EP0049368B1 - Corde synthétique - Google Patents

Corde synthétique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0049368B1
EP0049368B1 EP81106902A EP81106902A EP0049368B1 EP 0049368 B1 EP0049368 B1 EP 0049368B1 EP 81106902 A EP81106902 A EP 81106902A EP 81106902 A EP81106902 A EP 81106902A EP 0049368 B1 EP0049368 B1 EP 0049368B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
strings
monofilament
cord according
weight
string
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP81106902A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0049368A1 (fr
Inventor
Günther Dr. Tappe
Bertram Gasper
Herbert Laubenberger
Richard Dr. Weiss
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Huels Troisdorf AG
Dynamit Nobel AG
Original Assignee
Huels Troisdorf AG
Dynamit Nobel AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Huels Troisdorf AG, Dynamit Nobel AG filed Critical Huels Troisdorf AG
Priority to AT81106902T priority Critical patent/ATE3948T1/de
Publication of EP0049368A1 publication Critical patent/EP0049368A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0049368B1 publication Critical patent/EP0049368B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63B—APPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B51/00—Stringing tennis, badminton or like rackets; Strings therefor; Maintenance of racket strings
    • A63B51/02—Strings; String substitutes; Products applied on strings, e.g. for protection against humidity or wear
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10D—STRINGED MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; WIND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACCORDIONS OR CONCERTINAS; PERCUSSION MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; AEOLIAN HARPS; SINGING-FLAME MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G10D3/00—Details of, or accessories for, stringed musical instruments, e.g. slide-bars
    • G10D3/10—Strings

