EP0048728B1 - Systeme de construction base sur des plaques de beton minces et elements de cassettes pour la mise en oeuvre du systeme - Google Patents

Systeme de construction base sur des plaques de beton minces et elements de cassettes pour la mise en oeuvre du systeme Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0048728B1
EP0048728B1 EP81900823A EP81900823A EP0048728B1 EP 0048728 B1 EP0048728 B1 EP 0048728B1 EP 81900823 A EP81900823 A EP 81900823A EP 81900823 A EP81900823 A EP 81900823A EP 0048728 B1 EP0048728 B1 EP 0048728B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
boards
trusses
concrete
steels
cassette
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP81900823A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0048728A1 (fr
Inventor
Heikki Sätilä
Toivo Vainiotalo
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Partek Oy AB
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Partek Oy AB
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Publication date
Application filed by Partek Oy AB filed Critical Partek Oy AB
Publication of EP0048728A1 publication Critical patent/EP0048728A1/fr
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Publication of EP0048728B1 publication Critical patent/EP0048728B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
    • E04C2/34—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure composed of two or more spaced sheet-like parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/84—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ
    • E04B2/86—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms
    • E04B2/8611—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms with spacers being embedded in at least one form leaf
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
    • E04B5/32—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements
    • E04B5/36—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with form units as part of the floor
    • E04B5/38—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with form units as part of the floor with slab-shaped form units acting simultaneously as reinforcement; Form slabs with reinforcements extending laterally outside the element

