EP0029205B1 - Interrupteur à courant fort - Google Patents

Interrupteur à courant fort Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0029205B1
EP0029205B1 EP80106966A EP80106966A EP0029205B1 EP 0029205 B1 EP0029205 B1 EP 0029205B1 EP 80106966 A EP80106966 A EP 80106966A EP 80106966 A EP80106966 A EP 80106966A EP 0029205 B1 EP0029205 B1 EP 0029205B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
switch
contact
membrane
circular
switches
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP80106966A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0029205A1 (fr
Inventor
Johannes Neuser
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hundt and Weber Schaltgeraete GmbH
Original Assignee
Hundt and Weber Schaltgeraete GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE19792946124 external-priority patent/DE2946124A1/de
Priority claimed from DE19803020208 external-priority patent/DE3020208A1/de
Application filed by Hundt and Weber Schaltgeraete GmbH filed Critical Hundt and Weber Schaltgeraete GmbH
Publication of EP0029205A1 publication Critical patent/EP0029205A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0029205B1 publication Critical patent/EP0029205B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/02—Bases, casings, or covers
    • H01H9/04—Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof casings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/64—Protective enclosures, baffle plates, or screens for contacts
    • H01H1/66—Contacts sealed in an evacuated or gas-filled envelope, e.g. magnetic dry-reed contacts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/58—Electric connections to or between contacts; Terminals
    • H01H1/5822—Flexible connections between movable contact and terminal
    • H01H2001/5827—Laminated connections, i.e. the flexible conductor is composed of a plurality of thin flexible conducting layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/002—Very heavy-current switches

