EP0165893B2 - Dispositif de commande de luminosité pour une lampe fluorescente - Google Patents
Dispositif de commande de luminosité pour une lampe fluorescente Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0165893B2 EP0165893B2 EP85810080A EP85810080A EP0165893B2 EP 0165893 B2 EP0165893 B2 EP 0165893B2 EP 85810080 A EP85810080 A EP 85810080A EP 85810080 A EP85810080 A EP 85810080A EP 0165893 B2 EP0165893 B2 EP 0165893B2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fluorescent lamp
- voltage
- circuit
- capacitor
- current
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/36—Controlling
- H05B41/38—Controlling the intensity of light
- H05B41/39—Controlling the intensity of light continuously
- H05B41/392—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor
- H05B41/3921—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor with possibility of light intensity variations
- H05B41/3924—Controlling the intensity of light continuously using semiconductor devices, e.g. thyristor with possibility of light intensity variations by phase control, e.g. using a triac
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for controlling the brightness of fluorescent lamps according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
- control devices of this type are known, but they are disadvantageous because they do not use or only use complex auxiliary circuits to control the brightness of fluorescent lamps with high ignition voltage and poor control properties, such as the so-called slimline tubes with a diameter of 26 mm and because they only allow a limited control range with insufficiently low minimum brightness.
- a control of the brightness is not possible by means of a phase cut of the supplying alternating current if the hot cathodes of the fluorescent lamps are preheated by a heating transformer, since the lamps do not ignite.
- a heating transformer is dispensed with and a conventional glow starter device is provided for it, the lamps can be ignited at full control. With additional circuit measures in the phase gating device, a control range down to about 20% can be achieved.
- the permissible control range is limited to around 50%.
- a device has also become known in which, on the one hand, an uncontrolled current is continuously fed to the hot cathodes of the fluorescent lamps for their heating, so that there is no fear of the lamps being destroyed.
- the supply current of the lamps is controlled by means of phase gating, with a low, higher-frequency energy being continuously supplied in parallel with the lamps for igniting and re-igniting the lamps in the current which is incomplete due to the phase gating control.
- phase gating As a result of this higher-frequency energy, there is minimal brightness when the phase gating device is fully controlled.
- the phase gating device is fully controlled, full light is achieved. Since a certain minimum higher-frequency energy must now be supplied to the lamps for a reliable ignition of the lamps on the one hand and a stable burning of the lamps in the controlled state on the other hand, the achievable control range is limited to approximately 4% (1:25).
- the device according to the invention has the features stated in the characterizing part of patent claim 1.
- the time period of feeding in the higher-frequency energy can be considerably shortened.
- a minimum brightness of far below 1% can be achieved.
- the power of the damped ignition pulse oscillation triggered by the trigger circuit is reduced in a suitable manner when the phase gating is controlled back, the control range can be expanded to a minimum brightness of less than 0.01%.
- the control device 1 has various connecting terminals, namely a connecting terminal 2 for connecting the phase conductor L1 of an AC network, a connecting terminal 3 for connecting the neutral conductor N of the AC network, a connecting terminal 4 for connecting the earth conductor E of the AC network and a connecting terminal 5 for connecting the controlled output of a phase gating device 6 shown only schematically, which in turn is connected to the phase conductor L1 and the neutral conductor N of the alternating current network and is of a conventional type which is not explained in detail here.
- the control device 1 has further connection terminals on the load side, namely two connection terminals 7 for connecting a current-limiting ballast 8, usually a choke, and two pairs of connection terminals 9 and 10, which are provided for this purpose, each with a hot cathode filament 11 or 12 of a fluorescent lamp 13 to become.
