EP0229740A2 - Masonry block with provision for fixing cladding thereto - Google Patents

Masonry block with provision for fixing cladding thereto Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0229740A2
EP0229740A2 EP87400068A EP87400068A EP0229740A2 EP 0229740 A2 EP0229740 A2 EP 0229740A2 EP 87400068 A EP87400068 A EP 87400068A EP 87400068 A EP87400068 A EP 87400068A EP 0229740 A2 EP0229740 A2 EP 0229740A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
masonry
masonry element
block
projecting parts
element according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP87400068A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0229740B1 (en
EP0229740A3 (en
Inventor
Bernard Beurel
Francis Dran
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CENTRE D'ETUDES ET DE RECHERCHES DE L'INDUSTRIE DU BETON MANUFACTURE
Centre dEtudes et de Recherche de lIndustrie du Beton CERIB
Original Assignee
CENTRE D'ETUDES ET DE RECHERCHES DE L'INDUSTRIE DU BETON MANUFACTURE
Centre dEtudes et de Recherche de lIndustrie du Beton CERIB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by CENTRE D'ETUDES ET DE RECHERCHES DE L'INDUSTRIE DU BETON MANUFACTURE, Centre dEtudes et de Recherche de lIndustrie du Beton CERIB filed Critical CENTRE D'ETUDES ET DE RECHERCHES DE L'INDUSTRIE DU BETON MANUFACTURE
Priority to AT87400068T priority Critical patent/ATE67264T1/en
Publication of EP0229740A2 publication Critical patent/EP0229740A2/en
Publication of EP0229740A3 publication Critical patent/EP0229740A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0229740B1 publication Critical patent/EP0229740B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
    • E04C1/39—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings characterised by special adaptations, e.g. serving for locating conduits, for forming soffits, cornices, or shelves, for fixing wall-plates or door-frames, for claustra

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a masonry element intended to facilitate the fixing of an attached covering.
  • the object of the present invention is to propose a masonry element making it possible to simplify this fixing operation as much as possible.
  • a masonry element having, on at least one of its faces, one or more projecting parts produced in one piece with the masonry element and comprising a housing which opens to the exterior to allow the attachment of a means of fixing an attached covering element.
  • the masonry element which may be made of concrete or terracotta, is produced directly with means allowing the attachment of a part, such as a hook or a tab integral with the covering element to be fixed.
  • This arrangement thus makes it possible to eliminate the traditional collages or fixings and also to eliminate or simplify the intermediate framework (rafters or battens for example).
  • This arrangement can also be used on the outside and / or on the inside of the masonry element.
  • the or each part in the sail formed on at least one of the faces of the masonry element is advantageously constituted by a vertical rib extending over at least part of the height of the masonry element and comprising a through cell in the upper part.
  • the ribs extend over the entire height of the masonry element with a cell formed all the along the rib and opening at the two ends of the latter.
  • the manufacture of the masonry element by molding is thus easily achievable on existing manufacturing machines without reducing the production rates.
  • the ribs extend over the entire height of the masonry element, they are arranged so as to be in a staggered configuration, with open access to the cells in the upper part, when the masonry elements are assembled in normal equipment , that is to say with a shift of a half-element from one row to the other.
  • Figures 1 and 2 show a masonry element according to the invention in the form of a concrete block 10 with several vertical cells 11 extending over the entire height of the block.
  • the block 10 has a plurality of ribs 15 projecting on one of its faces, for example the outer face 12, that is to say one intended to face the outer side of a core formed with m blocks 10.
  • the ribs 15 are formed in a single piece with the block 10, extend over the entire height of the block and each comprise a through-open cell 16.
  • the cells 16 are formed over the entire height of the ribs 15 and open at both ends thereof. this.
  • FIG. 3 shows blocks 10 assembled in normal equipment, that is to say with half-block offset from one row to the other.
  • the ribs 15 of each block 10, which are three in the example illustrated, are arranged so as to have their access 17 clear in the upper part.
  • one of the ribs 15 is located in the middle of the block and each of the other two is at a distance d from the nearest side less than a quarter of the length of the block 10.
  • hooks such as 19, or lugs integral with covering elements (not shown) by simple introduction and attachment in the upper openings 17 of the cells 16.
  • each element may have only one middle rib or two ribs such as those located in the vicinity of the sides of the block 10 of Figures 1 to 3, or even more than three ribs.
  • ribs extending over only part of the height of the block 20 and not necessarily all at the same level.
  • the ribs each always have a cell which opens at least at the upper end of the rib, and are produced by molding in one piece with the masonry element.
  • construction elements in accordance with the invention are useful not only for directly fixing covering elements, but also for fixing beams intended for laying large cladding or siding.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Retaining Walls (AREA)
  • Artificial Fish Reefs (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Dowels (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Fencing (AREA)

Abstract

One or more projecting parts (15) are produced in a single piece with the masonry block over at least one of its faces and comprising a cell (16) which opens outwards in order to permit the attachment of a fixing means (19) of an attached cladding element. The projecting parts (15) preferably extend over the entire height of the block and are disposed so as to be staggered, with access to the cells (16) open at the top when the masonry blocks (10) are assembled, with offsetting of one half element from one row to the next.

