EP0118029A1 - Dispositif pour la distribution gravimétrique de liquide pour une colonne d'échange de masse et de chaleur - Google Patents
Dispositif pour la distribution gravimétrique de liquide pour une colonne d'échange de masse et de chaleur Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0118029A1 EP0118029A1 EP84101035A EP84101035A EP0118029A1 EP 0118029 A1 EP0118029 A1 EP 0118029A1 EP 84101035 A EP84101035 A EP 84101035A EP 84101035 A EP84101035 A EP 84101035A EP 0118029 A1 EP0118029 A1 EP 0118029A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- liquid
- column
- section
- distribution
- cross
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F25/00—Component parts of trickle coolers
- F28F25/02—Component parts of trickle coolers for distributing, circulating, and accumulating liquid
- F28F25/04—Distributing or accumulator troughs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D3/00—Distillation or related exchange processes in which liquids are contacted with gaseous media, e.g. stripping
- B01D3/008—Liquid distribution
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
- B01D53/18—Absorbing units; Liquid distributors therefor
- B01D53/185—Liquid distributors
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/71—Feed mechanisms
- B01F35/717—Feed mechanisms characterised by the means for feeding the components to the mixer
- B01F35/7182—Feed mechanisms characterised by the means for feeding the components to the mixer with means for feeding the material with a fractal or tree-type distribution in a surface
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J4/00—Feed or outlet devices; Feed or outlet control devices
- B01J4/008—Feed or outlet control devices
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/40—Static mixers
- B01F25/41—Mixers of the fractal type
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/8593—Systems
- Y10T137/85938—Non-valved flow dividers
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for gravimetric liquid distribution for mass and heat exchange columns according to the preamble of claim 1.
- the invention is intended in particular in large diameter columns, e.g. in the order of magnitude of approx. 3 and more meters.
- Liquid distribution devices aim to evenly distribute the liquid over the cross section of such columns.
- the most commonly used devices for gravimetric liquid distribution are designed as perforated or sieve bases or as channel, box or pipe distributors. These are distributors in which the liquid communicates across the entire width of the cross section. The liquid is conveyed through the distribution system exclusively under the influence of gravity.
- Distribution systems are also known, e.g. from FR-PS 703 029, which consist of a series of channels which are fed by a central container.
- the channels, the feeds to the channels and the central container with an overflow system, ie. Provide beaks through which the liquid is fed from the container through the feeders and troughs to the column.
- Practice has shown, however, that even such liquid distributors or those operating on the similar principle do not provide the desired uniform sprinkling and thus greatly reduce the separation performance.
- Overflow systems of this type e.g. the overflow beaks have an overflow height of the beaks of only a few mm, i.e. If the distribution system is only slightly inclined or the level in the feed lines to the troughs and in the troughs itself is dependent on the liquid flow, the liquid is unevenly fed onto the column.
- distributors are also known in which the liquid is distributed on the column cross section by means of nozzle-like spray devices.
- Such distributors require pumps to convey the liquid.
- even distribution of the liquid is not achieved in these distributors either, since the spray cones emerging from the nozzles overlap or there are places on the column cross-section to be loaded where no liquid hits at all.
- liquid inlet height cannot be chosen arbitrarily.
- the F Q of this is that with minimal load, ie 30%, the liquid inlet height is up to 9 times smaller than the maximum.
- the liquid inlet height can hardly exceed 50 mm at minimal load.
- This uneven liquid distribution also referred to as maldistribution, causes a reduction in effectiveness, i.e. e.g. the separation performance in rectification columns.
- Maldistribution is any deviation of the flow profile from the ideal piston flow, eg uneven liquid loads or different liquid compositions across the column cross-section.
- Maldistri bution is essentially characterized by two sizes. One is the strength of the distribution and indicates how large the deviations of the local fluid load or fluid composition from the ideal mean. The second variable describes the arrangement of this unequal distribution, in particular the distance between the maximum and minimum values of the liquid load.