- connection terminals 9 and 10 For permanent and uncontrolled heating of the hot cathode filament 11, 12 there is a secondary winding 14 and 15, respectively, of a heating transformer 16 at the paired connection terminals 9 and 10, the primary winding 17 of which, accordingly, with the connection terminals 2 and 3 for the phase conductor L1 and the neutral conductor N of the AC network connected is. It can be seen that the heating transformer 16 could also be arranged outside the dash-dotted control device 1, as shown for the phase gating device 6 and the ballast 8.
- One of each pair of connecting terminals 9, 10 also serves to supply the connected fluorescent lamp 13 with the fuel supply current of the AC network during the phase gating periods. Accordingly, one of the connection terminals 9 is essentially connected to the connection terminal 5 via the connection terminals 7 for the ballast 8, and one of the connection terminals 10 is essentially connected to the connection terminal 3.
- a first trigger circuit 18 is connected, which consists of the series connection of a resistor 19, a first capacitor 20 and a second capacitor 21 and one at the connection point of the two capacitors 20 , 21 connected trigger diode 22.
- the control device 1 shown also contains a further capacitor 27, which can be charged with respect to the connected neutral conductor N by a resistor 28 connected to the connected phase conductor L1 of the AC network via the connection terminal 2, and which via a primary winding 29 of a pulse transformer by means of the switching path of a electronic switch 30, preferably a triac, can be discharged.
- the trigger diode 22 belonging to the trigger circuits 18 and 23 is connected to the control electrode of the triac 30.
- the capacitor 27 and the primary winding 29 of the pulse transformer form a damped oscillating circuit 31.
- the damped oscillation which is excited when the triac 30 is closed by the discharge current of the capacitor 27 which flows through the primary winding 29 has here a frequency that is significantly greater than the frequency of the AC network and that is, for example, above 20 kHz.
- Two separate secondary windings 32 and 33 of the pulse transformer mentioned with the primary winding 29 are connected into the feed lines of the fluorescent lamp 13. They are connected to one another at their ends facing away from the fluorescent lamp 13 by a bypass capacitor 34, so that the fluorescent lamp 13, the two secondary windings 32 and 33 of the pulse transformer and the bypass capacitor 34 form a closed ignition circuit, as will be explained below.
- the phase gating device 6 supplies a voltage up A to the connecting terminal 5 of the control device 1, the time profile of which is shown in FIG. 2a in the period of a half-wave between the specified times t o and t 6 for three different settings of the phase gating device.
- the phase gating takes place at a time t 3 (relatively large current flow angle).
- the phase gating takes place at a later point in time t 4 (smaller current flow angle).
- the phase gating occurs at a point in time 5 shortly before the voltage crosses zero at the point in time t 6 (very small current flow angle).
- the voltage still present in the periods t o to t 2 and t o to t 1 stems from that when the voltage is on Fluorescent lamp still flowing current and disappears in the zero crossing of the current (time t 1 or t 2 ) with a steep flank, this flank shifts to zero crossing t o as the current flow angle becomes smaller.
- the voltage up A then has a vertical flank 35, 36 or 37 at the times t 3 , t 4 or t 5 set in the phase gating device 6.
- the occurrence of the edge 35 or 36 for example, generates a control pulse on the control electrode of the triac 30 via the trigger circuit 18. Since at the beginning of the relevant half-wave of the AC line voltage UL1 , the capacitor 27 is charged via the resistor connected to the connection terminal 2, the voltage u c of the capacitor 27 is also above the triac 30, so that the latter is turned on by the control pulse of the trigger diode 22 is switched. As a result, the capacitor 27 can discharge via the primary winding 29 of the pulse transformer, which is now connected in parallel with it.
- the higher-frequency, damped voltage generated by the oscillating circuit 31 into the ignition circuit is closed via the secondary windings 32 and 33, the fluorescent lamp 13 and the capacitor 34.
- the ignition voltage applied to the fluorescent lamp 13 is thus kept away from the ballast.
- the frequency of the damped oscillation excited in the oscillating circuit 31 is approximately 30 kHz and the duration of the oscillation is approximately 0.5 ms.