Description

La présente invention concerne un élément de maçonnerie destiné à faciliter la fixation d'un revêtement rapporté.The present invention relates to a masonry element intended to facilitate the fixing of an attached covering.

Le développement des systèmes d'isolation par l'extérieur et la volonté de certains architectes de diversifier l'aspect extérieur des constructions tend à multiplier les systèmes de bardages et de vêtures. Toutefois, leur développement est limité par le coût de ces systèmes dont l'un des facteurs influents est le collage ou la fixation mécanique sur le mur support.The development of exterior insulation systems and the desire of some architects to diversify the exterior appearance of constructions tends to multiply cladding and cladding systems. However, their development is limited by the cost of these systems, one of the influencing factors of which is bonding or mechanical fixing to the support wall.

Aussi, la présente invention a-t-elle pour but de proposer un élément de maçonnerie permettant de simplifier au maximum cette opération de fixation.Also, the object of the present invention is to propose a masonry element making it possible to simplify this fixing operation as much as possible.

Ce but est atteint au moyen d'un élément de maçonnerie présentant, sur au moins une de ses faces, une ou plusieurs parties en saillie réalisées en une seule pièce avec l'élément de maçonnerie et comportant un logement qui s'ouvre à l'extérieur pour permettre l'accrochage d'un moyen de fixation d'un élément de revêtement rapporté.This object is achieved by means of a masonry element having, on at least one of its faces, one or more projecting parts produced in one piece with the masonry element and comprising a housing which opens to the exterior to allow the attachment of a means of fixing an attached covering element.

Ainsi, l'élément de maçonnerie, qui peut être en béton ou en terre cuite, est réalisé directement avec des moyens permettant l'accrochage d'une pièce, telle qu'un crochet ou une patte solidaire de l'élément de revêtement à fixer. Cette disposition permet ainsi de supprimer les collages ou fixations traditionnels et aussi d'éliminer ou de simplifier l'ossature intermédiaire (chevrons ou liteaux par exemple).Thus, the masonry element, which may be made of concrete or terracotta, is produced directly with means allowing the attachment of a part, such as a hook or a tab integral with the covering element to be fixed. . This arrangement thus makes it possible to eliminate the traditional collages or fixings and also to eliminate or simplify the intermediate framework (rafters or battens for example).

Cette disposition est en outre utilisable sur la face extérieure et ou/sur la face intérieure de l'élément de maçonnerie. La ou chaque partie en sailie formée sur l'une au moins des faces de l'élément de maçonnerie est avantageusement constituée par une nervure verticale s'étendant sur au moins une partie de la hauteur de l'élément de maçonnerie et comportant un alvéole débouchant en partie supérieure.This arrangement can also be used on the outside and / or on the inside of the masonry element. The or each part in the sail formed on at least one of the faces of the masonry element is advantageously constituted by a vertical rib extending over at least part of the height of the masonry element and comprising a through cell in the upper part.

De préférence, les nervures s'étendent sur toute la hauteur de l'élément de maçonnerie avec un alvéole formé tout le long de la nervure et débouchant aux deux extrémités de celle-ci. La fabrication de l'élément de maçonnerie par moulage est ainsi facilement réalisable sur des machines de fabrication existantes sans diminution des cadences de fabrication.Preferably, the ribs extend over the entire height of the masonry element with a cell formed all the along the rib and opening at the two ends of the latter. The manufacture of the masonry element by molding is thus easily achievable on existing manufacturing machines without reducing the production rates.

Au moins lorsque les nervures s'étendent sur toute la hauteur de l'élément de maçonnerie, elles sont disposées de manière à se trouver en quinconque, avec un accès aux alvéoles dégagé en partie supérieure, lorsque les éléments de maçonnerie sont assemblés en appareillage normal, c'est-à-dire avec un décalage d'un demi-élément d'un rang sur l'autre.At least when the ribs extend over the entire height of the masonry element, they are arranged so as to be in a staggered configuration, with open access to the cells in the upper part, when the masonry elements are assembled in normal equipment , that is to say with a shift of a half-element from one row to the other.