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a construction system and a related cassette element, wherein thin concrete boards are used that have been produced by means of band rolling of concrete or by means of any other concreting method and that are provided with steel trusses, said thin concrete boards remaining components of the ultimate structure while at the same time forming completed concrete faces for the structure.
  • the invention is concerned with a construction system wherein industrially prefabricated thin concrete boards that are provided with steel trusses, have a standard width and required length are assembled by placing two boards against each other and by mechanically locking them with each other by means of the truss steels so that the thin concrete boards and the truss steels are jointly operative and form a latticework beam resistant to bending stresses, the concrete boards constituting the flanges and the truss latticework constituting the web.
  • the intermediate space between the boards may be empty, it may contain channel and conduit structures, it may be partly or wholly filled with various heat insulations, filled with concrete cast in situ, light-aggregate concrete, or equivalent, partly or wholly.
  • the present construction methods that employ reinforced concrete are mainly based on two different techniques in the entire building or in its various structural parts.
  • One of these is the normal technique of casting in situ, wherein it is necessary to prepare firm shuttering constructions for the structures to be cast by using board, plywood, steel or plastics as the face of the shuttering.
  • the latter materials are in use only in shuttering constructions that are used several times, such as large shutters, table, angle, and cup shutters.
  • the reinforcement steels are installed and supported in the shuttering space to be concreted, whereupon the concreting takes place. After sufficient setting the shuttering is removed and the construction work on the skeleton is continued step after step. Later, during the interior finishing, the more or less successful concrete faces that remain visible are cleansed, patched, levelled, and painted or coated in the desired way.
  • Another common construction method is the prefabrication method, which is based on the use of various systems of prefabricated elements.
  • the reinforced concrete skeleton is assembled out of factory-made prefabricated structural components, elements, by welding them together by means of steel anchorages and by protecting the joint sections by means of after-casting.
  • the elements are heavy to transport and to install.
  • Element construction restricts the planning and causes limitations for the implementation of heating, ventilation and sanitation systems.
  • the element joints additionally cause leakages of air, heat and noise in the final structures.
  • DE-A-1658878, DE-A-1708946 and DE-A-1759163 all disclose a construction system in which spaced apart concrete panels are each provided with steel structures projecting from one face thereof, said panels remaining as components of the ultimate structure and forming concrete faces of the structure, said steel structures facing each other and being connected together.
  • the steel structures are formed by inverted U-shaped portions of the reinforcement.
  • the longitudinal steels run perpendicular to the plane of the inverted U-shaped portions and therefore the longitudinal steels do not add to the bending stiffness of the plates.
  • the stiffness of the formed unit can only be twice the stiffness of a single panel.
  • the space between the panels is used for casting concrete and it is the cast concrete which provides the required strength.
  • DE-A-2 242 202 discloses a construction system in which spaced apart concrete panels are provided with steel structures projecting from one face thereof, said panels remaining components of the ultimate structure and forming concrete faces of the structure, the steel structures facing each other and being connected together, the panels comprising thin concrete boards and the steel structures comprising rows of trusses consisting of longitudinal steels and diagonal steels arranged such that the longitudinal steels are spaced from the respective board and extend in the plane defined by the diagonal steels, the boards having an internal reinforcement and the boards and trusses forming a mould structure for cast concrete.
  • the trusses are interconnected at their apices and do not overlap, and the connecting elements are not rigid in a way which will make the whole structure bend-resistant. Only after concrete has been cast between the boards is the structure made bend-resistant.
  • the cassette elements of the present invention do not require concrete to be cast into the space between the panels in order to give it the required strength and therefore the space can be used for other purposes.
  • the prior constructions could not use thin concrete boards as the construction is not capable of carrying the bending stresses.
  • a construction system in which spaced apart concrete panels are each provided with steel structures projecting from one face thereof, said panels remaining components of the ultimate structure and forming concrete faces of the structure, said steel structures facing each other and being connected together, the panels comprising thin concrete boards and the steel structures comprising rows of trusses consisting of longitudinal steels and diagonal steels arranged such that the longitudinal steels are spaced from the respective board and extend in the plane defined by the diagonal steels, the boards having an internal reinforcement, characterised in that the main part of each of the diagonal steels of the two thin concrete boards facing each other are in overlapping relationship and are held fixed relative to each other by rigid connections so that said boards and the trusses jointly form a bend-resistant cassette structure even without material being cast between the boards.