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a string made of at least one monofilament plastic.
  • Strings that are at least partially made of plastic are known, see e.g. DE-OS 2728339 and DE-OS 1703132. They are used for various purposes, in particular as strings for musical instruments, and for stringing rackets, in particular tennis, squash, badminton rackets, etc., and also as tendons for bows and crossbows, whereby the above list only gives examples.
  • the strings, tendons or the like have certain properties in terms of tensile force and elongation under short-term and repeated loads. After such a load, the strings or the like. quickly and completely return to their initial length. Finally, the strings or the like.
  • Gut strings have long been used for musical instruments and for stringing high-quality tennis rackets.
  • the recoverability of these gut strings i.e. their ability to quickly and completely return to their original length after a short or multiple exercise is excellent.
  • the length increase or elongation is linear as a function of the tensile force exerted and practically does not change from one load cycle to the next, which is an indication of low flow. All tensile force curves, however, have steps or jumps, which result from the scribing of certain individual fibers or the dissolution or unraveling of turns of the strings provided with a twist. The phenomena described above accordingly shorten the life of gut strings.
  • gut strings For gut strings, the lifespan is clearly proportional to the diameter of the same; on the other hand, however, it is not readily possible to simply increase this diameter, since this leads to various disadvantages, in particular with regard to the elasticity of the string under tension. Furthermore, gut strings are not of constant quality, since this quality depends on the intestines used (sheep, cattle, pig intestine), the storage conditions for the strings and the moisture conditions prevailing at the time the strings are used. Since the natural gut strings show a high moisture absorption, as a result of which dimensional changes, i.e. If the string becomes elongated, the elastic behavior changes very significantly and to the detriment of the players. In addition, gut strings are extremely expensive to manufacture.
  • the known strings in which at least one process step for extruding thermoplastic materials takes place, in particular in order to carry out a monofilament core or an impregnation of a band of multifilaments, can be produced continuously and quickly very economically; on the other hand, the quality of the artificially produced strings is not competitive compared to the gut strings, primarily due to the special properties, in particular the insufficient resilience of the thermoplastic materials used and the insufficient elasticity.
  • the multifilament synthetic strings as tennis racket strings are inferior to the high-quality natural gut strings in terms of their playing properties and at most comparable to the lower qualities of the natural gut strings.
  • the pure plastic monofilaments on the other hand, have the worst playing properties, which is primarily due to insufficient elasticity.
  • polyamide 6 and 6.6 and, to a small extent, polyethylene terephthalate are preferably used.
  • Both natural strings and strings made of plastic, in particular polyamide have the further disadvantage that moisture absorption or release is disadvantageous.
  • the strings can be shortened or lengthened.
  • Even with a high-quality plastic such as polyamide 6 and 6.6, when the relative humidity changes from 25 to 80%, dimensional changes of approx. 2% occur, with natural gut strings this is approx. 4%.
  • the moisture content of the strings is increased, the pretensioning force of the tensioned string is reduced, as a result of which, for example, a tennis racket string becomes limp and the ball no longer accelerates. is inclined.
  • strings made of polyamide arises from the fact that with a moisture content of the polyamide of approx. 3%, which arises at air humidity of 50% relative humidity, the glass transition area of the polyamide 6 and 6.6 already at approx. 20 ° C lies. Therefore, these strings have a high damping, they reset less due to the internal friction. In addition, these polyamide strings undergo major changes in elasticity with changes in temperature.
  • the elasticity of the polyvinylidene fluoride monofilament is equal to that of a natural gut string when the string is pretensioned in the range between 170 to 320 N.
  • This elasticity of the polyvinylidene fluoride monofilament can be set for the thicknesses in question, so that the same playing properties can be achieved regardless of the thickness.
  • Another essential property is that the relaxation of the polyvinylidene fluoride monofilament is equal to or less than that of natural gut strings, with a comparatively applied pretensioning force of 200 N.
  • strings formed from polyvinylidene fluoride monofilaments are characterized by high elasticity with little relaxation.
  • the elasticity can be used for the string made of polyvinylidene fluoride monofilament in a pretension force of 200 N between 2.0 to 5, Ox 10- 4 N- 1 , preferably approximately 3.3x10- 4 N- 1 can be achieved.
  • the ratio between the high elasticity of the monofilaments and the low relaxation of them, which is required for a string, in particular also for covering ball game rackets, is achieved in the case of polyvinylidene fluoride monofilaments in that the polyvinylidene fluoride monofilament in a ratio between 1: 3 to 1:10, preferably 1: 4 to 1: 5 is axially stretched.
  • the stretching temperature, the stretching ratio and the dwell time the elasticity can be greatly changed above an elongation of 7 to 8%. So you can produce strings with the desired elasticity during hot stretching. If one stretches these strings for a long time, however, one notices that on the one hand the tension drops, but on the other hand also the elasticity.
  • pre-stretching is carried out at higher temperatures, so that the strings have an elasticity which is approximately 40 to 70% higher than desired and the elasticity to the desired level by at least one cold post-stretching Brings value.
  • the length of the linear force expansion range can be determined by the level of the applied voltage.
  • a preferred area of application for monofilaments made of polyvinylidene fluoride is covering of ball game rackets, in particular tennis rackets.
  • the advantage of high weather resistance and moisture independence is fully exploited here.
  • monofilament strings made of polyvinylidene fluoride have high-quality natural gut strings that have approximate playing properties with a corresponding elasticity and relaxation behavior.
  • monofilaments made of polyvinylidene fluoride in the temperature range from -20 ° C to 30 ° C have a low attenuation measured at a measuring frequency of approximately 1 Hz.
  • This object is achieved according to the invention in the case of a string made of at least one monofilament made of plastic in that plastics consisting of 99 to 86% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride and 1 to 14% by weight of acrylates are used.
  • plastics consisting of 99 to 86% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride and 1 to 14% by weight of acrylates are used.
  • Polymethyl methacrylate, polymethyl acrylate, polyethyl acrylate or polypropyl acrylate or mixtures of these acrylates are preferably provided as acrylates.
  • the acrylates are copolymers of vinylidene fluoride monomer with at least one acrylate monomer, preferably selected from the group of alkyl acrylates or alkyl methacrylates, the alkyl groups preferably being lower alkyl groups with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, where the acrylate content is calculated from the acrylate content of the copolymers.
  • Mixtures of polyvinylidene fluoride, pure acrylates and vinylidene fluoride acrylate polymers are preferably used.
  • Monofilaments made from such blends can be adjusted in their damping behavior, and in particular the damping can be increased to a level in the desired temperature range from -20 ° C to + 20 ° C, as is particularly desirable when used as a covering for ball game racquets Natural gut strings are known.
  • copolymers of vinylidene fluoride monomers with at least one acrylate monomer are copolymers which contain 10 to 30% by weight of the stated acrylate monomer.
  • the copolymer with such a composition may be of a type made by suspension polymerization, emulsion polymerization, graft polymerization, or by any other suitable polymerization method.
  • a preferred blend for producing the monofilaments contains up to 8% by weight of acrylates and up to 25% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride-acrylate polymers.
  • a weight ratio is preferred in which polyvinylidene fluoride makes up 90 to 95% by weight and contains 10 to 5% by weight of acrylate.
  • the damping curves of the overall mixture for the monofilaments can be adjusted so that the reverberation of strings made from the monofilaments can be minimized.