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a high-current switch with opposing planar contact disks, which are supported by axially acting support plates, and with a gas-tight enclosing housing, which is formed by the support plates and an annular membrane, which is gas-tightly connected to the two support plates and a sealing ring made of flexible electrically insulating plastic material, the edges of which are fastened by means of clamping devices to fastening surfaces of the support plate which run around the contact element.
  • a high-current switch is already known from DE-A1-2807810.
  • the known switch has many advantages. It reliably protects the contacts against the corrosive ambient air of, for example, electrolysis systems, on which such high-current switches are preferably used.
  • the known switch already has a device that prevents the switch from assuming a closed position in idle mode.
  • the switching path that can be achieved with the known high-current switch is very limited and is only a few millimeters.
  • the publication mentions a value of 2 mm, which is usually sufficient for low-voltage applications.
  • the high-current switch must also be able to disconnect higher voltages, which requires a contact gap when the switch is open, which can be well over 2 mm. In this case, the arrangement according to the prior art no longer works satisfactorily.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a switch of the type mentioned, which on the one hand can be manufactured much more cost-effectively than is the case with the switch known from DE-A1-2 807 810, without sacrificing operational reliability or service life would have to be made, and in addition, the contact resistance between the two open contact elements is not deteriorated by sprayed contact disk material in the course of many operating cycles, which would be disadvantageous especially if the switch is to serve as an empty switch. Because of the latter application, the switch should also allow a sufficiently large distance between the contact disks in the open position without the plastic material membrane being stressed too much.
  • the fastening ring surface comprises a cylinder outer ring surface and that the flexible sealing ring made of plastic material catches sprayed-off material due to arcing phenomena and causes material adhering during switching operations to fall off.
  • the first sub-feature ensures that even if the contact disks have to be placed at a greater distance in order to also allow higher voltages, the membrane does not separate undesirably from the fastening ring surfaces, as would be possible in the prior art, while the second sub-feature ensures that material sprayed off due to arcing does not adhere to the device forming the insulation between the two contacts and thereby deteriorates the contact resistance over time, as is also the case in the prior art must be feared.
  • the membrane has a bulge, the dimensions of which are adapted to the switching path of the contact elements (claim 3). If the switching path is only short, for example, it is only a few millimeters, a relatively small bulge is sufficient. However, the switching path is larger, for example when the switch as z. B. In addition to a circuit breaker to be used for higher voltage loads with an opening path of 16 mm, for example, a membrane with a larger bulge will be used.
  • the membrane should consist of a plastic, which on the one hand ensures sufficient electrical insulation, but on the other hand also withstands the environmental influences that arise both from the inside of the switch (hot gases and spraying contact material in the case of switching operations under residual load) and from the outside (acids and alkalis and corrosive gases when used in electrolysis systems) occur.
  • So-called fluoroelastomers have been found to be particularly suitable, for example a fluoroelastomer sold by 3M Deutschlang GmbH under the trade names "Fluorel FC-2176" and Fluorel FC-2177 ".
  • the material has good chemical and heat resistance, high crosslinking speed and high elongation even at higher ambient temperatures.
  • the two support plates holding the contact elements are held rigidly by the actuating device, so that no special guidance of the two support plates to one another is required within the switch.
  • at least one axial, preferably centrally arranged hole in particular a blind hole with a round cross section, can be provided in the support plates according to a development of the invention be, the holes being aligned with one another and receiving an insulating guide pin which is axially displaceable at least in one hole (claim 5).
  • the guide pin will be axially displaceable in the two holes with only a small amount of play, as a result of which the two contact disks or support plates are sufficiently well guided in a very simple manner, the guide pin preferably being made of glass fiber-reinforced polyamide (claim 6).
  • a particularly cheap manufacture of the switch according to the invention can be achieved in particular in that the switch, apart from the membrane, consists of the same components for both contact sides.
  • the fact that the housing does not need to be evacuated also has a reducing effect, but instead can be filled with dried air or an inert gas, in particular nitrogen, during assembly (claim 7), this filling process only at the very end during manufacture of the switch is necessary so that the previous steps do not require any special protective gas or vacuum devices.
  • Some circuits under current load cause material burns in the housing, which remove any interfering substances that are still present, such as residual moisture, presumably by the fact that these substances are bound to the resulting combustion products, be it by absorption or adsorption or by chemical reaction, so that a protective gas atmosphere is created automatically.
  • the contact disk consists of a silver or silver alloy circular contact disk soldered into a suitable recess in the support plate consisting of a hard copper alloy, in particular chrome copper (claim 8).
  • blind holes for attachment to the actuating devices can be produced in a particularly simple manner on the outer sides of the support plates in that threaded inserts are cast in at the same time.
  • threaded through holes can of course also be used, should this be cheaper in terms of production.
