EP0173962A2 - Lampe compacte à décharge à basse pression - Google Patents

Lampe compacte à décharge à basse pression Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0173962A2
EP0173962A2 EP85110874A EP85110874A EP0173962A2 EP 0173962 A2 EP0173962 A2 EP 0173962A2 EP 85110874 A EP85110874 A EP 85110874A EP 85110874 A EP85110874 A EP 85110874A EP 0173962 A2 EP0173962 A2 EP 0173962A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
base
lamp
discharge vessel
discharge
cooling
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP85110874A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0173962A3 (en
EP0173962B1 (fr
Inventor
Dieter Dr. Hofmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Osram GmbH
Original Assignee
Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH filed Critical Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
Publication of EP0173962A2 publication Critical patent/EP0173962A2/fr
Publication of EP0173962A3 publication Critical patent/EP0173962A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0173962B1 publication Critical patent/EP0173962B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/52—Cooling arrangements; Heating arrangements; Means for circulating gas or vapour within the discharge space
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/30—Vessels; Containers
    • H01J61/32—Special longitudinal shape, e.g. for advertising purposes
    • H01J61/327—"Compact"-lamps, i.e. lamps having a folded discharge path
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/30—Vessels; Containers
    • H01J61/32—Special longitudinal shape, e.g. for advertising purposes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/52—Cooling arrangements; Heating arrangements; Means for circulating gas or vapour within the discharge space
    • H01J61/523—Heating or cooling particular parts of the lamp