- distributors Common to conventional distributors, however, is that they generate large-scale distribution. This is due to the increasing complexity of the flow conditions in the distributors with increasing column diameter and the associated non-uniform flows. Furthermore, distributors can never be leveled exactly exactly, which also leads to distribution. Due to the large dimensions, distributors can have a sag, which also produces large-scale distribution.
- Manifolds with overflows e.g. are designed as V-shaped slots or beaks. In these cases the overflow height is a maximum of a few mm. Even if the distribution system is divided into several individual distributors, which are fed individually from a central container, there are strong differences in the liquid outlet quantities and thus an uneven liquid distribution even with the slightest skewing or turbulence of the liquid flow.
- the object on which the invention is based is to design a device for gravimetric liquid distribution which, even in the case of column diameters of, for example, 3 m and more and also when the device is skewed, ensures an at least almost uniform liquid distribution of a uniform composition over the entire column cross-section, and thus extensive distribution is avoided.
- Liquid distribution devices designed according to the invention are structurally simple and contribute significantly to a high separation performance or optimal heat transfer in columns.
- the entire liquid to be distributed is supplied to the individual distributors via a single point, namely from a container via metering devices in partial flows.
- the partial flows are proportional to the partial areas of the column cross-section which are fed by the individual distributors.
- the container with the metering devices is arranged in the center of the column cross section.
- the number of individual distributors and metering devices can be chosen as large as desired, so that the disadvantages of the known distributors mentioned do not occur.
- the maldistribution can thus be kept small regardless of the column diameter in a device designed according to the invention.
- a mass transfer column 1 shows a section of a mass transfer column 1, namely the uppermost part of a mass transfer section 2, which consists for example of packing bodies with an ordered structure.
- a device 3 for gravimetric liquid distribution is arranged above this exchange section, the device e.g. is supported on a grate in a manner not shown.
- the device has a container 4. With the bottom 4a of the container 4, pipe sockets 4b are connected, in which metering devices designed as panels 4c are arranged. In the exemplary embodiment, all diaphragms are attached at the same height, so that the same hydrostatic height is established. It is important that the diesstechniksniveaü is above the metering devices and, depending on the operating state having a minimum distance, typically at least 5, for example, 0 mm. Thus, the ratio of the individual amounts of liquid in the entire area of the liquid remains constant k eitsbelastung.
- Valves, nozzles or other throttling devices can also be arranged as metering devices instead of the orifices 4c.
- the pipe sockets 4b open into flow channels 5, through which the liquid flows into individual pipe distributors 6 through their risers 6a during operation.
- the flow channels 5 must be dimensioned and ventilated in such a way that they do not impair the action of the metering devices.
- tubes 6c are connected in their lower region on opposite sides, which extend s + ch to the end region of the partial cross-section of the column 1 to be fed, as can be seen from FIG. 3.
- the entire column cross section is divided into seven subregions (FIG. 3) with respect to the liquid distributor, only three being shown in FIG. 2.
- the tubes 6c - as indicated in FIG. 2 - are provided with liquid outlet openings 6d through which the liquid is distributed uniformly over the entire cross section of the mass transfer section 2.
- liquid is introduced into the container 4 through an inlet pipe 7 during operation.
- exchange columns usually have a plurality of mass transfer sections separated by spaces
- collectors of known embodiments become in the spaces below the exchange sections arranged, from which the liquid is introduced into the liquid distributor arranged below each collector.
- Fig. 4 shows a detail of a modified form of a container with metering devices.
- a mixing device 11 is arranged in the container 10, e.g. how the static mixing device described in CH-PS 537 208 can be designed.
- the arrangement of a mixing device is particularly advantageous in cases where the liquid to be distributed comes from more than one source, e.g. when the reflux from the rectifying section of a rectification column is passed to its stripping section and liquid is additionally fed into the column.
- the liquid is fed in through a line 12 and the return through a line 13 flanged to the device 10.
- the arrangement of a mixing device can also be provided if the liquid comes only from a source that has concentration differences. This can be the case if the liquid comes from an exchange section arranged above the device in the column.