D'autres particularités et avantages de la présente invention pourront ressortir à la lecture de la description faite ci-après, à titre indicatif mais non limitatif, en référence aux dessins annexés sur lesquels :

  • - la figure 1 est une vue de dessus d'un élément de maçonnerie suivant un mode de réalisation de l'invention,
  • - la figure 2 est une vue en coupe suivant le plan II-II de la figure 1, et
  • - la figure 3 est une vue en perspective montrant schématiquement un assemblage de plusieurs éléments identiques à celui des figures 1 et 2.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent on reading the description given below, by way of indication but not limitation, with reference to the appended drawings in which:
  • FIG. 1 is a top view of a masonry element according to an embodiment of the invention,
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view along the plane II-II of FIG. 1, and
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view schematically showing an assembly of several elements identical to that of FIGS. 1 and 2.

Les figures 1 et 2 montrent un élément de maçonnerie selon l'invention sous forme d'un bloc 10 en béton avec plusieurs alvéoles verticaux 11 s'étendant sur toute la hauteur du bloc.Figures 1 and 2 show a masonry element according to the invention in the form of a concrete block 10 with several vertical cells 11 extending over the entire height of the block.

Le bloc 10 présente plusieurs nervures 15 faisant saillie sur une de ses faces, par exemple la face extérieure 12, c'est-à-dire celle destinée à être tournée du côté extérieur d'un mur formé avec des blocs 10. Les nervures 15 sont formées d'une seule pièce avec le bloc 10, s'étendent sur toute la hauteur du bloc et comportent chacune un alvéole débouchant 16. Les alvéoles 16 sont formés sur toute la hauteur des nervures 15 et débouchent aux deux extrémités de celles-ci.The block 10 has a plurality of ribs 15 projecting on one of its faces, for example the outer face 12, that is to say one intended to face the outer side of a core formed with m blocks 10. The ribs 15 are formed in a single piece with the block 10, extend over the entire height of the block and each comprise a through-open cell 16. The cells 16 are formed over the entire height of the ribs 15 and open at both ends thereof. this.

La figure 3 montre des blocs 10 assemblés en appareillage normal, c'est-à-dire avec décalage d'un demi-bloc d'un rang sur l'autre. Les nervures 15 de chaque bloc 10, qui sont au nombre de trois dans l'exemple illustré, sont disposées de manière à avoir leur accès 17 dégagés en partie supérieure. Ainsi, l'une des nervures 15 est située au milieu du bloc et chacune des deux autres est à une distance d du côté le plus proche inférieure au quart de la longueur du bloc 10.FIG. 3 shows blocks 10 assembled in normal equipment, that is to say with half-block offset from one row to the other. The ribs 15 of each block 10, which are three in the example illustrated, are arranged so as to have their access 17 clear in the upper part. Thus, one of the ribs 15 is located in the middle of the block and each of the other two is at a distance d from the nearest side less than a quarter of the length of the block 10.

Il est ainsi très facile de fixer des crochets, tels que 19, ou des pattes solidaires d'éléments de revêtement (non représentés) par simple introduction et accrochage dans les ouvertures supérieures 17 des alvéoles 16.It is thus very easy to fix hooks, such as 19, or lugs integral with covering elements (not shown) by simple introduction and attachment in the upper openings 17 of the cells 16.

Bien entendu, le nombre de nervures et leurs dispositions pourront être différents de ceux de l'exemple illustré par les figures 1 à 3, en particulier selon que l'on utilise des éléments de revêtement relativement grands (par exemple des vêtures de 40 X 60 cm) ou relativement petits (par exemple tuiles de petit format). Ainsi, chaque élément peut ne présenter qu'une nervure médiane ou deux nervures telles que celles situées au voisinage des côtés du bloc 10 des figures 1 à 3, ou bien encore plus de trois nervures.Of course, the number of ribs and their arrangements may be different from those of the example illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, in particular depending on whether relatively large covering elements are used (for example 40 × 60 cladding cm) or relatively small (e.g. small tiles). Thus, each element may have only one middle rib or two ribs such as those located in the vicinity of the sides of the block 10 of Figures 1 to 3, or even more than three ribs.

Par ailleurs, bien que l'on ait envisagé le cas d'un bloc muni de nervures sur sa face extérieure, une disposition semblable peut être prévue en variante, ou en complément, sur la face intérieure pour permettre la fixation d'éléments de revêtement, par exemple des plaques, destinés à la décoration intérieure.Furthermore, although we have considered the case of a block provided with ribs on its outer face, a similar arrangement can be provided as a variant, or in addition, on the inner face to allow the fixing of covering elements. , for example plates, intended for interior decoration.

La fabrication de blocs en béton tels que le bloc 10 avec des nervures à alvéole débouchant qui s'étendent verticalement sur toute la hauteur du bloc sur la face extérieure et/ou la face intérieure de celui-ci, peut être réalisée sans difficulté par moulage au moyen de machines du type de celles utilisées actuellement pour la fabrication de blocs conventionnels en béton, et ce sans diminution notable des cadences de fabrication.The manufacture of concrete blocks such as block 10 with open-celled ribs which extend vertically over the entire height of the block on the outer face and / or the inner face thereof, can be carried out without difficulty by molding by means of machines of the type of those currently used for the manufacture of conventional concrete blocks, and this without appreciable reduction in the production rates.

On a envisagé ci-avant l'application de l'invention à des blocs de béton ayant la structure la plus simple. Bien entendu, l'invention est tout aussi applicable à des blocs de structure plus complexe, par exemple des blocs à isolant incorporé, ainsi qu'à des éléments de construction autres que les blocs en béton, par exemple des éléments de construction en terre cuite.The application of the invention to the concrete blocks having the simplest structure has been considered above. Of course, the invention is equally applicable to blocks of more complex structure, for example blocks with incorporated insulation, as well as to construction elements other than concrete blocks, for example terracotta building elements.

Enfin, bien que la réalisation des nervures sur toute la hauteur du bloc peut s'avérer avantageuse en ce qui concerne la simplicité du processus de fabrication, on pourra former des nervures s'étendant sur une partie seulement de la hauteur du bloc 20 et non nécessairement toutes au même niveau. Les nervures comportent toujours chacune un alvéole qui s'ouvre au moins à l'extrémité supérieure de la nervure, et sont réalisées par moulage en une seule pièce avec l'élément de maçonnerie.Finally, although the production of the ribs over the entire height of the block may prove to be advantageous with regard to the simplicity of the manufacturing process, it will be possible to form ribs extending over only part of the height of the block 20 and not necessarily all at the same level. The ribs each always have a cell which opens at least at the upper end of the rib, and are produced by molding in one piece with the masonry element.

Il va de soi que bien d'autres dispositions et formes de parties saillantes munies d'alvéoles débouchants pourront être prévues sans sortir du cadre de l'invention.It goes without saying that many other arrangements and forms of projecting parts provided with through cells may be provided without departing from the scope of the invention.

On notera enfin que les éléments de construction conformes à l'invention sont utiles non seulement pour fixer directement des éléments de revêtement, mais aussi pour fixer des lises destinées à la pose de bardages de grandes dimensions ou de clins.Finally, it should be noted that the construction elements in accordance with the invention are useful not only for directly fixing covering elements, but also for fixing beams intended for laying large cladding or siding.

Claims (7)

1. Element de maçonnerie permettant la fixation d'un revêtement rapporté,
caractérisé en ce qu'il présente, sur au moins une de ses faces, une ou plusieurs parties en saillie (15) réalisées en une seule pièce avec l'élément de maçonnerie (10) et comportant un alvéole (16) qui s'ouvre à l'extérieur pour permettre l'accrochage d'un moyen de fixation d'un élément de revêtement rapporté.1. Masonry element allowing the attachment of an attached covering,
characterized in that it has, on at least one of its faces, one or more projecting parts (15) produced in one piece with the masonry element (10) and comprising a cell (16) which opens outside to allow the attachment of a means of fixing an attached covering element. 2. Elément de maçonnerie selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la ou chaque partie en saillie est constituée par une nervure verticale (15) s'étendant sur au moins une partie de la hauteur de l'élément de maçonnerie (10) et comportant un alvéole (16) débouchant en partie supérieure.2. Masonry element according to claim 1, characterized in that the or each projecting part is constituted by a vertical rib (15) extending over at least part of the height of the masonry element (10) and comprising a cell (16) opening at the top. 3. Elément de maçonnerie selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les nervures (15) s'étendent sur toute la hauteur de l'élément de maçonnerie avec un alvéole (16) formé tout le long de la nervure et débouchant aux deux extrémités de celle-ci.3. masonry element according to claim 2, characterized in that the ribs (15) extend over the entire height of the masonry element with a cell (16) formed along the rib and opening at both ends of it. 4. Elément de maçonnerie selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que les parties en saillie (15) sont disposées de manière à se trouver en quinconce, avec un accès aux alvéoles (16) dégagé en partie supérieure, lorsque les éléments de maçonnerie (10) sont assemblés avec décalage d'un demi-élément d'un rang sur l'autre (figure 3).4. masonry element according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the projecting parts (15) are arranged so as to be staggered, with access to the cells (16) cleared in the upper part, when the masonry elements (10) are assembled with offset of a half-element from one row to the other (Figure 3). 5. Elément de maçonnerie selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que les parties en saillie sont formées au moins sur la face de l'élément destinée à être située du côté extérieur d'un mur formé par assemblage desdits éléments de maçonnerie.5. masonry element according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the projecting parts are formed at least on the face of the element intended to be located on the outside of a wall formed by assembling said masonry elements. 6. Elément de maçonnerie selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que les parties en saillie sont formées au moins sur la face de l'élément destinée à être située du côté intérieur d'un mur formé par assemblage desdits éléments de maçonnerie.6. masonry element according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the projecting parts are formed at least on the face of the element intended to be located on the inside of a wall formed by assembling said masonry elements. 7. Elément de maçonnerie selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'il est formé par moulage en une seule pièce.7. masonry element according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it is formed by molding in one piece.
EP87400068A 1986-01-17 1987-01-14 Masonry block with provision for fixing cladding thereto Expired - Lifetime EP0229740B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT87400068T ATE67264T1 (en) 1986-01-17 1987-01-14 MASONRY BLOCK WITH OPTION FOR FIXING A PANEL.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8600636 1986-01-17
FR8600636A FR2593212B1 (en) 1986-01-17 1986-01-17 MASONRY ELEMENT FOR FIXING A COATING