  • the invention has a particularly advantageous effect when the string is formed from at least one monofilament, it has proven itself fully in the economically most interesting monofilament string and combines the advantages of natural gut strings with the previously known advantages of plastic strings.
  • the string can also consist of several monofilaments made of polyvinylidene fluoride mixed with acrylates, which are twisted, intertwined, twisted or similarly connected to one another. This also includes completely assembled strings, which in addition to plastic monofilaments also have other components.
  • the string according to the invention is essentially characterized by its elasticity behavior. This is essentially dependent on the properties of the polyvinylidene fluoride in the monofilament.
  • polyvinylidene fluoride As with other macromolecular substances, some of the properties of polyvinylidene fluoride, especially the degree of crystallinity, depend on the thermal history of the material. While rapid cooling results in a largely amorphous material with good flexibility after processing, slow cooling or tempering at approx. 135 ° C lead to highly crystalline parts that have a higher tensile and bending modulus at higher densities and have improved creep resistance.
  • the method for producing a string according to the invention provides that a strand of polyvinylidene fluoride and acrylates extrudes at a melting temperature of the polyvinylidene fluoride between 250 and 350 ° C, preferably between 260 ° C and 280 ° C and to a temperature between 60 and 150 ° C, preferably 130 to 145 ° C and axially stretched at this temperature, then the monofilament thus obtained is cooled to room temperature (about 20 ° C) and then cold stretched.
  • the inventive combination of the process steps of warm stretching with cold but relatively low post-stretching of the monofilaments achieves the excellent properties required for a string, namely elastic behavior approximating the natural gut strings over long periods of time and a reduction in the relaxation of the polyvinylidene fluoride an acceptable value for the game properties.
  • the cold stretching of the monofilament is preferably carried out to such a degree that the monofilament is elongated by 1 to 3%. This amount of cold stretching is sufficient to achieve the desired relaxation reduction. With cold post-stretching, the knot tensile strength and the elongation at break are practically hardly changed, while the elasticity increases somewhat.
  • the achievable elasticity, knot tensile strength and elongation at break of the monofilament also depend on the temperature at which the hot stretching and also the stretching ratio, which is preferably chosen between 1: 3 to 1:10, preferably 1: 4 to 1: 5, also depend on the required final thickness or diameter of the monofilament.
  • the thickness of the strand to be stretched must be between 2.7 to 3.4 mm with a stretching ratio of 1: 5 and with a stretching ratio e.g. from 1: 8 between 3.4 and 4.2 mm.
  • the desired cold stretching is achieved, for example, according to the invention in that the monofilament is wound up with a uniform tension force of at least 200 N, preferably 230 to 280 N and remains wound under tension for at least five minutes, preferably up to one hour or possibly more, until after its relaxation is used for its intended purpose.
  • monofilaments are used with an elasticity of 2.7 to 3.6x10-4N- 1 with a pretensioning force of 200 N, an elongation at break of 16 to 30% and a tensile strength between 300 to 500 N / mm 2 with a diameter of 1.2 to 1.5 mm.
  • tennis racket strings when strung with a pre-tensioning force, are between 150 N and 300 N, preferably about 200 N, depending on the type of player be raised. The following requirements result:
  • This force is added to the pre-tensioning force of a string from 160 to 300 N, with which a string is pre-tensioned during tensioning.
  • the Tenis racket strings are tensioned with 160 to 300 N, mainly with 200 N, depending on the player and type of game. With increasing tension, the deformation path is reduced and the contact time between the ball and the covering is reduced, so that in general the ball guidance is poorer and a high speed of the tennis racket is necessary for the acceleration of the ball.
  • the tension of the strings should change as little as possible over time, i.e. the tension relaxation should be low. Furthermore, the clamping force should change as little as possible through the action of temperature and moisture.
  • the strings must have sufficient knot tensile strength, but by repeatedly deflecting the string when stringing, the force acting on the knot can be reduced.
  • a deformation path that is too large causes a ball acceleration that is too low and a deformation path that is too small results in poor ball guidance.
  • the natural gut strings have an elasticity behavior that ensures both good ball guidance and acceleration.
  • the string should quickly return to its original state after a short load.
  • the wear behavior is caused on the one hand by rubbing two strings at the crossing points of a covering, and on the other hand by dust and dirt.
  • a monofilament string made from a polyvinylidene fluoride modified according to the invention which is to be used as a tennis racket string, are described below and their properties examined and compared with a multifilament high-quality plastic string made of polyamide of the type Hy-0-Sheep from Rucanor GmbH, Cologne and a natural gut string of the Victor Imperial type from Hoffmann von Cramm KG, Unteraching and a monofilament string made of pure polyvinylidene fluoride.
  • the monofilament according to the invention consists of 97% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride and 3.5% by weight of PMMA and 17.5% by weight of vinylidene fluoride-ethyl acrylate graft polymer with 20% by weight of ethyl acrylate.
  • Fig. 1 shows the compilation of the comparison of the mechanical properties in tabular form for the monofilament strings mentioned here.
  • Fig. 2 shows the force-strain diagram.
  • Fig. 3 shows the elasticity as a function of the preload force.
  • Fig. 4 shows the dependence of the shear modulus and damping on the temperature.
  • elasticity a is defined as the ratio of the change in elongation ⁇ with a change in force A K for a reversible deformation.
  • the tensile strength was determined in accordance with DIN 53455.
  • a knot was made in the thread to be tested and then the tensile strength was measured from the thread in the tensile test according to DIN 53455.
  • the property values are shown in Figure 1.
  • the abrasion resistance was determined using a special testing device. Two strings are clamped crosswise, each with a pretensioning force of 200 N. The tension clamps for one string are fixed, the tension clamps for the other string are movable. The movable string is pulled from above under the fixed string and continued upwards. With a speed of 100 cycles per minute, this string is moved back and forth. The crossing point of both strings can move about 10 mm back and forth during the test.
  • the abrasion resistance determined with this device is made of poly for tennis racket strings amide cheapest.
  • the natural gut strings differ greatly in abrasion resistance. There are strings that break after 600 cycles, others only after 2000 cycles. PVDF monofilaments have an abrasion resistance that is slightly worse than that of natural gut strings. In contrast, PVDF monofilament or modified PVDF monofilament according to the invention, the surface of which has been coated with Teflon®, for example, has abrasion resistance that is significantly better than that of natural gut strings, see Fig
  • the force expansion diagram acc. Fig. 2 shows the characteristic differences in the natural gut and plastic strings. It is particularly noticeable that the polyamide strings show a high increase in force at higher strains.
  • the elasticity can be seen from the force expansion diagrams according to Fig. 2. determine the formula given above, and it is shown as a function of the preload in Fig. 3 for the different strings. From this it can be seen that monofilaments based on polyvinylidene fluoride have approximately the same elasticity as high-quality natural gut strings with prestressing forces of approximately 150 N to 350 N. In contrast, the plastic strings made of polyamide with a pre-tensioning force of 200 N have a much lower elasticity.
  • Fig. 4 are the temperature curves of the shear modulus and the damping, measured in the torsional vibration test acc. Reproduced DIN 53 445.
  • the strings made of natural gut and based on polyvinylidene fluoride change the shear modulus only slightly in the temperature range up to + 20 ° C.
  • plastic strings based on polyamide change very strongly in this temperature range, which is due to the fact that the glass transition temperature of the polyamide is reduced by the relative moisture content, the moisture saturation at 23 ° C. and 50% rh meaning a glass transition temperature of 20 ° C.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Artificial Filaments (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
  • Braiding, Manufacturing Of Bobbin-Net Or Lace, And Manufacturing Of Nets By Knotting (AREA)
  • Decoration Of Textiles (AREA)

