251945B2 (de) 1997-09-24
FR2600632B1 (fr) 1990-03-30
FR2600632A1 (fr) 1987-12-31

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CA2099252A1 (fr) Emballage souple pour produits compressibles tels que couches
FR2827128A1 (fr) Fermeture a glissiere, emballage la comportant, et procede pour sa fabrication
FR2614278A1 (fr) Emballage avec patte refermable et son procede de fabrication.
US6910623B2 (en) Paperboard can with an integrated lid having a hinge on the lid
EP0251945B1 (de) Verfahren zum Verschliessen von Verpackungsbehältern
EP0343047A1 (de) Poppbehälter zum Komprimieren
FR2760226A1 (fr) Ensemble de conditionnement comprenant une coque operculee par pelliplaquage ("blister")
EP3802351B1 (de) Verpackung mit einem kunststoffbehälter mit konstanter stapelneigung
FR2791321A1 (fr) Conditionnement en un materiau semi-rigide, comprenant un corps et une partie montee pivotante formant couvercle refermable
EP0451069B1 (de) Aus heisssiegelbarem Material hergestellte Tüte und Vorrichtung zum wiederholbaren Verschliessen der Tüte
FR2687646A1 (fr) Recipient.
FR2619788A1 (fr) Conteneur etanche obtenu par pliage dote de rabats permettant la fermeture automatique de son couvercle
FR2680763A1 (fr) Conteneur composite deployable comportant une caisse en carton enfermant un sac souple.
FR2734541A1 (fr) Corps tubulaire pliable, et enveloppes, notamment boite ou vase de fleurs jetable, munies d'un tel corps
EP2082964B1 (de) Verpackungsverfahren für Schüttgut
FR2684360A1 (fr) Conteneur a dechets.
EP0802876A1 (de) Verpackungsschachtel mit sicherheitsverschluss
CA2697003A1 (fr) Un conduit modulaire de liquide antioxydant et antibacterien
EP0694480B1 (de) Zusammenklappbare Faltschachtel mit wärmeschrumpfbarer, innerer Umhüllung
FR2744427A3 (fr) Conteneur en un materiau semi-rigide, pour le transport de materiaux divers
FR2560581A1 (fr) Procede de conditionnement dans un emballage en un materiau semi-rigide d'un lot d'objets dont certains au moins sont compressibles
WO1996033099A1 (fr) Emballage transformable en receptacles superposes, et flan pour sa fabrication
WO1996017780A1 (fr) Boite sous forme de valisette
FR2696418A1 (fr) Boîte de conditionnement, notamment en carton.
FR2604972A1 (fr) Procede de maintien d'un receptacle vide en materiau souple dans un conteneur rigide ouvert, moyens pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede et conteneurs ainsi equipes

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE ES FR GB GR IT LI LU NL SE

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19880527

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19891102

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE ES FR GB GR IT LI LU NL SE

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: SE

Effective date: 19910502

Ref country code: GR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT

Effective date: 19910502

Ref country code: AT

Effective date: 19910502

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 63088

Country of ref document: AT

Date of ref document: 19910515

Kind code of ref document: T

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 3769713

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19910606

ITF It: translation for a ep patent filed

Owner name: SOCIETA' ITALIANA BREVETTI S.P.A.

GBT Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977)
PLBI Opposition filed

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009260

26 Opposition filed

Opponent name: TRANSORDURES,

Effective date: 19920130

NLR1 Nl: opposition has been filed with the epo

Opponent name: TRANSORDURES.

EPTA Lu: last paid annual fee
APAC Appeal dossier modified

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS NOAPO

APAC Appeal dossier modified

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS NOAPO

APAC Appeal dossier modified

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS NOAPO

PLAW Interlocutory decision in opposition

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IDOP

PUAH Patent maintained in amended form

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009272

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: PATENT MAINTAINED AS AMENDED

27A Patent maintained in amended form

Effective date: 19970924

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B2

Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE ES FR GB GR IT LI LU NL SE

ITF It: translation for a ep patent filed

Owner name: SOCIETA' ITALIANA BREVETTI S.P.A.

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: AEN

Free format text: MAINTIEN DU BREVET DONT L'ETENDUE A ETE MODIFIEE

NLR2 Nl: decision of opposition
REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: DC2A

Kind code of ref document: T5

Effective date: 19971027

NLR3 Nl: receipt of modified translations in the netherlands language after an opposition procedure
GBTA Gb: translation of amended ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(b)/1977)

Effective date: 19971224

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20000617

Year of fee payment: 14

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Payment date: 20000619

Year of fee payment: 14

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 20000620

Year of fee payment: 14

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LU

Payment date: 20000727

Year of fee payment: 14

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: CL

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Payment date: 20010613

Year of fee payment: 15

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LU

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20010619

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20010619

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: BE

Payment date: 20010712

Year of fee payment: 15

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20020101

GBPC Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20010619

NLV4 Nl: lapsed or anulled due to non-payment of the annual fee

Effective date: 20020101

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20020403

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Payment date: 20020621

Year of fee payment: 16

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20020630

Ref country code: CH

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20020630

Ref country code: BE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20020630

BERE Be: lapsed

Owner name: *JUSTAMENTE RAPHAELLE

Effective date: 20020630

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20030620

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20030627

Year of fee payment: 17

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FD2A

Effective date: 20030620

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20050228

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20050619

APAH Appeal reference modified

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSCREFNO