EP0188160A1 - Enteisungsanlage für eine Flügelstruktur - Google Patents
Enteisungsanlage für eine Flügelstruktur Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0188160A1 EP0188160A1 EP85402600A EP85402600A EP0188160A1 EP 0188160 A1 EP0188160 A1 EP 0188160A1 EP 85402600 A EP85402600 A EP 85402600A EP 85402600 A EP85402600 A EP 85402600A EP 0188160 A1 EP0188160 A1 EP 0188160A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fibers
- ribbon
- wing structure
- wing
- conductive fibers
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010292 electrical insulation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002788 crimping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009940 knitting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
- H05B3/06—Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or holders
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
- H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
- H05B3/145—Carbon only, e.g. carbon black, graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
- H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
- H05B3/36—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs heating conductor embedded in insulating material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
- H05B2203/005—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using multiple resistive elements or resistive zones isolated from each other
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
- H05B2203/007—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using multiple electrically connected resistive elements or resistive zones
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/011—Heaters using laterally extending conductive material as connecting means
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/014—Heaters using resistive wires or cables not provided for in H05B3/54
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
- H05B2214/02—Heaters specially designed for de-icing or protection against icing
Definitions
- the technique then evolved on the "heating panels" side, that is to say the placing of plates or mats of a fibrous composite structure in which conductive fibers are dispersed (whether boron or carbon) .
- the supply of electric current to pass through the fibers is carried out by the connection of wires to a metal frame attached to the edge of the panel and kept in contact with the fibers or to a metal deposit, produced by vaporization or by electrolytic means, at the ends of the panel containing the fibers.
- these devices have a major defect with regard to the necessary electrical contacts between the fibers and the supply wires.
- the resins used in the composite materials have a fairly average adhesive power, so that detachments of the metallic foils can distribute the current to the fibers.
- the improvement in bonding leads to an increase in the resistance of the contact points resulting in very localized overheating degrading the adhesive and the resin and therefore to weakening of the mechanical connection and rupture of the electrical connection.
- the extra thicknesses which exist at the points of the electrical connections are detrimental to the respect of the aerodynamic profile of the airfoil and constitute a hindrance to the correct positioning of the shielding structures and of protection of the leading edges against shocks and the erosion.
- the present invention intends to remedy these drawbacks by proposing a deicing device in which the heating element or elements are integrated without altering the resistance of the leading edge of the airfoil, and are connected to the supply wires in an extremely stable without constituting critical points both from the electrical point of view and from the mechanical point of view.
- the device is also obtained by a simple manufacturing process which allows it to be easily adapted to the wing or blade profile to be fitted or even to be integrated therein at the same time of the manufacture of the wing or the blade.
- the invention therefore has as its first object an element with electrical resistance forming part of a device for deicing a wing structure such as the wing of an airplane or the blades of a helicopter comprising conductive fibers. drowned in a composite fiber structure and supply wires electrically connected to said conductive fibers.
- the conductive fibers are carbon fibers in the form of at least one ribbon in which the fibers are oriented longitudinally, prepreg of resin and of which at least one end is subject in a deformable tubular element with metallic meshes ensuring the electrical connection by contact with said strip and by welding or crimping with the corresponding supply wire.
- a second object of the invention resides in a de-icing device comprising at least one of the aforementioned elements and which consists of a length, determined as a function of the resistance to be obtained from the above-mentioned carbon fiber ribbon, including the part tape covered by said tubular element, disposed between at least two layers of a composite material so as to form a heating mat.
- the aforementioned element may consist of at least two sections of parallel and side by side ribbon arranged on either side of an intermediate layer of composite material and connected in series by one of their ends to the by means of a section of ribbon overlapping said ends not covered by said intermediate layer.
- a third object of the invention is the method for producing the above defrosting device in which the heating mat is formed flat and then is placed between a form and a counterform where it is polymerized under pressure to obtain the profile. the leading edge of the wing structure to be fitted.