- the oscillation train of the damped oscillation generated very powerful, including the ignition pulse applied to the fluorescent lamp 13 and transformed to a voltage of approximately 1000 V.
- the latter can also have only a single secondary winding.
- the division shown in FIG. 1 into two identical secondary windings 32, 33 with an additive winding sense has the advantage that the high transformed ignition voltage of the resonant circuit 31 is halved against the potential of the neutral conductor N or against the earth potential.
- the voltage stress on the heating transformer 16 is also reduced by half due to the above-mentioned division relative to the earth potential.
- FIG. 2b shows the time profiles of the two voltages UL1 , and u c in a half wave, which corresponds to that of the diagram of FIG. 2a between the times t o and t 6 .
- 2b shows the values of the voltages u c at the capacitor 27 in the phase gating times t 3 , t 4 and t 5 of FIG.
- the mains AC voltage present at the connecting terminal 5 is no longer sufficient to maintain a combustion current in the ignited fluorescent lamp 13, the decaying, higher-frequency ignition oscillation fed in via the secondary winding 32, 33 of the pulse transformer causes a brief further burn the fluorescent lamp 13, so that a low light brightness is maintained. Since, according to the diagram in FIG. 2b, with a further reduction in the phase gating angle , that is to say a further approximation of the phase gating to the zero crossing of the mains voltage UL1 , the voltage at the capacitor 27 decreases and thus the power of the higher-frequency oscillation supplied to the fluorescent lamp decreases, a further reduction in brightness. This makes it possible to continuously achieve a minimum brightness of less than 0.01%.
- the ignition torque shifts forward.
- the voltage u c across the capacitor 27 is greater. This has the advantageous consequence that the fluorescent lamp 13 burns stably when the higher light level is set.
- the second trigger circuit 23 takes advantage of the voltage across the two feed lines of the fluorescent lamp 13 or the voltage across the bypass capacitor 34.
- the operating voltage of the fluorescent lamp is essentially at the capacitor 34, which is considerably lower than the mains voltage UL1 .
- the voltage divider with the resistor 24 and the capacitor 25 of the trigger circuit 23 is dimensioned such that in this case the divided operating voltage of the fluorescent lamp 13 applied to the trigger diode 22 via the resistor 26 does not reach the trigger voltage of the diode 22.
- the voltage across the bypass capacitor 34 is identical to the mains voltage UL1 when the phase gating device 6 is fully activated . Since this voltage is significantly higher than the operating voltage of the fluorescent lamp, the voltage across the capacitor 25 is sufficient to trigger periodic switch-on of the triac 30 via the trigger diode 22 until the fluorescent lamp 13 has ignited due to the damped vibrations generated thereby. As soon as the fluorescent lamp burns, the second trigger circuit 23 becomes inactive due to a lack of sufficient trigger voltage. It should also be noted here that when the triac 30 is switched on, which, according to the diagram in FIG. 2b, is slightly earlier than the time t 3 or should be by appropriate selection of the values of the components of the trigger circuit 23, the voltage u c am Despite lagging, capacitor 27 is sufficiently large to generate a powerful ignition pulse.
- the voltage divider composed of the capacitors 20 and 21 essentially determines the minimum voltage reaching the trigger diode 22 for its control. At times when the voltage up A present at the trigger circuit 18 is so high that the trigger diode 22 could be damaged, the resistor 19 limits the current flowing through the capacitors 20 and 21, so that the control voltage at the trigger diode 22 is one safe value is limited.
- FIG. 3 schematically shows the part of the control device 1 of FIG. 1 that has been changed for this case.
- the part shown again shows the fluorescent lamp 13 with hot cathode filaments 11 and 12, which are fed with heating current via connecting terminals 9 and 10, respectively, from the secondary windings 14 and 15 of the heating transformer 16 of FIG. 1. Further the ballast 8 connected via the connection terminals 7 into the phase-controlled mains supply line is shown in accordance with FIG. 1.