Claims (12)

1. Corde en au moins un monofilament de matière plastique, caractérisée en ce que l'on utilise des matières plastiques se composant de 99 à 86% en poids de fluorure de polyvinylidène et de 1 à 14% en poids d'acrylates.
2. Corde selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que l'on prévoit en tant qu'acrylates le polyméthacrylate de méthyle, le polyacrylate de méthyle, le polyacrylate d'éthyle, ou le polyacrylate de propyle ou des mélanges de ces acrylates.
3. Corde selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que l'on prévoit en tant qu'acrylates des copolymères de fluorure de vinylidène monomère et d'au moins un acrylate monomère, de préférence choisi dans le groupe des acrylates d'alkyle ou des méthacrylates d'alkyle, les groupes alkyle étant de préférence des groupes alkyle inférieurs à 1 à 4 atomes de carbone, le pourcentage d'acrylates étant calculé à partir de la teneur des copolymères en acrylate.
4. Corde selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce que l'on prévoit en tant que matière plastique des mélanges de fluorure de polyvinylidène, de polyméthacrylate de méthyle et de polymères de fluorure de vinylidène-acrylate.
5. Corde selon l'une des revendications 3 ou 4, caractérisée en ce que l'on prévoit des polymères de fluorure de vinylidène-acrylate contenant de 10 à 30% en poids d'acrylates.
6. Corde selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisée en ce que la matière plastique contient, outre le fluorure de polyvinylidène, de 1 à 8% en poids d'acrylates et jusqu'à 25% en poids de polymères fluorure de vinylidène-acrylate.
7. Corde selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce que la matière plastique contient de 90 à 95% en poids de fluorure de polyvinylidène et 10 à 5% en poids d'acrylates.
8. Corde selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisée en ce qu'elle se compose d'un faisceau de monofilaments qui sont torsadés ou tressés les uns avec les autres.
9. Corde selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisée en ce que le monofilament est axialement étiré selon un taux compris entre 1:3 et 1:10, de préférence entre 1:4 et 1:5.
10. Corde selon la revendication 9, caractérisée en ce que le monofilement subit un post-étirage, le post-étirage provoquant un allongement du monofilament compris entre 1 et 3%.
11. Corde selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisée en ce que le monofilament est garni d'une enduction abaissant le coefficient de frottement, par exemple du polytétrafluoréthy- lène.
12. Corde selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisée par une utilisation en tant que cordage de raquettes pour jeu de balles, en particulier de raquettes de tennis, les monofilaments présentant une élasticité de 2,7 à 3,6xlO-4N-1 pour une force de précontrainte de 200 N, un allongement à la rupture de 16 à 30%, une résistance en traction comprise entre 300 et 500 N/mm2, pour un diamètre de 1,2 à 1,5 mm.
EP81106902A 1980-10-03 1981-09-03 Corde synthétique Expired EP0049368B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT81106902T ATE3948T1 (de) 1980-10-03 1981-09-03 Saite aus kunststoff.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3037457A DE3037457C2 (de) 1980-10-03 1980-10-03 Saite aus Kunststoff
DE3037457 1980-10-03