  • the novel switch described above can be used as an empty, off, on or switch (claim 9).
  • Several empty switches of this type can also be combined, in particular if the current to be transmitted in the switched-on state substantially exceeds 10,000 A, for example, because otherwise the contact area becomes so large that precise parallel guidance leads to mechanical difficulties.
  • a combination of several circuit breakers is advantageous if the permissible voltage when switched off is more than, for example wise should be 1000 to 2000 V, because then the necessary air gap (at 1000 V AC or 1200 V DC according to the German VDE regulations 9 mm) and creepage distance (at the specified voltages 16 mm) would have to be increased so much that mechanical complications occur.
  • the novel switch can also be used as a low-voltage switch (off, on or changeover switch) (claim 10).
  • these can be placed with their support plates on connecting lugs, which in turn are kept isolated on a fixed mounting rail on one side of the switch and a mounting rail that can be moved in the direction of the switch axes on the other side of the switch, the ones on the fixed rail located connecting tab with the associated support plate advantageously in one piece and the connecting tab on the movable rail can advantageously consist of a large number of parallel metal sheet strips such as copper sheet strips, on the one hand to simplify the construction, on the other hand, the mobility of the movable rail is not due to the stiffness of a connecting tab to affect.
  • the connecting tabs of the switches located next to one another will be connected in parallel or in rows one behind the other.
  • a switch-off in particular an empty switch, but also a switch-over
  • two switches or switch elements it is also possible to connect two switches or switch elements to a mechanical switch drive in such a way that the other is switched off when one is switched on. If you connect two switches or switch elements with two other switches or switch elements mechanically via a cross connection in such a way that two contacts open and two others close during the switching process, a two-pole changeover switch results, which is used, for example, as a pole reverser in general switchgear construction, in electroplating technology or can be used in electric furnace construction. In particular, the two-pole switch can be used to switch from one system to another system.
  • FIG. 1 shows the side view of a switch 10 according to an embodiment, which is explained in more detail in FIG. 2 in a longitudinal sectional view and in FIG. 3 in a cross-sectional illustration.
  • the switch consists of two opposite contact elements in the form of two circular contact disks 12, each of which is held by a support plate 14.
  • the contact disc 12, the z. B. consists of a silver alloy with a silver content of about 90%, placed in a corresponding depression in the end face of the support bar 14 and soldered to the entire surface. The depression results in a special protection of the edge of the contact disk 12 against lifting off when there is a greater thermal load.
  • the contact disks 12 are enclosed in a gas-tight manner by an annular membrane 16 which tightly connects the two support plates 14 to one another.
  • the two support plates 14 together with the annular membrane 16 form a closed chamber 18, in which the contact disks 12 can move relative to one another in a protected manner.
  • the two support plates 14 can be moved towards one another by means not shown here until the two contact disks 12 lie against one another in their entire area and form a current transition which has a transmission power of several thousand amperes with a very low voltage drop. If, on the other hand, the two support plates 14 and thus the contact disks 12 are pulled apart by the actuating device, for example by 16 to 20 mm, the circuit is interrupted.
  • the annular membrane 16 forms a kind of bellows.
  • a clamping device 30 is also provided in the illustrated embodiment, which can be a conventional hose clamp, as shown in FIG. 1, or a simple, mountable and also more uniform pressure-exerting stainless steel band 32, as is shown in FIG. 7 is shown in perspective view, and which ends at one end in an outwardly facing hook 34, see the partially longitudinal section of Fig. 8, wcbs; the hook 34 has a width that is less than the width of the stainless steel band 32.
  • the other end of the stainless steel band 32 ends in a window-like opening 36 which is placed over the hook 34 for the purpose of covering the membrane 16 with the stainless steel band 32.
  • this band does not bulge the covered material in the area of the band ends during the fastening process, and this band can also be installed much more quickly.
  • two round openings 38 are provided near the ends of the band, into which a corresponding plier-like tool can be used to pull the two ends of the stainless steel band 32 together and thereby open the opening 36 over the hook 34 to guide and thus to lock the stainless steel band 32 around the membrane 16.
  • the support plate 14 is set down again, so that there is a further step 40 from which the actual carrier for the contact disk 12 extends in a cylindrical shape.
  • all the surface areas of the membrane 16 delimiting the interior of the switch housing are given approximately the same distance from the contact disk gap 42, so that u. U. splashing material distributed relatively uniformly on the surface 44, which contributes to the longer life of the membrane material.
  • the membrane 16 preferably consists of a fluoroelastomer which is sufficiently resistant to chemical attacks from the outside, which can occur when using the switch for electrolysis baths, and to chemical and thermal attacks from the inside.
  • This material has the advantage that it can be processed as a raw elastomer using very simple injection molds and therefore there is the possibility of creating a series of switches with stepwise different nominal current values without great tool costs, so that the switch can be precisely adapted to the required nominal current and so that optimal use of space is achieved.
  • a module row could be created in steps of 1000 A, which would range from 1000 to 10,000 A.