- the primary transformer 29, which belongs to the resonant circuit 31 of FIG. 1, has a single secondary winding 38, which is connected on the one hand to the neutral line connected to the connecting terminal 3 for the neutral conductor N (FIG. 1) and on the other hand via a capacitor 39 to the neutral line this neutral line lying hot cathode coil 11 or is connected to one of the terminals 9.
- the bypass capacitor 34 shown in FIG. 1 is of course dispensed with. The remaining circuit parts of FIG. 1 are essentially unchanged (not shown in FIG. 3).
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Circuit Arrangements For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
Claims (10)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT85810080T ATE42663T1 (de) | 1984-06-21 | 1985-02-28 | Einrichtung zur steuerung der helligkeit von leuchtstofflampen. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH301784 | 1984-06-21 | ||
CH3017/84 | 1984-06-21 |
Publications (4)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0165893A2 EP0165893A2 (fr) | 1985-12-27 |
EP0165893A3 EP0165893A3 (en) | 1986-04-09 |
EP0165893B1 EP0165893B1 (fr) | 1989-04-26 |
EP0165893B2 true EP0165893B2 (fr) | 1993-06-09 |
Family
ID=4246770
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP85810080A Expired - Lifetime EP0165893B2 (fr) | 1984-06-21 | 1985-02-28 | Dispositif de commande de luminosité pour une lampe fluorescente |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0165893B2 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE42663T1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE3569864D1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3826234A1 (de) * | 1988-08-02 | 1990-02-08 | Kulzer & Co Gmbh | Schaltungsanordnung zum betrieb einer niederdruckgasentladungslampe |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4096413A (en) * | 1976-02-20 | 1978-06-20 | General Electric Company | Flicker eliminating intensity controller for discharge lamp dimming circuit |
DE2938529C2 (de) * | 1979-09-24 | 1981-10-15 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Zünd- und Betriebsgerät für eine Hochdrucklampe |
-
1985
- 1985-02-28 EP EP85810080A patent/EP0165893B2/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-02-28 AT AT85810080T patent/ATE42663T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-02-28 DE DE8585810080T patent/DE3569864D1/de not_active Expired
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0165893A3 (en) | 1986-04-09 |
DE3569864D1 (en) | 1989-06-01 |
EP0165893B1 (fr) | 1989-04-26 |
EP0165893A2 (fr) | 1985-12-27 |
ATE42663T1 (de) | 1989-05-15 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE68927334T2 (de) | Steuerungsschaltungen für Leuchtstofflampen | |
DE60122727T2 (de) | Intregrierte schaltung zur lampenerwärmung und dimmersteuerung | |
EP0801881B1 (fr) | Procede permettant de faire fonctionner au moins une lampe a fluorescence au moyen d'un ballast electronique et ballast electronique utilise a cet effet | |
DE3903520C2 (fr) | ||
EP0701389B1 (fr) | Circuit pour commander l'intensité lumineuse et le mode de functionnement de lampes à décharge | |
DE4014391A1 (de) | Lichtstellsystem fuer kompakt-leuchtstoffroehren | |
EP0748146A1 (fr) | Circuit pour le chauffage des électrodes de lampes à décharge | |
DE3112411A1 (de) | "beleuchtungssteuersystem" | |
DE3881025T2 (de) | Schaltung fuer eine hochleistungslampe mit starker entladung. | |
EP1333707A1 (fr) | Ballast électronique pour une lampe à décharge | |
EP0669789A1 (fr) | Circuit pour alimenter au moins une lampe à décharge basse-pression | |
DE2009023A1 (de) | Schaltungsanordnung zum Zünden einer Entladungslampe | |
DE3046617C2 (fr) | ||
EP0111373B1 (fr) | Dispositif de circuit pour mise en marche et fonctionnement de lampes de décharge à gaz et à haute pression | |
EP0165893B2 (fr) | Dispositif de commande de luminosité pour une lampe fluorescente | |
DE4219958C1 (en) | Ballast circuit for discharge lamp - uses phase gate control to short out electrodes for interval in each half cycle, depending on brightness | |
DE4005776A1 (de) | Schaltungsanordnung zum starten und/oder zum betrieb einer gasentladungslampe | |
DE3338464A1 (de) | Hochfrequenz-helligkeitssteuerung fuer leuchtstofflampen | |
DE69817326T2 (de) | Vorschaltgerät | |
EP0252438B1 (fr) | Dispositif d'allumage pour lampes à décharge à haute pression | |
EP0155729B1 (fr) | Circuit pour l'exploitation à courant alternatif pour lampes à décharge à haute pression | |