- opposite outlet openings 14 are present in the container 10 in the lower region of the side walls, to which pipe sockets 15 connect, with orifices 16 for metering the emerging liquid partial quantities being attached between these and the container wall.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
- Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
- Gas Separation By Absorption (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH1111/83 | 1983-03-01 | ||
CH1111/83A CH660308A5 (de) | 1983-03-01 | 1983-03-01 | Vorrichtung zur fluessigkeitsverteilung in einer stoff- und waermeaustauschkolonne. |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0118029A1 true EP0118029A1 (fr) | 1984-09-12 |
EP0118029B1 EP0118029B1 (fr) | 1987-05-27 |
Family
ID=4202750
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP84101035A Expired EP0118029B1 (fr) | 1983-03-01 | 1984-02-02 | Dispositif pour la distribution gravimétrique de liquide pour une colonne d'échange de masse et de chaleur |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4565216A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0118029B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPS59173101A (fr) |
AU (1) | AU566572B2 (fr) |
BR (1) | BR8400873A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA1218011A (fr) |
CH (1) | CH660308A5 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE3463896D1 (fr) |
NO (1) | NO159516C (fr) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3840279A1 (de) * | 1988-11-30 | 1990-05-31 | Montz Gmbh Julius | Fluessigkeitsverteiler fuer eine austauschkolonne |
DE3904357A1 (de) * | 1989-02-14 | 1990-08-16 | Krupp Industrietech | Verteilervorrichtung fuer fallstromverdampfer |
EP0688240A1 (fr) * | 1993-03-15 | 1995-12-27 | The Marley Cooling Tower Company | Distribution d'eau pour une tour de refroidissement |
EP0997179A1 (fr) * | 1998-10-28 | 2000-05-03 | Sulzer Chemtech AG | Distributeur de liquide pour garnissage de colonne |
US6189566B1 (en) | 1998-10-28 | 2001-02-20 | Sulzer Chemtech Ag | Liquid distributor for column packings |
WO2012167888A1 (fr) * | 2011-06-08 | 2012-12-13 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Distributeur de liquide |
Families Citing this family (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2617963B1 (fr) * | 1987-07-10 | 1991-12-06 | Cohen Daniel | Procede et dispositif de repartition d'un volume primaire d'un fluide avantageusement un liquide, en un nombre determine de volumes secondaires presentant une relation predefinie entre eux, par l'emploi d'orifices d'evacuation repartis symetriquement dans une chambre de repartition elle-meme symetrique |
US4999102A (en) * | 1988-12-16 | 1991-03-12 | The Amalgamated Sugar Company | Liquid transfer manifold system for maintaining plug flow |
US5004007A (en) * | 1989-03-30 | 1991-04-02 | Exxon Production Research Company | Chemical injection valve |
DE3913132A1 (de) * | 1989-04-21 | 1990-12-20 | Hoechst Ag | Verfahren zum gleichmaessigen einleiten eines fluids und vorrichtung zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens |
DE4000718C1 (fr) * | 1990-01-12 | 1991-04-18 | Man Gutehoffnungshuette Ag, 4200 Oberhausen, De | |
US5014740A (en) * | 1990-05-21 | 1991-05-14 | Cameron Gordon M | Distributor for packed tower |
US5074331A (en) * | 1990-11-06 | 1991-12-24 | Marathon Oil Company | Method and means for redistributing reactor flow |
US5884658A (en) * | 1996-09-05 | 1999-03-23 | Cameron; Gordon M. | Liquid distributor for a packed tower |