  • the tool costs required for each current value namely the costs for the injection mold for the membrane 16 and the mold for producing the support plate 14, for example by means of mold casting, are thus limited.
  • both support plates 14 are constructed completely identically and can therefore be manufactured inexpensively with only one shape.
  • blind holes 54 can of course also be arranged subsequently (FIG. 4) or, instead, through holes 45, for. B. at the four corners of a rectangular support plate 14, as shown in Fig. 3.
  • the axial guide here consists in a simple manner of a guide pin 48 which is guided with a certain clearance 52 in an axial blind hole 50 arranged in each support plate 14.
  • the guide pin 48 can for example consist of glass fiber reinforced polyamide.
  • FIGS. 4 to 6 show an embodiment of the switch according to the invention which does not have such an additional guide. Otherwise, the illustrated embodiment is very analogous to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, but instead of the through holes 45, blind holes 54 for fastening the support plates to the switch be actuating devices (not shown) are provided.
  • the membrane 16 can be provided on its outer edges with a depression 56, which is arranged above the bead 28 (which engages in a groove 26 in the fastening ring surface 20) and into which, for example, a fastening spiral 58 , a mounting ring 60 or a band 62 can engage.
  • the switch described above in several embodiments which, as already mentioned, can be designed to switch currents in the range from 1000 to, for example, 12,000 A, can also be used to construct a switch device comprising several switches of the type described.
  • FIG. 10 An on / off switching device 70 constructed from five switches 10 is shown in FIG. 10, FIG. 10 showing a sectional view through one of the switches 10.
  • the lower support plate 14 which merges in one piece towards the outside into a connecting lug 15, is carried by an insulating piece 72, which in turn is fastened on a fastening rail 74 with a U-shaped cross section.
  • the upper support plate 14 clamps with a further support plate 80 a connection tab 76 consisting of individual copper sheet strips with the interposition of a further insulating piece 78.
  • This part consisting of the components 14, 76, 78 and 80, is connected via a cushion-shaped connecting member 82 to an upper fastening rail 84 which is displaceable in the direction of the axis of the switch 10 and which in turn is U-shaped in cross section.
  • connection contact strips 86 and 88 are each connected to the connection contact strips 86 and 88, which are only shown in broken lines in FIG. 10, for example with four screw bolts each, which are provided through four corresponding bores 90 and 92 in the lower and upper connection plate 15 and 76, respectively. see FIG. 11.
  • the fastening rails 74 and 84 are held by a suitable frame construction, which are held, for example, by side plates 94, 96, the upper fastening rail being connected at both ends to an eccentric drive and thereby being able to be moved up and down, the drive being, for example, by means of connecting rods 98 arranged on both sides takes place, which are connected to a drive shaft 100.
  • the drive shaft 100 can be actuated either by a manual drive, for example by a lateral hand lever, or by a rotating front drive, or else by a motor drive, for which a corresponding space 102 is provided on the left side in FIG. 9, for example.
  • the distances between the individual connecting lugs 76 and 15, as well as the distances between the contact disks within the individual switches 10, depend on the respective required dielectric strength of the switch device in the switched-off state. If the individual connection tabs 76 and 15 are connected in parallel with each other in order to achieve higher nominal currents, the distances with regard to the dielectric strength do not play a role, but if, for example, to achieve higher dielectric strength, the connection tab 15 of a switch 10 with the connection tab 76 des next switch 10 is connected by a bridge connection, the connecting plate 15 is in turn connected to the connecting plate 76 of the next switch, etc.
  • the switch according to the invention is then suitable for higher nominal powers and also higher switching frequencies.
  • Switch devices of the type shown in Fig. 9, in particular when used as an empty switch, or switches consisting of only one element can also be combined in such a way that there is the possibility of switching, see Figs. 12 and 13, the one Side view (similar to FIG. 9) or a cross section (similar to FIG. 10) of such a switch 170, which mechanically combines two switches 10 for each phase in such a way that the other switch is opened during the closing of one switch.
  • a flexible connecting lug 76 and two fixed connecting lugs 77, 79 provided centrally between the support plates 14 of two cooperating switches 10.
  • the construction described can be used particularly well as an empty switch and as a low-voltage switch.
  • Empty switches are switches for almost currentless switching on, off or switching, low-voltage switches switches for switching on or off or switching currents if only a low voltage occurs at the moment of switching between the open contacts of each pole.
  • a special form of the circuit breaker is the isolating switch, a circuit breaker for nominal currents of 1000-100 000 A, which are always to be used when there is no switching under load. Due to their large opening path, special operational safety is given. With a clearance of 9 mm and a creepage distance of 16 mm, the insulation capacity is 1000 V AC or 1200 V DC.
  • Empty switches as changeover switches are similar in their properties to the empty switch, but the changeover switch can be used to switch from one system to another.
  • the field of application of these empty switches is general switchgear construction, electroplating (e.g. also as a pole changer), electric furnace construction as well as other areas with high currents but low voltages.
  • the switch according to the invention can be used not only as an empty switch, but also as a low-voltage switch or switch, even for very high currents.
  • the arrangement of the guide pins results in a guide which is sufficient to absorb even the forces which occur on the switch at such high currents (a few 100 to a few 1000 A) due to their magnetic action.