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a compact low-pressure discharge lamp with a discharge vessel as a single lamp bulb, two electrodes melted tightly into the ends of the discharge vessel, a filling of mercury and at least one noble gas and with a base attached on one side, the discharge vessel having at least one cooling point for setting the mercury vapor pressure for the Has discharge.
  • a low-pressure discharge lamp with a base on one side in which the discharge vessel consists of a tube bent in one or more U-shapes.
  • utility model application G 83 33 920.5 proposes a low-pressure discharge lamp which is likewise capped on one side and in which the discharge vessel is composed of a plurality of tubular parts which are bent in a U-shape.
  • the U-shaped bends of the discharge vessels of both lamps have essentially rectangular corners, which have an increased heat emission. In the operating state of the lamp, such a corner of the discharge vessel, which is removed from the base and the electrodes, serves as a cooling point at which the mercury condenses.
  • the temperature of this coldest point of the discharge vessel determines the mercury vapor pressure when the lamp is operating, which in turn determines the luminous flux output.
  • the compact low pressure discharge lamps of the above applications have vertical operation with the base at the top and in horizontal operation with the base at the side at the intended application temperature, an optimal temperature of the cooling point of about 45 C and therefore show a quiet burning behavior with a constant maximum luminous flux.
  • the overhead cooling points in the tube section remote from the base receive a higher temperature which deviates from the optimum temperature, so that the luminous flux emitted by the lamp is reduced.
  • the mercury condensed at the cooling points can drip down and thus fluctuations in the luminous flux output.
  • the condensed mercury In the case of a correspondingly shaped discharge vessel, it is possible for the condensed mercury to drip directly onto one of the two electrodes and, in the long term, to damage the same. In unfavorable cases, the mercury which drips off and then constantly recondenses can also cause the lamps with a phosphor coating to be removed.
  • DE-OS 32 10 005 describes a compact fluorescent lamp which has a base attached on one side and an envelope bulb surrounding the discharge vessel at a certain distance.
  • the discharge vessel which is arranged completely outside the base and consists of a triple U-shaped tube, has a cooling tip which is attached just above the mounting plate, which closes the base to the discharge vessel.
  • Through peripheral slots and an opening below the cooling tip in the mounting plate together with ventilation openings in the lower part of the base and in the end facing away from the base of the envelope bulb achieves air convection in the lamp. The air also flows past the cooling tip and condenses the mercury at this cooling point.
  • the lamp listed in DE-OS 32 10 005 requires a enveloping bulb for the condensation of the mercury in the cooling tip, because only with the help of the enveloping bulb can a chimney effect be created in the lamp, which ensures sufficient convection of the air for the condensation.
  • the envelope bulb gives the compact low-pressure discharge lamp a relatively voluminous shape, as a result of which it can no longer be used in all the lights provided for compact low-pressure discharge lamps.
  • the aim of the invention is to provide a universally usable compact low-pressure discharge lamp without an envelope bulb with a shape that is as slim as possible, similar to that described in utility model application G 83 33 920.5.
  • the lamp should have a maximum luminous flux in every burning position, i.e. Ensure in particular in the vertical burning position with the base at the bottom.
  • condensed mercury should be prevented from dripping down in the latter burning position, and thus fluctuations in the luminous flux and possibly damage to the electrodes and the phosphor layer should be avoided.
  • the discharge vessel consists of a plurality of parallel longitudinal tube sections which are connected to one another, at least the ends of the longitudinal tube sections facing the base sealing and these ends in the interior of the base are ordered.
  • Such a construction very simply creates a warmer area in the base, which is required for good air convection.
  • the cooling point really forms the coldest point of the discharge vessel during operation of the lamp, it must be flushed with the coldest possible air. It must therefore, as already required above, lie below the warmer areas of the "chimney", which are embodied here by the heated ends of the discharge vessel in the base.
  • the cooling point is advantageously formed by a tube which is closed on one side and which is melted into one of the seals of the longitudinal tube sections.
  • the creation of the discharge vessel with such a cooling tube is particularly simple if the ends of the longitudinal tube sections arranged in the base have a pinch seal, and the cooling tube is also squeezed into such a pinch. Particularly suitable for this are the bruises that do not have any electrodes, since these have a lower temperature from the outset.
  • the chimney effect is most effective if, in addition to an inlet air opening, the base has only one outlet air opening in its top surface facing the discharge vessel. If the exhaust air opening is in the center of the openings which are provided for receiving the ends of the longitudinal tube sections of the discharge vessel, it also remains largely invisible and inaccessible.
  • the base of the compact low-pressure discharge lamp can contain a ballast. In this case however, make sure that the heat generated by the ballast is largely kept away from the cooling tube and that the air convection in the base is not adversely affected.
  • the low-pressure discharge lamp When the low-pressure discharge lamp is inserted into a socket, the latter is advantageously incorporated into the air convection system in the base and must therefore provide an ambient air supply to the supply air opening in the base.
  • the socket therefore also has an opening opposite the supply air opening in the base, which in turn is connected via one or more ducts to supply air openings on the side or in the base of the socket.
  • the socket does not need to have an air supply system at low outside temperatures. At low outside temperatures there are temperatures in the luminaire that no longer require air convection to create a cooling point in the base (see curves A and B in FIG. 5).