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0229740A2 true EP0229740A2 (en) 1987-07-22
EP0229740A3 EP0229740A3 (en) 1988-07-27
EP0229740B1 EP0229740B1 (en) 1991-09-11

Family

ID=9331219

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87400068A Expired - Lifetime EP0229740B1 (en) 1986-01-17 1987-01-14 Masonry block with provision for fixing cladding thereto

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0229740B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE67264T1 (en)
DE (1) DE3772776D1 (en)
ES (1) ES2026552T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2593212B1 (en)
GR (1) GR3002730T3 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102004025315A1 (en) * 2004-05-19 2005-12-08 Sf-Kooperation Gmbh Beton-Konzepte Concrete block, in particular made of concrete for the production of walls and walls of such shaped bricks

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2776001B1 (en) 1998-03-13 2000-08-11 Denis Leonard Piedjou CONSTRUCTION BLOCK AND CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLY COMPRISING SUCH BLOCKS CAPABLE OF PROMOTING THERMAL INSULATION
NZ539980A (en) * 2005-05-12 2008-01-31 Fletcher Building Holdings Ltd Masonry wall system including blocks with tongues which form furring ridges

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2179568A1 (en) * 1972-04-12 1973-11-23 Lauragais Tuileries Briq
DE2609321A1 (en) * 1976-03-06 1977-09-08 Michael Schrankl Decorative hollow building block for masonry - has extensible drawer type insets for plant life support
EP0125999A1 (en) * 1983-05-11 1984-11-21 Jean-Paul Barreau Connection box for rain water conduits used in the building industry
DE8515872U1 (en) * 1985-05-30 1985-08-22 Bez, Günter, 7410 Reutlingen Universal module

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA1143226A (en) * 1978-12-18 1983-03-22 Leslie Bartosiewicz Method of treating mica filler with a chlorinated hydrocarbon in a liquid dispersant

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2179568A1 (en) * 1972-04-12 1973-11-23 Lauragais Tuileries Briq
DE2609321A1 (en) * 1976-03-06 1977-09-08 Michael Schrankl Decorative hollow building block for masonry - has extensible drawer type insets for plant life support
EP0125999A1 (en) * 1983-05-11 1984-11-21 Jean-Paul Barreau Connection box for rain water conduits used in the building industry
DE8515872U1 (en) * 1985-05-30 1985-08-22 Bez, Günter, 7410 Reutlingen Universal module

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102004025315A1 (en) * 2004-05-19 2005-12-08 Sf-Kooperation Gmbh Beton-Konzepte Concrete block, in particular made of concrete for the production of walls and walls of such shaped bricks

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2026552T3 (en) 1992-05-01
EP0229740B1 (en) 1991-09-11
GR3002730T3 (en) 1993-01-25
DE3772776D1 (en) 1991-10-17
EP0229740A3 (en) 1988-07-27
ATE67264T1 (en) 1991-09-15
FR2593212A1 (en) 1987-07-24
FR2593212B1 (en) 1989-07-28

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