- an element 1 resistant from the electrical point of view, consisting of a ribbon 2 of carbon fibers oriented parallel to the longitudinal dimension of the ribbon, and prepreg d '' a resin capable of being polymerized and hardened. It will be noted that for a section of 3 square millimeters the section of pure carbon is, in a ribbon used of the order of 1.9 mm 2 .
- One of the ends 2a of the ribbon is capped with a tubular element 3 with mesh formed by knitting of a suitable metal wire.
- FIG. 2 shows that in order to produce a defrosting device with the above-mentioned element 1, an element 6 such as that on an insulating base substrate 5 (for example glass fabric preferably prepreg) is provided, 1 above which is here constituted by three sections 6a, 6b, 6c of carbon fiber ribbon which form an electrical resistance of a value which will depend, for a given section of the ribbon, on the total length of the element 6.
- the free ends of the sections 6a and 6c are fitted with tubular knits soldered in tin to the connection wires 7a 7b.
- a second protective layer 8 identical to layer 5 covers the latter and the element 6 which it carries.
- the mat thus formed can be polymerized under pressure between a shape and a counter-shape reproducing the profile of the wing on which the device will be docked. Care will have been taken to place the substrates 5 and 8 so that they completely cover the ends of the sections 6a and 6b sheathed with the knitted sleeve so that only the conductors 7a and 7b are located outside the assembly.
- the pressure applied during the polymerization makes it possible, on the one hand, to firmly anchor the sleeves in the resin of the ribbon and, on the other hand, to ensure intimate contact between the two substrates 5 and 8 in the area between the two sections 6a. 6c creating an effective isolation from one with respect to the other.
- the section 6b having been simply placed at the end of the sections 6a and 6c, the pressure also makes it possible to obtain good electrical continuity between them.
- Figures 3 to 10 illustrate the constitution of a defrosting device intended to be supplied with three-phase current.
- a defrosting device intended to be supplied with three-phase current.
- three sections 10 of ribbon of prepreg carbon fibers are placed parallel and regularly spaced from each other by a distance at least equal to the width of the ribbon.
- a section of overlapping ribbon 11 one of their three ends constitutes the common triangle mounting of the three resistors that the device will include.
- An intermediate layer 12 also made of preferably pre-impregnated glass fabric is then placed on the sections 10 and 11 so as to leave uncovered the ends 10a of the sections 10.
- the defrosting device made in a very simple manner flat can then be polymerized under pressure into a suitable mold. It can also be incorporated into the very mold for constituting the wing structure (airplane wing or helicopter blade) itself made of composite material. In the latter case, we will have chosen substrates 9, 12 and 17 of the same kind as those which are used for the constitution of the wings or blades.
- the invention finds an interesting application in the field of aeronautics.
Landscapes
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
- Macromolecular Compounds Obtained By Forming Nitrogen-Containing Linkages In General (AREA)
- Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8419801 | 1984-12-26 | ||
FR8419801A FR2578377B1 (fr) | 1984-12-26 | 1984-12-26 | Element chauffant de dispositif de degivrage d'une structure alaire, dispositif et son procede d'obtention |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0188160A1 true EP0188160A1 (de) | 1986-07-23 |
EP0188160B1 EP0188160B1 (de) | 1991-06-05 |
Family
ID=9310966
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP85402600A Expired - Lifetime EP0188160B1 (de) | 1984-12-26 | 1985-12-23 | Enteisungsanlage für eine Flügelstruktur |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4737618A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0188160B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JPH0747400B2 (de) |