  • the socket only needs to have an air supply system for a plug-in direction of the base, ie the eccentrically arranged supply air opening of the socket is only in one plug-in direction Base opposite an opening of the air supply system in the socket and thus supplies the base with the necessary ambient air. In the other direction of insertion, the air supply system is ineffective, the air convection through the base is reduced or even omitted.
  • the adapter When using the lamp according to the invention in an adapter, which e.g. contains a ballast, the same conditions apply as for a version.
  • the adapter therefore has an opening in addition to a socket for receiving the base of the lamp and a base for inserting the adapter into a standardized luminaire holder, also opposite the point at which the base of the lamp has an air inlet.
  • This opening is connected to supply air openings by one or more channels in the adapter.
  • insulation measures should ensure that the heat that a ballast develops is transferred as little as possible to the convection air in the ducts.
  • FIGS. 1 to 3 A compact low-pressure discharge lamp 1 is shown in FIGS. 1 to 3.
  • the discharge vessel 2 is composed of two U-shaped glass tubes 3, 4 with an outer diameter of 12 mm, each of which has two longitudinal tube sections 5, 6, 7, 8 of 105 mm in length that run parallel to one another at a distance of 3 mm.
  • the free ends of the longitudinal tube sections 5, 6, 7, 8 are sealed by bruises 9, 10, 11, the two outer bruises 10, 11 delimiting the discharge vessel carrying an electrode 12, 13.
  • the U-shaped glass tubes 3, 4 are arranged one behind the other so that the two bruises 10, 11 with the electrodes 12, 13 are on the same side.
  • the two U-shaped glass tubes 3, 4 are connected to one another by means of a transverse fusion 14 forming a passage near the two bruises 9 without electrodes so that a simply connected discharge path is formed.
  • the compact low-pressure discharge lamp 1 is provided with a plastic base 15 of the G 24 type, the ends of the longitudinal tube sections 5, 6, 7, 8 sealed with the bruises 9, 10, 11 extending approximately 10 mm into the base 15 and fastened therein by means of a plastic compound are.
  • a cooling tube 16 with a length of approximately 9 mm and an outer diameter of 3 mm is also squeezed into the pinch 9, which does not carry an electrode.
  • the melted tip of the cooling tube 16 extends up to the base wall, the wall of the base 15 having a round supply air opening 17 of 5 mm at this point.
  • an exhaust air opening 19 is kept clear in the center of the upper base part 18 between the longitudinal tube sections 5, 6, 7, 8 of the discharge vessel 2 projecting into the base 15.
  • the lamp When operated at 220 V with a suitable series choke, the lamp has a lamp voltage of 98 V and a lamp current of 155 mA with a power consumption of 13 W.
  • FIG. 4 shows a compact low-pressure discharge lamp 24 with a socket 25 made of plastic.
  • the lamp 24 corresponds completely to the low-pressure discharge lamp shown in FIGS. 1 to 3.
  • the exact internal design and contacting of the version 25 is not shown, since it is of no importance for the inventive concept.
  • the socket 25 Compared to the supply air opening 26 in the base 27 for the cooling tube 28, the socket 25 also has an opening 29.
  • the holder 25 also has four round supply air openings 30 of 5 mm in diameter, which are distributed uniformly over the circumference of the holder 25, as well as a supply air opening 31 in the bottom of the holder 25 of likewise 5 mm in diameter.
  • FIG. 5 shows a diagram of the luminous flux temperature behavior of a 13 W low-pressure discharge lamp in accordance with FIGS. 1 to 3.
  • the lamp is operated in a vertical burning position with a base at the bottom in a socket corresponding to FIG. 4.
  • Curve A relates to the operation of a lamp without cooling tubes and ventilation openings in the base in a corresponding version without ventilation openings
  • curve B on the operation of a lamp with cooling tubes and ventilation openings in the base also without ventilation openings
  • Interior lights for compact low-pressure discharge lamps with a cover are usually designed so that the temperature in the light is about 30 C at a maximum usual room temperature of 25 C.
  • a low-pressure discharge lamp according to the invention with a cooling system in the base and ventilation openings in the socket, an optimal light yield can thus be achieved.
  • the low-pressure discharge lamp is more suitable for luminaires without heat build-up or, as mentioned above, for use in outdoor lighting.
  • FIG. 6 shows a compact low-pressure discharge lamp 33 with a base 34 made of plastic for receiving a ballast, which is not explicitly shown here, since its design is of no importance for the inventive concept.
  • the discharge vessel 35 corresponds completely to the vessel shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 and in turn has a cooling tube 36 in a pinch 37 of the vessel 35.
  • the base 34 with an E 27 thread 38 for screwing the lamp 3'3 into a standardized luminaire holder has a round supply air opening 39 of 5 mm diameter.
  • a plastic tube 40 likewise 5 mm in diameter, is attached behind the supply air opening 39 and extends to the tip of the cooling tube 36.
  • FIG. 7 shows a compact low-pressure discharge lamp 43 with a G 24 base 44 made of plastic and with an adapter 45 connected thereto for receiving a ballast (not shown here).
  • the adapter 45 with a plastic housing has on one side a socket 46 for receiving the G 24 base 44 of the lamp 43 and on the opposite side an E 27 base 47 for screwing the adapter 45 into a standardized luminaire holder.
  • the lamp 43 corresponds to the lamp shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 and also has a cooling tube 48 and an inlet air opening 49 and an outlet air opening 50 in the base 44.
  • a round opening 51 of 5 mm diameter is provided on the adapter 45, which is connected to a supply air through a pipe 52 opening 53 - both with a diameter of 5 mm - is connected in the side wall of the adapter 45.
  • This air supply system can continuously supply cold ambient air to the cooling tube 48.
  • the tube 52 also has a heat-reflecting coating 54 on the outside, which largely keeps the heat produced by the ballast from the fresh air supply for the cooling system in the base 44.
  • a mercury precipitate 55 which determines the vapor pressure and thus the light yield can thus form in the cooling tube 48.