  • the space between the boards can be used for positioning the heat insulation and/or as a space for frame concrete cast in situ and/or for ventilation, plumbing, electricity or other conduits.
  • a cassette element which consists of two spaced apart thin concrete boards each provided with steel structures projecting from one face of each board towards the other board, said steel structures comprising rows of trusses consisting of longitudinal steels and diagonal steels arranged such that the longitudinal steels are spaced from the respective board and extend in the plane defined by the diagonal steels, characterised in that the main part of the diagonal steels of the two thin concrete boards facing each other are in overlapping relationship and are held fixed relative to each other by rigid connections.
  • the construction can be formed either so that thin concrete boards are installed facing each other with the trusses interlocking each other and that they are locked by means of wide-flanged truss locks tensioned in the V-angles of the diagonal steels of the trusses, whereby the number and positioning of the locks is determined by the load resulting from the length and from the purpose of use of the cassette element, or by connecting the thin concrete boards to each other mechanically, in which case a U- or I-steel profile is fastened to one truss structure of a thin concrete board, which profile, as fitted to the edges of the opposite board, fastens the boards to each other so that they stand bending, or by placing the trusses of thin concrete boards provided with different standard trusses so that the trusses interlock each other and by, by means of steel pins fastened to the trusses of one of the boards, locking the trusses into a joint standing shear forces.
  • Cassettes made in this way are used in many different ways as base wall, ground-based wall, perimeter wall, partition wall, bottom floor, intermediate wall and top floor structure and as roof structure or as basic component of same. In this way a considerable improvement in the productivity of the construction industry and an expansion of the field of application of reinforced concrete structures can be achieved.
  • the construction system in accordance with the invention will be illustrated step by step by describing the manufacture of the basic component of the system, the thin concrete board provided with steel trusses, the assembly of a cassette element, alternative inside structures of cassette elements, and finally preparation of structures out of cassette elements.
  • Figures 1 and 2 show the basic component of the construction system, the thin concrete board 2 provided with steel trusses 3, 5.
  • this basic component two different modes of manufacture are described. First, casting, in itself known, of a concrete slab on a stationary base by means of a casting machine, whereby both a reinforcement steel net 4 in the slab 2 and the truss structures 3, 5 are placed on the base and longitudinally tensioned before casting. The casting machine ensures the steel net to be positioned in the middle of the thickness of the slab 2.
  • the steel trusses 3, 5 are formed out of the same steel net as the reinforcement 4 of the slab 2 by, in the way shown in Figure 2, bending the net 4 in the traverse direction into two folds as well as, by pulling, by producing a phase shift between the middle portion and the edge portions of the net 4, whereby the transverse division steels form the diagonal support irons 3 of the trusses and the longitudinal steels form the booms 5 of the trusses, or by welding the steel net straight into a configuration including the trusses 3, 5.
  • the height of the trusses 3, 5 may be different in boards 2 manufactured for different objectives.
  • the truss meshes can also be prepared in a known way as separate members and be installed on the reinforcement net 4 of the slab 2 before casting, even though this mode of reinforcement is not equally economical as that described above.
  • Such a mesh truss is represented, e.g. by the German Filigran truss.
  • manufacture of the basic component of the construction system is described as performed in accordance with the Finnish Patent No.
  • the steel net 4 must be protected by means of hot zinc-coating or in any other way or be made of stainless steel. As a cassette structure, the truss parts 3, 5 may still be protected in a particular way.
  • the thin concrete board 2 may be surface- treated in a desired way, the concrete mix used may also be coloured concrete, in the mix it is possible to employ fibres in order to strengthen and to compact the concrete layer, and the board 2 can also be made waterproof by various treatments, e.g. with plastics.
  • the thin concrete board 2 may be lifted or otherwise handled by means of the steel trusses 3, 5 as four-point lifting, whereby lateral bending of the trusses 3, 5 should be avoided when the board is inclined, or lateral bending should be prevented by means of auxiliary supports.
  • Figures 3 to 9 show solutions of principle of the manufacture of cassette elements 1 assembled out of basic components of the system described above.
  • the basic boards 2 can be assembled into cassettes 1 in advance at the element producing factory, or the assembling can be performed at the construction site in the location and position required by the structure.
  • the step of filling of the interior of the cassette 1 depends on the purpose of use and the material of filling of the element.
  • Figure 3 shows a simple cassette 1, wherein the basic boards 2 are placed facing each other with the trusses 3, 5 interlocking each other and wherein the boards are tensioned into their position by means of truss locks 6 having wide flanges 7 engaged in opposite V-angles of the diagonal steels 3 of the trusses 3, 5.