CA (1) | CA1258481A (de) |
DE (1) | DE3583133D1 (de) |
FR (1) | FR2578377B1 (de) |
IN (1) | IN165810B (de) |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0427619A2 (de) * | 1989-11-09 | 1991-05-15 | Saint-Gobain Vitrage International | Heizbare Verbundglasscheibe für Fahrzeuge |
EP0506521A1 (de) * | 1991-03-27 | 1992-09-30 | Saint-Gobain Vitrage | Heizbare Verbundglasscheibe |
FR2719182A1 (fr) * | 1990-11-21 | 1995-10-27 | Onera (Off Nat Aerospatiale) | Dispositif de dégivrage électrique. |
EP0717585A1 (de) * | 1994-12-16 | 1996-06-19 | Eurocopter France | Verbundmaterial und Verbundelement mit dadurch sichergestellter elektrischer Kontinuität, dessen Herstellungsverfahren und dessen Verwendung in Flugzeugindustrie |
WO2009095335A2 (de) * | 2008-01-29 | 2009-08-06 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Faserverbundbauteil für ein luft- oder raumfahrzeug |
EP2667025A1 (de) * | 2012-05-24 | 2013-11-27 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Schaufel einer Windturbine mit Heizmatte |
ITBO20120382A1 (it) * | 2012-07-13 | 2014-01-14 | Arturo Ferozzi | Procedimento per la produzione di pannelli riscaldanti, e pannello realizzato con tale procedimento |
CN105050216A (zh) * | 2015-08-13 | 2015-11-11 | 宋金昌 | 复合纤维电热捻线及其制备方法 |
WO2017032803A1 (de) * | 2015-08-26 | 2017-03-02 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Heizsystem zur elektrothermischen temperierung und verfahren zur herstellung hierzu |
US10841980B2 (en) | 2015-10-19 | 2020-11-17 | Laminaheat Holding Ltd. | Laminar heating elements with customized or non-uniform resistance and/or irregular shapes and processes for manufacture |
US10925119B2 (en) | 2015-01-12 | 2021-02-16 | Laminaheat Holding Ltd. | Fabric heating element |
USD911038S1 (en) | 2019-10-11 | 2021-02-23 | Laminaheat Holding Ltd. | Heating element sheet having perforations |
Families Citing this family (71)
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---|---|---|---|---|
DE3835981A1 (de) * | 1988-10-21 | 1990-04-26 | Mtu Muenchen Gmbh | Verfahren zur pruefung der toleranzen von bohrungen |
CA2074487C (en) * | 1990-01-24 | 1995-06-27 | Otis H. Hastings | Electrically conductive laminate for temperature control of surfaces |
FR2691238A1 (fr) * | 1992-05-18 | 1993-11-19 | Friga Bohn | Cuvette d'évacuation des condensats pour évaporateurs. |
DE4221454A1 (de) * | 1992-06-30 | 1994-03-10 | Fibertec Gmbh | Heizelement aus elektrisch leitfähigen Fasergeweben und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
DE4221455A1 (de) * | 1992-06-30 | 1994-01-13 | Giulini Chemie | Heizelement aus Komposit-Werkstoffen |
FR2744872B1 (fr) * | 1996-02-08 | 1998-04-10 | Eurocopter France | Dispositif de chauffage d'un profil aerodynamique |
US5932124A (en) * | 1996-04-19 | 1999-08-03 | Thermion Systems International | Method for heating a solid surface such as a floor, wall, or countertop surface |
US5954977A (en) * | 1996-04-19 | 1999-09-21 | Thermion Systems International | Method for preventing biofouling in aquatic environments |
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US6018141A (en) * | 1996-04-19 | 2000-01-25 | Thermion Systems International | Method for heating a tooling die |
US5966501A (en) * | 1996-04-19 | 1999-10-12 | Themion Systems International | Method for controlling the viscosity of a fluid in a defined volume |
FR2756253B1 (fr) * | 1996-11-27 | 1999-01-29 | Eurocopter France | Elements resistifs pour le chauffage d'un profil aerodynamique, et dispositif de chauffage d'un profil aerodynamique incorporant de tels elements |
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DE69818992T2 (de) * | 1997-05-20 | 2004-07-22 | Thermion Systems International, Stratford | Einrichtung und verfahren zum heizen und enteisen von windturbinenblättern |
US5934617A (en) | 1997-09-22 | 1999-08-10 | Northcoast Technologies | De-ice and anti-ice system and method for aircraft surfaces |
US6237874B1 (en) | 1997-09-22 | 2001-05-29 | Northcoast Technologies | Zoned aircraft de-icing system and method |