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0049368A1 EP0049368A1 (fr) 1982-04-14
EP0049368B1 true EP0049368B1 (fr) 1983-06-29

Family

ID=6113564

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP81106902A Expired EP0049368B1 (fr) 1980-10-03 1981-09-03 Corde synthétique

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0049368B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPS5789611A (fr)
AT (1) ATE3948T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3037457C2 (fr)
SU (1) SU1082312A3 (fr)

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS60209008A (ja) * 1984-03-30 1985-10-21 Toray Ind Inc 高結節強度ポリフツ化ビニリデンモノフイラメントの製造方法
JPS60209009A (ja) * 1984-03-30 1985-10-21 Toray Ind Inc 高結節強度ポリフツ化ビニリデンモノフイラメントの製造法
JPS60215810A (ja) * 1984-04-11 1985-10-29 Unitika Ltd ポリ弗化ビニリデン系モノフイラメントとその製造法
JPS616307A (ja) * 1984-06-18 1986-01-13 Unitika Ltd ポリ弗化ビニリデン系モノフイラメント
DE3709636A1 (de) * 1986-03-24 1987-11-12 Kureha Chemical Ind Co Ltd Saite fuer ein musikinstrument
GB2303730B (en) * 1995-07-18 2000-01-26 Zyex Limited Musical instrument strings
DE19625697A1 (de) * 1996-04-22 1998-01-08 Helmut Luethy Beschichtungsmittel für Schläger mit Saitenbespannung
US6835454B1 (en) * 1999-08-24 2004-12-28 Stuart Karl Randa Fluoropolymer modification of strings for stringed sports equipment and musical instruments
DE102007030159B4 (de) 2007-06-27 2015-08-06 Perlon Nextrusion Monofil GmbH Mechanisch strukturierte PET-Monofilamente, insbesondere daraus bestehende Saiten für Ballspielschläger
DE102007062238A1 (de) 2007-12-21 2009-06-25 Teijin Monofilament Germany Gmbh Monofilamente mit strukturiertem Querschnitt auf der Basis einer Mischung aus Polyester und Polyolefinen

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2805066C2 (de) * 1977-02-10 1987-04-30 Fischer Ges.m.b.H., Ried Verfahren zur Herstellung von Bespannungssaiten aus Kunststoff für Ballschläger

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3160535D1 (en) 1983-08-04
SU1082312A3 (ru) 1984-03-23
ATE3948T1 (de) 1983-07-15
JPS5789611A (en) 1982-06-04
DE3037457C2 (de) 1982-08-05
EP0049368A1 (fr) 1982-04-14
DE3037457A1 (de) 1982-04-15

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