Landscapes

  • Discharge Lamps And Accessories Thereof (AREA)
  • Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
  • Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
  • Arrangement Of Elements, Cooling, Sealing, Or The Like Of Lighting Devices (AREA)
EP85110874A 1984-09-05 1985-08-29 Lampe compacte à décharge à basse pression Expired - Lifetime EP0173962B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19843432675 DE3432675A1 (de) 1984-09-05 1984-09-05 Kompakte niederdruckentladungslampe
DE3432675 1984-09-05

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0173962A2 true EP0173962A2 (fr) 1986-03-12
EP0173962A3 EP0173962A3 (en) 1988-09-28
EP0173962B1 EP0173962B1 (fr) 1990-06-27

Family

ID=6244728

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85110874A Expired - Lifetime EP0173962B1 (fr) 1984-09-05 1985-08-29 Lampe compacte à décharge à basse pression

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4694215A (fr)
EP (1) EP0173962B1 (fr)
KR (1) KR930003958B1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3432675A1 (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0269360A2 (fr) * 1986-11-21 1988-06-01 Ge Lighting Limited Lampe à décharge à vapeur métallique
EP0239374B1 (fr) * 1986-03-24 1992-01-22 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Source de rayons ultraviolets et utilisation de celle-ci dans des procédés de réaction photochimique
EP0800202A2 (fr) * 1996-04-03 1997-10-08 Heraeus Noblelight GmbH Radiateur optique
EP0735566A3 (fr) * 1995-03-31 1999-01-13 General Electric Company Lampe à décharge
WO2008017675A2 (fr) * 2006-08-10 2008-02-14 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Lampe à décharge, en particulier lampe à décharge basse pression

Families Citing this family (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4794301A (en) * 1986-08-19 1988-12-27 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Fluorescent lamp having a convoluted discharge passage and fluorescent lamp apparatus incorporating the same
US4934768A (en) * 1988-06-27 1990-06-19 Gte Products Corporation Picture element lamp assembly for information display system
JPH083997B2 (ja) * 1988-12-12 1996-01-17 東芝ライテック株式会社 低圧水銀蒸気放電灯
US5252890A (en) * 1989-09-12 1993-10-12 Toshiba Lighting And Technology Corporation Compact type fluorescent lamp device having crooked arc path
US5274305A (en) * 1991-12-04 1993-12-28 Gte Products Corporation Low pressure mercury discharge lamp with thermostatic control of mercury vapor pressure
US5581157A (en) * 1992-05-20 1996-12-03 Diablo Research Corporation Discharge lamps and methods for making discharge lamps
US5717277A (en) * 1993-04-30 1998-02-10 The Regents, University Of California Compact fluorescent lamp using horizontal and vertical insulating septums and convective venting geometry
DE69630068T2 (de) * 1995-03-31 2004-06-17 General Electric Co. Leuchtstofflampe
US5675215A (en) * 1995-03-31 1997-10-07 General Electric Company Compact fluorescent lamp having a helical lamp envelope and an efficient mounting arrangement therefor
US5705883A (en) * 1995-03-31 1998-01-06 General Electric Company Reduced length compact fluorescent lamp and method of forming same
US5680005A (en) * 1995-03-31 1997-10-21 General Electric Company Phosphor distribution for helical compact fluorescent lamp
US5703440A (en) * 1996-05-13 1997-12-30 General Electric Company Compact fluorescent lamp and ballast arrangement with inductor directly between lamp ends
US6479931B1 (en) 1996-06-04 2002-11-12 Lockheed Martin Corporation Extended temperature range fluorescent lamp
US5808418A (en) * 1997-11-07 1998-09-15 Honeywell Inc. Control mechanism for regulating the temperature and output of a fluorescent lamp
US6252355B1 (en) 1998-12-31 2001-06-26 Honeywell International Inc. Methods and apparatus for controlling the intensity and/or efficiency of a fluorescent lamp
JP3324570B2 (ja) * 1999-06-16 2002-09-17 松下電器産業株式会社 電球形蛍光ランプ
US6597106B2 (en) * 2000-12-28 2003-07-22 General Electric Company Compact fluorescent lamp with a housing structure
DE10129755A1 (de) * 2001-06-20 2003-01-02 Wilken Wilhelm Betriebsgerät für Leuchtstoffröhren mit eingebauter Kühlstelle
US7641364B2 (en) * 2003-07-02 2010-01-05 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Adapter for light bulbs equipped with volatile active dispenser and light emitting diodes
US20050088076A1 (en) * 2003-10-27 2005-04-28 Chi-Jung Chu Fluorescent lamp
US7045959B2 (en) * 2004-01-30 2006-05-16 Shanghai Xiang Shan Industry Llc Spiral cold electrode fluorescent lamp
US7009335B2 (en) * 2004-06-07 2006-03-07 Mathbright Technology Co., Ltd. Fluorescent tube structure
CN100423171C (zh) * 2004-07-08 2008-10-01 利胜电光源（厦门）有限公司 紧凑型荧光灯
US7279840B2 (en) * 2004-11-17 2007-10-09 Matsushita Electric Works Ltd. Electrodeless fluorescent lamp with controlled cold spot temperature
US7293897B2 (en) * 2005-04-01 2007-11-13 Fred Mendelsohn Integrated fluorescent lamp device
PT1941535E (pt) * 2005-10-26 2010-07-01 Skirtlight S A LâMPADA FLUORESCENTE COMPACTA
US7759850B2 (en) * 2008-04-01 2010-07-20 General Electric Compan Discharge tube and lamp with cooling chambers and improved luminance
US20110189894A1 (en) * 2008-05-20 2011-08-04 Hirsh Donald G Compact fluorescent light fixtures and related lamp conversion kits and adapters
EP2180503A1 (fr) * 2008-10-21 2010-04-28 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Lampe de décharge gazeuse haute pression encastrée
JP5849183B2 (ja) * 2011-08-11 2016-01-27 パナソニックＩｐマネジメント株式会社 放電生成物発生装置