DE4101980A1 (de) | Wechselspannungs-vorschaltgeraet fuer elektrische entladungslampen | |
DE102004009995A1 (de) | Schaltungsanordnung und Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Gasentladungslampe mit einem Heiztransformator | |
DE3625499A1 (de) | Zuendgeraet fuer netzunabhaengig versorgte hochdruck-entladungslampen | |
DE19517355C2 (de) | Dimmbares elektronisches Vorschaltgerät |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI LU NL SE |
|
PUAL | Search report despatched |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A3 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI LU NL SE |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19860718 |
|
R17P | Request for examination filed (corrected) |
Effective date: 19860718 |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 19880728 |
|
GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
ITF | It: translation for a ep patent filed |
Owner name: STUDIO INGG. FISCHETTI & WEBER |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI LU NL SE |
|
REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 42663 Country of ref document: AT Date of ref document: 19890515 Kind code of ref document: T |
|
GBT | Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977) | ||
REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 3569864 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 19890601 |
|
ET | Fr: translation filed | ||
PLBI | Opposition filed |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009260 |
|
26 | Opposition filed |
Opponent name: STRAND LIGHTING LIMITED Effective date: 19900125 |
|
NLR1 | Nl: opposition has been filed with the epo |
Opponent name: STRAND LIGHTING LIMITED. |
|
ITTA | It: last paid annual fee | ||
PUAH | Patent maintained in amended form |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009272 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: PATENT MAINTAINED AS AMENDED |
|
ITF | It: translation for a ep patent filed |
Owner name: STUDIO INGG. FISCHETTI & WEBER |
|
27A | Patent maintained in amended form |
Effective date: 19930609 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B2 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI LU NL SE |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: AEN |
|
GBTA | Gb: translation of amended ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(b)/1977) |
Effective date: 19930623 |
|
NLR2 | Nl: decision of opposition | ||
ET3 | Fr: translation filed ** decision concerning opposition | ||
NLR3 | Nl: receipt of modified translations in the netherlands language after an opposition procedure | ||
EPTA | Lu: last paid annual fee | ||
EAL | Se: european patent in force in sweden |
Ref document number: 85810080.3 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: CH Payment date: 20000113 Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Payment date: 20000214 Year of fee payment: 16 Ref country code: AT Payment date: 20000214 Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Payment date: 20000221 Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Payment date: 20000222 Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20000228 Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Payment date: 20000229 Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BE Payment date: 20000313 Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LU Payment date: 20000315 Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20010228 Ref country code: LI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20010228 Ref country code: GB Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20010228 Ref country code: CH Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20010228 Ref country code: BE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20010228 Ref country code: AT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20010228 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20010301 |
|
BERE | Be: lapsed |
Owner name: STARKSTROM-ELEKTRONIK A.G. Effective date: 20010228 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20010901 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
GBPC | Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20010228 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20011031 |
|
NLV4 | Nl: lapsed or anulled due to non-payment of the annual fee |
Effective date: 20010901 |
|
EUG | Se: european patent has lapsed |
Ref document number: 85810080.3 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: ST |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20011201 |