US6279856B1 (en) | 1997-09-22 | 2001-08-28 | Northcoast Technologies | Aircraft de-icing system |
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US7164100B2 (en) * | 1998-06-15 | 2007-01-16 | The Trustees Of Dartmouth College | High-frequency de-icing of cableways |
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- 1985-12-23 DE DE8585402600T patent/DE3583133D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1985-12-23 EP EP85402600A patent/EP0188160B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-12-24 US US06/813,197 patent/US4737618A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-12-26 JP JP60292404A patent/JPH0747400B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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DE1254264B (de) * | 1958-04-24 | 1967-11-16 | Goodrich Co B F | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen eines geschichteten elektrischen Heizkoerpers von plattenfoermiger Gestalt |
US3178560A (en) * | 1960-11-18 | 1965-04-13 | Dowty Rotol Ltd | Electrical de-icing devices |
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Cited By (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0427619A2 (de) * | 1989-11-09 | 1991-05-15 | Saint-Gobain Vitrage International | Heizbare Verbundglasscheibe für Fahrzeuge |
EP0427619A3 (en) * | 1989-11-09 | 1992-02-26 | Saint-Gobain Vitrage International | Heated laminated glass window for vehicles |
FR2719182A1 (fr) * | 1990-11-21 | 1995-10-27 | Onera (Off Nat Aerospatiale) | Dispositif de dégivrage électrique. |
EP0506521A1 (de) * | 1991-03-27 | 1992-09-30 | Saint-Gobain Vitrage | Heizbare Verbundglasscheibe |
FR2674720A1 (fr) * | 1991-03-27 | 1992-10-02 | Saint Gobain Vitrage Int | Vitrage feuillete chauffant. |
EP0717585A1 (de) * | 1994-12-16 | 1996-06-19 | Eurocopter France | Verbundmaterial und Verbundelement mit dadurch sichergestellter elektrischer Kontinuität, dessen Herstellungsverfahren und dessen Verwendung in Flugzeugindustrie |
FR2728395A1 (fr) * | 1994-12-16 | 1996-06-21 | Eurocopter France | Element en materiau composite avec assemblage(s) de continuite electrique a travers l'element, son procede de fabrication et son utilisation en aeronautique |
WO2009095335A3 (de) * | 2008-01-29 | 2009-09-24 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Faserverbundbauteil für ein luft- oder raumfahrzeug |
WO2009095335A2 (de) * | 2008-01-29 | 2009-08-06 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Faserverbundbauteil für ein luft- oder raumfahrzeug |
US9669937B2 (en) | 2008-01-29 | 2017-06-06 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Fiber composite part for an aircraft or spacecraft |
EP2667025A1 (de) * | 2012-05-24 | 2013-11-27 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Schaufel einer Windturbine mit Heizmatte |
ITBO20120382A1 (it) * | 2012-07-13 | 2014-01-14 | Arturo Ferozzi | Procedimento per la produzione di pannelli riscaldanti, e pannello realizzato con tale procedimento |
US10925119B2 (en) | 2015-01-12 | 2021-02-16 | Laminaheat Holding Ltd. | Fabric heating element |
CN105050216A (zh) * | 2015-08-13 | 2015-11-11 | 宋金昌 | 复合纤维电热捻线及其制备方法 |
WO2017032803A1 (de) * | 2015-08-26 | 2017-03-02 | Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. | Heizsystem zur elektrothermischen temperierung und verfahren zur herstellung hierzu |
US10841980B2 (en) | 2015-10-19 | 2020-11-17 | Laminaheat Holding Ltd. | Laminar heating elements with customized or non-uniform resistance and/or irregular shapes and processes for manufacture |
USD911038S1 (en) | 2019-10-11 | 2021-02-23 | Laminaheat Holding Ltd. | Heating element sheet having perforations |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA1258481A (fr) | 1989-08-15 |
FR2578377A1 (fr) | 1986-09-05 |
FR2578377B1 (fr) | 1988-07-01 |
EP0188160B1 (de) | 1991-06-05 |
IN165810B (de) | 1990-01-13 |
JPS61157495A (ja) | 1986-07-17 |
DE3583133D1 (de) | 1991-07-11 |
US4737618A (en) | 1988-04-12 |
JPH0747400B2 (ja) | 1995-05-24 |
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