  • the compression stress of the truss locks 6 forms a constant prestressing in the diagonal steels 3 and is transferred by the wide flanges 7 to the thin concrete boards 2.
  • the friction between the flanges 7 and the board 2, the exclusion of the shifting of the locks 6, owing to the truss diagonals 3, and the compression stress of the locks 6 create a statically indefinite condition which prevents shifting of the thin concrete boards 2 in relation to each other, and at the same time they form a bending capacity in the cassette structure 1.
  • the number of truss locks 6 is determined by the size of the cassette element 1 and by the bending stress determined by the purpose of use.
  • the cassette element 1 may be filled with a heat-insulating material 8, as is shown in Figure 3, in which case the element 1 can be used as such, e.g., for wall and top floor constructions or alternatively, as is shown in Figure 4, as space for casting frame concrete 9 cast in situ.
  • FIG. 16 A favourable embodiment of this type is shown in the arrangement of Figure 16, wherein a U-profile 17 is installed inside the cassette element 1 with the open side towards the thin concrete board 2 before the frame concrete 18 is cast, whereby the U-profile 17 together with the thin concrete board 2 forms a hollow space 14 in the element 1, which space 14 can be used as ventilation, plumbing or electricity conduit or for other, corresponding purposes, whereby any necessary connections to the channel are obtained by drilling the desired holes through the thin concrete element.
  • Figure 9 shows an embodiment of a cassette element embodiment 1' in which a channel-section or I-section steel profile 10 is fastened to one of the truss structures 3', 5' of each basic board 2'.
  • the basic boards 2' are installed at the distance of the phase shift from each other, and the steel profile 10, as fitted to the edge of the opposite board 2', makes the cassette 1' bend-proof.
  • the procedure may be the same as described above.
  • the basic boards 2' can also be installed as shown in Figure 13 as overlapping each other, in which case an inclined roof construction can be constructed of the cassette elements without a separate plastic membrane insulation. In the cold season, the roof construction makes use of the heat-insulating capacity of snow, since the structure requires no ventilation.
  • Figure 6 shows the formation of a bend-proof cassette 1" made of thin concrete boards 2" provided with two different truss structures.
  • the trusses 3", 5" are designed so that they can be placed as interlocking each other and locked by means of a pin construction 11 in the lateral direction.
  • the pin construction 11 is capable of receiving all shear force resulting from bending and acting upon the diagonal steels 3".
  • This mode of manufacture of a cassette permits automatic production of cassettes, such an automatic process consisting of fitting together of the boards, injection of a polyurethane filling material, cutting, and possible after-coating of the boards.
  • a truss lock 6' alternative to the truss lock 6 shown in Figure 14, is shown in Figure 15, wherein a three-component truss lock 6' to be used for the assembly of cassette elements is shown, in which lock the outer ends of screw- threaded end components 15 constitute a widening 7' increasing the lateral rigidity of the cassette element, and by means of a tubular sleeve 16, provided with internal screw-threading, the truss lock 6' can be tightened into its position at adjoining trusses between thin concrete boards.
  • the system when the intermediate space between the thin concrete boards 2 in the cassettes 1 is used for concreting, the system combines the advantages of modern element technology at its best in respect of low weight and easy installation of the elements 1 as well as the advantages of conventional in-situ casting technique in respect of the dimensioning, density, and monolithic nature of the structures. Further advantages of the system are the circumstances that the steels 3, 4, 5 industrially installed into the boards 2 constitute the main part of the reinforcement of the final structure, the possibilities of implementation of heating, ventilation and sanitation and electricity systems by using the interior spaces of the cassette elements 1 permits individual planning, no formwork has to be removed, and that the concrete faces that remain visible have a good standard of finish.
  • the difficulties of bracing, noise insulation, sealing and jointing of the present element systems are omitted.
  • the construction system in accordance with the invention is a pure element construction system, and its advantages as compared with the concrete element systems in current use result from the quality of the surfaces, from the economy of the production, and from the low weight of the structures.
  • the construction system in accordance with the invention with its numerous possibilities of use reduces the number of working hours necessary in construction as compared with what is required today. The overall construction time is reduced when the erection of the building frame becomes faster and when the interior finishing work is reduced.
  • the requirement of energy during the construction stage is reduced while the construction time becomes shorter, because no openings for the removal of formwork are necessary in the outer mantle of the building, and therefore the expenses from the construction period are reduced.
  • the construction system described above is well suitable for small houses, large buildings, low buildings, as well as for multi-storey buildings.
  • the preparation of thin concrete boards as a mechanical in situ casting on stationary casting bases can also be developed by using casting equipment for long beams or hollow slabs so that they are suitable for the production of thin concrete boards provided with truss structures, whereby an economic result almost equalling the above and a rather good quality of the surfaces are also obtained.