EP1366796A3 (fr) * | 1997-11-11 | 2004-01-07 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Procédé et installation de traitement de gaz par voie humide |
US6263918B1 (en) * | 1999-04-29 | 2001-07-24 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Multiple feed powder splitter |
BR0215263B1 (pt) * | 2001-12-21 | 2011-07-26 | vaso toroidal para aplicaÇÕes de distribuiÇço uniforme de fluido de fluxo contactante. | |
EP1386649A1 (fr) * | 2002-07-30 | 2004-02-04 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Distributeur de liquide |
US6907751B2 (en) * | 2002-07-30 | 2005-06-21 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Liquid distributor |
FI114385B (fi) * | 2003-01-02 | 2004-10-15 | Finnfeeds Finland Oy | Jako- tai keruulaite |
TWI351306B (en) * | 2003-05-16 | 2011-11-01 | Sulzer Chemtech Ag | Method of mass transfer of a material or heat |
JP2006281084A (ja) * | 2005-03-31 | 2006-10-19 | Mitsui Chemicals Polyurethanes Inc | ガス処理装置 |
HUE027010T2 (en) | 2005-04-05 | 2016-10-28 | Mitsui Chemicals Inc | Process for the preparation of polyisocyanate |
US9630123B2 (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2017-04-25 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Liquid distributor with a mixer |
DE102012201129A1 (de) * | 2012-01-26 | 2013-08-01 | Areva Np Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur Separation eines Fluid-Massenstroms |
CN104907005A (zh) * | 2015-05-26 | 2015-09-16 | 安徽瀚洋节能科技有限公司 | 一种塔式容器高效液体分布盘 |
TWI826653B (zh) | 2019-03-27 | 2023-12-21 | 美商科氏格利奇有限合夥公司 | 用於質量傳遞柱的二階段液體分布裝置及在質量傳遞柱內分布液體之方法 |
EP3719433A1 (fr) * | 2019-04-02 | 2020-10-07 | Linde GmbH | Distributeur de fluide réglable d'un échangeur de chaleur enroulé permettant de réaliser des différentes charges de fluide |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB193116A (en) * | 1921-11-12 | 1923-02-12 | Arthur William Robert Edwards | Improvements in water cooling towers |
FR703029A (fr) * | 1930-09-24 | 1931-04-22 | Dispositif d'arrosage pour tours d'absorption, de lavage et analogues | |
GB487946A (en) * | 1936-12-30 | 1938-06-29 | Gas Light & Coke Co | An improved method of and means for distributing washing liquid in tower scrubbers |
DE918638C (de) * | 1952-06-28 | 1954-09-30 | Emil Kirschbaum Dr Ing | Fluessigkeitsaufgabe- und Verteilervorrichtung fuer Fuellkoerpersaeulen |
DE1442929A1 (de) * | 1962-08-31 | 1968-12-19 | Us Stoneware Inc | Fluessigkeitsverteiler fuer chemische Behandlungstuerme |
GB1160260A (en) * | 1965-12-20 | 1969-08-06 | Us Stoneware Inc | Trough-Type Distributor for Distributing Liquid over a Packing in a Gas/Liquid Contact Tower |
FR2359635A1 (fr) * | 1976-07-26 | 1978-02-24 | Dzerzhinsky K | Dispositif de pulverisation de matiere fondue pour colonne de granulation |
US4264538A (en) * | 1980-05-14 | 1981-04-28 | Norton Company | Liquid distributor |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2059255A (en) * | 1932-12-09 | 1936-11-03 | Houdry Process Corp | Multiple manifolding apparatus |
CH537208A (de) * | 1971-04-29 | 1973-07-13 | Sulzer Ag | Mischeinrichtung für fliessfähige Medien |
SE355241B (fr) * | 1971-07-07 | 1973-04-09 | Stal Refrigeration Ab | |
US3704723A (en) * | 1971-08-16 | 1972-12-05 | Wheaton Industries | Pvc manifold |
JPS53120767A (en) * | 1977-03-30 | 1978-10-21 | Kuraray Co Ltd | Production of pellets of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer |
JPS56204U (fr) * | 1979-06-15 | 1981-01-06 | ||
US4299553A (en) * | 1979-12-14 | 1981-11-10 | The Continental Group, Inc. | Hot runner manifold flow distributor plug |