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0026428A2 (fr) * 1979-09-29 1981-04-08 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Lampe fluorescente
GB2095464A (en) * 1981-03-23 1982-09-29 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electric discharge lamps
EP0066855A2 (fr) * 1981-06-05 1982-12-15 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Lampe fluorescente
EP0100121A2 (fr) * 1982-07-26 1984-02-08 North American Philips Lighting Corporation Unité de lampe fluorescente compacte avec moyens de refroidissement par air séparés

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4300073A (en) * 1979-02-13 1981-11-10 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Screw-in type lighting unit having a convoluted tridimensional fluorescent lamp
US4871944A (en) * 1979-02-13 1989-10-03 North American Philips Corp. Compact lighting unit having a convoluted fluorescent lamp with integral mercury-vapor pressure-regulating means, and method of phosphor-coating the convoluted envelope for such a lamp
US4530710A (en) * 1983-10-24 1985-07-23 Gte Products Corporation Low-pressure arc discharge lamp having parallel discharge tubes with an arc-containing interconnecting channel; and method of manufacturing same

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0026428A2 (fr) * 1979-09-29 1981-04-08 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Lampe fluorescente
GB2095464A (en) * 1981-03-23 1982-09-29 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electric discharge lamps
EP0066855A2 (fr) * 1981-06-05 1982-12-15 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Lampe fluorescente
EP0100121A2 (fr) * 1982-07-26 1984-02-08 North American Philips Lighting Corporation Unité de lampe fluorescente compacte avec moyens de refroidissement par air séparés

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0239374B1 (fr) * 1986-03-24 1992-01-22 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Source de rayons ultraviolets et utilisation de celle-ci dans des procédés de réaction photochimique
EP0269360A2 (fr) * 1986-11-21 1988-06-01 Ge Lighting Limited Lampe à décharge à vapeur métallique
EP0269360A3 (fr) * 1986-11-21 1990-06-13 Ge Lighting Limited Lampe à décharge à vapeur métallique
EP0735566A3 (fr) * 1995-03-31 1999-01-13 General Electric Company Lampe à décharge
EP0800202A2 (fr) * 1996-04-03 1997-10-08 Heraeus Noblelight GmbH Radiateur optique
EP0800202A3 (fr) * 1996-04-03 1997-12-10 Heraeus Noblelight GmbH Radiateur optique
WO2008017675A2 (fr) * 2006-08-10 2008-02-14 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Lampe à décharge, en particulier lampe à décharge basse pression
WO2008017675A3 (fr) * 2006-08-10 2008-09-25 Osram Gmbh Lampe à décharge, en particulier lampe à décharge basse pression

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0173962A3 (en) 1988-09-28
US4694215A (en) 1987-09-15
DE3578484D1 (de) 1990-08-02
KR860002860A (ko) 1986-04-30
KR930003958B1 (ko) 1993-05-17
EP0173962B1 (fr) 1990-06-27
DE3432675A1 (de) 1986-03-13

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