Abstract

Systeme de construction et elements de cassettes associes, ou des plaques de beton fines (2) pourvues d'entretoises en acier (3, 5) sont fabriquees par un procede de roulage de bande de beton ou par tout autre procede de betonnage, lesquelles plaques constituent des parties de la structure finie et en meme temps forment des faces de beton terminees de la structure. Selon cette invention, les plaques de beton fines (2) sont, soit a l'usine soit sur le site de construction, reliees mecaniquement a l'aide de leur structure d'entretoise, les entretoises (3, 5) etant l'une en face de l'autre, de maniere a former des elements de cassettes rigides, de preference precontraints (1), ou les plaques de beton fines (2) avec leur renforcement (4) et leurs entretoises en acier (3, 5) fonctionnent conjointement comme une structure de cassette a l'epreuve de la flexion (1). En installant des elements cassettes (1) cote a cote verticalement ou horizontalement, des structures sont formees ou l'espace intermediaire entre les plaques de beton minces (2) est determine par la hauteur des entretoises en acier (3, 5). L'espace intermediaire peut etre utilise comme un espace de positionnement de l'isolation thermique (8) et/ou comme un espace pour couler le beton (9) coule in situ et/ou comme un espace prevu pour l'equipement et les conduites.

Claims (7)

1. Système de construction dans lequel des panneaux en béton espacés l'un de l'autre sont munis chacun de structures en acier faisant saillie à partir de l'une de leurs faces, lesdits panneaux demeurant parties constitutives de la structure finale et formant des faces en béton de la structure, lesdites structures en acier se faisant face et étant reliées l'une à l'autre, les panneaux étant des plaques de béton minces (2) et les structures en acier étant des rangées de fermes (3, 5) composées d'aciers longitudinaux (5) et d'aciers diagonaux (3) disposés de façon que les aciers longitudinaux soient espacés du panneau respectif et d'étendent dans le plan défini par les aciers diagonaux, les panneaux comportant une armature interne (4), caractérisé en ce que la partie principale de chacun des aciers diagonaux (3) des deux plaques de béton minces (2) se faisant face sont en relation de chevauchement et sont maintenues fixes l'une part rapport à l'autre par des raccordements rigides (6, 10, 11) de sorte que lesdites plaques (2) et les fermes (3, 5) forment conjointement une structure de cassette (1) résistant à la flexion même sans que de la matière soit coulée entre les plaques.
2. Elément de cassette à utiliser dans le système de construction selon la revendication 1, l'élément de cassette étant composé de deux plaques de béton minces espacées l'une de l'autre (2) présentant chacune des structures en acier saillant sur une face de chaque plaque vers l'autre plaque, lesdites structures en acier étant des rangées de fermes (3, 5) composées d'aciers longitudinaux (5) et d'aciers diagonaux (3) disposés de façon que les aciers logitudi- naux soient espacés du panneau respectif et s'étendent dans le plan défini par les aciers diagonaux, caractérisé en ce que la partie principale de chacun des aciers diagonaux (3) des deux plaques de béton minces (2) se faisant face sont en relation de chevauchement et sont maintenues fixes l'une par rapport à l'autre par des raccordements rigides (6, 10, 11).
3. Elément de cassette selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en outre en ce que les plaques (2) sont placées face à face avec interposition des fermes (3, 5) d'une plaque (2) entre les fermes (3, 5) de l'autre plaque (2), et les plaques (2) sont maintenues réunies par des verrous de fermes (6) présentant des ailes (7) engagées et comprimées dans des angles en V opposés des aciers diagonaux (3) des fermes (3, 5), les ailes (7) s'adaptant contre les aciers longitudinaux (5) des fermes (3, 5) et les verrous de fermes (6) tendant les aciers diagonaux (3).
4. Elément de cassette selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en outre en ce qu'un profilé en U ou un profilé en I (10) est fixé à une ferme (3, 5) de chaque plaque (2'), lequel profilé (10) reçoit une extrémité de l'autre plaque (2') et fixe les plaques (2') l'une à l'autre par un joint résistant à la flexion, les extrémités des plaques (2') étant décalées de manière à ne pas être alignées l'une avec l'autre.
5. Elément de cassette selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en outre en ce que les fermes (3", 5") des plaques (2") sont verrouillées les unes sur les autres et verrouillées par des doigts en acier (11) fixés à la ferme (3", 5") de l'une des plaques (2"), les doigts (11) étant situés entre les aciers longitudinaux (5") de fermes opposées pour former un joint résistant aux efforts de cisaillement.
6. Eléments de cassette selon la revendication 2, dans lequel les minces plaques de béton (2) ont été fabriquées en béton armé d'acier en tant que produit de transformation au moyen de laminage en bande du béton, caractérisé en ce que l'armature en acier (4) de chaque plaque (2) forme les fermes (3, 5) de hauteur constante, lesdites fermes (3, 5) servant aussi de points de soulèvement des plaques (2) pendant le soulèvement et le transfert des plaques (2) et de moyens de fixation quand les plaques (2) sont disposées par paires reliées l'une à l'autre pour former des éléments de cassette (1).
7. Elément de cassette selon la revendication 2, dans lequel les minces plaques de béton (2) ont été fabriquées de béton armé coulé sur une structure de base, caractérisé en ce que la toile d'acier (4) d'armature de la plaque (2) a été coudée en deux endroits de façon à former des plis dans la direction latérale, de sorte que des structures de fermes (3, 5) sont formées par les plis et les parties marginales de la toile (4) demeurant à l'intérieur de la plaque de béton (2) sont tirées par rapport à la partie médiane, la grandeur de ce déphasage déterminant la hauteur des fermes (3, 5), ou la toile d'armature à utiliser est soudée à la forme désirée.
EP81900823A 1980-03-28 1981-03-27 Systeme de construction base sur des plaques de beton minces et elements de cassettes pour la mise en oeuvre du systeme Expired EP0048728B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI800961 1980-03-28
FI800961A FI69178C (fi) 1980-03-28 1980-03-28 Byggnadssystem baserat pao tunna betongplattor och kassettelement foer genomfoerande av detsamma

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0048728A1 EP0048728A1 (fr) 1982-04-07
EP0048728B1 true EP0048728B1 (fr) 1984-10-24

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EP81900823A Expired EP0048728B1 (fr) 1980-03-28 1981-03-27 Systeme de construction base sur des plaques de beton minces et elements de cassettes pour la mise en oeuvre du systeme

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Country Link
EP (1) EP0048728B1 (fr)
FI (1) FI69178C (fr)
WO (1) WO1981002758A1 (fr)

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EP1979554B1 (fr) 2006-02-03 2019-01-23 James Hardie Technology Limited Système de facade à joints marqués
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Also Published As

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EP0048728A1 (fr) 1982-04-07
WO1981002758A1 (fr) 1981-10-01
FI800961A (fi) 1981-09-29
FI69178B (fi) 1985-08-30
FI69178C (fi) 1985-12-10

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