US4333629A (en) * | 1980-03-11 | 1982-06-08 | Pepsico, Inc. | Floating manifold for multi-cavity injection mold |
-
1983
- 1983-03-01 CH CH1111/83A patent/CH660308A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1984
- 1984-02-02 EP EP84101035A patent/EP0118029B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1984-02-02 DE DE8484101035T patent/DE3463896D1/de not_active Expired
- 1984-02-24 BR BR8400873A patent/BR8400873A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1984-02-28 US US06/584,509 patent/US4565216A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1984-02-29 JP JP59038468A patent/JPS59173101A/ja active Granted
- 1984-02-29 AU AU25173/84A patent/AU566572B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1984-02-29 CA CA000448565A patent/CA1218011A/fr not_active Expired
- 1984-02-29 NO NO840776A patent/NO159516C/no unknown
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB193116A (en) * | 1921-11-12 | 1923-02-12 | Arthur William Robert Edwards | Improvements in water cooling towers |
FR703029A (fr) * | 1930-09-24 | 1931-04-22 | Dispositif d'arrosage pour tours d'absorption, de lavage et analogues | |
GB487946A (en) * | 1936-12-30 | 1938-06-29 | Gas Light & Coke Co | An improved method of and means for distributing washing liquid in tower scrubbers |
DE918638C (de) * | 1952-06-28 | 1954-09-30 | Emil Kirschbaum Dr Ing | Fluessigkeitsaufgabe- und Verteilervorrichtung fuer Fuellkoerpersaeulen |
DE1442929A1 (de) * | 1962-08-31 | 1968-12-19 | Us Stoneware Inc | Fluessigkeitsverteiler fuer chemische Behandlungstuerme |
GB1160260A (en) * | 1965-12-20 | 1969-08-06 | Us Stoneware Inc | Trough-Type Distributor for Distributing Liquid over a Packing in a Gas/Liquid Contact Tower |
FR2359635A1 (fr) * | 1976-07-26 | 1978-02-24 | Dzerzhinsky K | Dispositif de pulverisation de matiere fondue pour colonne de granulation |
US4264538A (en) * | 1980-05-14 | 1981-04-28 | Norton Company | Liquid distributor |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3840279A1 (de) * | 1988-11-30 | 1990-05-31 | Montz Gmbh Julius | Fluessigkeitsverteiler fuer eine austauschkolonne |
DE3904357A1 (de) * | 1989-02-14 | 1990-08-16 | Krupp Industrietech | Verteilervorrichtung fuer fallstromverdampfer |
EP0688240A1 (fr) * | 1993-03-15 | 1995-12-27 | The Marley Cooling Tower Company | Distribution d'eau pour une tour de refroidissement |
EP0688240A4 (fr) * | 1993-03-15 | 1997-07-16 | Marley Cooling Tower Co | Distribution d'eau pour une tour de refroidissement |
EP0997179A1 (fr) * | 1998-10-28 | 2000-05-03 | Sulzer Chemtech AG | Distributeur de liquide pour garnissage de colonne |
US6189566B1 (en) | 1998-10-28 | 2001-02-20 | Sulzer Chemtech Ag | Liquid distributor for column packings |
WO2012167888A1 (fr) * | 2011-06-08 | 2012-12-13 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Distributeur de liquide |
AU2012266821B2 (en) * | 2011-06-08 | 2017-03-16 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Liquid distributor |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE3463896D1 (en) | 1987-07-02 |
AU566572B2 (en) | 1987-10-22 |
NO159516B (no) | 1988-10-03 |
AU2517384A (en) | 1984-09-06 |
JPS6366242B2 (fr) | 1988-12-20 |
CH660308A5 (de) | 1987-04-15 |
NO840776L (no) | 1984-09-03 |
JPS59173101A (ja) | 1984-10-01 |
US4565216A (en) | 1986-01-21 |
EP0118029B1 (fr) | 1987-05-27 |
CA1218011A (fr) | 1987-02-17 |
NO159516C (no) | 1989-01-11 |
BR8400873A (pt) | 1984-10-09 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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