Landscapes

  • Switch Cases, Indication, And Locking (AREA)
  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)

Claims (10)

1. Interrupteur de courant fort à disques plans de contact (12) placés face à face, soutenus par des plaques d'appui (14) actionnables par une force agissant axialement, et à boîtier enveloppant les disques de contact (12) de manière étanche aux gaz, ce boîtier étant constitué par les plaques d'appui (14) et par une membrane annulaire (16) qui est reliée de manière étanche aux gaz aux deux plaques d'appui (14) et qui comprend un anneau d'étanchéité en matière synthétique souple, électriquement isolante, dont les bords sont fixés au moyen de dispositifs de serrage (30) à des surfaces annulaires de fixation (20) de la plaque d'appui (14) qui entourent l'élément de contact, caractérisé en ce que la surface annulaire de fixation (20) comprend une surface annulaire cylindrique extérieure et en ce que l'anneau d'étanchéité (16) souple en matière synthétique capte de la matière projetée par suite de phénomènes d'arc électrique et, par mouvement interne lors des manoeuvres de l'interrupteur, fait tomber la matière adhérente.
2. Interrupteur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la surface annulaire de fixation (20) présente une rainure annulaire (26) dans laquelle s'ajuste une collerette annulaire (28) de forme correspondante sur la face intérieure du bord de la membrane.
3. Interrupteur selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la membrane (16) présente un renflement dont l'ampleur est adaptée à la course de manoeuvre des éléments de contact (12).
4. Interrupteur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que le dispositif de serrage (30) se compose d'un ruban (32) en acier allié recourbé en forme de bague qui, à une extrémité, se termine par un crochet (34) dirigé vers l'extérieur, avec une largeur inférieure à celle du ruban en acier allié (32), tandis que l'autre extrémité du ruban en acier allié (32) comporte une percée (36) analogue à une fenêtre pour recevoir le crochet (34).
5. Interrupteur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que les plaques d'appui (14) présentent chacune au moins un trou axial (50), notamment un trou borgne de section ronde, disposé de préférence au milieu, traversant le disque de contact (12), les trous (50) étant coaxiaux et recevant une goupille de guidage isolante (48) qui peut coulisser axialement dans au moins l'un des trous (50).
6. Interrupteur selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que la goupille de guidage (48) est retenue à coulissement axial dans les deux trous (50) seulement avec un jeu (52) faible et est de préférence en polyamide renforcé par des fibres de verre.
7. Interrupteur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce que lors de l'assemblage on remplit le boîtier d'air séché ou d'un gaz inerte, notamment d'azote.
8. Interrupteur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que le disque de contact (12) se compose d'un disque de contact circulaire (12) en argent ou alliage d'argent, brasé dans un lamage correspondant de la plaque d'appui (14) en un alliage de cuivre dur, notamment en cuivre au chrome.
9. Interrupteur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé par l'utilisation comme interrupteur à vide (interrupteur, contacteur ou permutateur).
10. Interrupteur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé par l'utilisation comme interrupteur à basse tension (interrupteur, contacteur ou permutateur).
EP80106966A 1979-11-15 1980-11-12 Interrupteur à courant fort Expired EP0029205B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2946124 1979-11-15
DE19792946124 DE2946124A1 (de) 1979-11-15 1979-11-15 Niederspannungsschalter
DE19803020208 DE3020208A1 (de) 1980-05-28 1980-05-28 Leerschalter
DE3020208 1980-05-28

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0029205A1 EP0029205A1 (fr) 1981-05-27
EP0029205B1 true EP0029205B1 (fr) 1984-02-22

Family

ID=25781999

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP80106966A Expired EP0029205B1 (fr) 1979-11-15 1980-11-12 Interrupteur à courant fort

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4386253A (fr)
EP (1) EP0029205B1 (fr)
CA (1) CA1152547A (fr)
DE (1) DE3066721D1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19623733B4 (de) * 1996-06-14 2007-07-05 Ritter Starkstromtechnik Gmbh & Co Hochstromschalter

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE8806864U1 (fr) * 1988-05-26 1989-09-21 Hundt & Weber Schaltgeraete Gmbh, 5905 Freudenberg, De
JP2002008480A (ja) * 2000-06-21 2002-01-11 Nec Corp 操作装置

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1083385B (de) * 1957-07-18 1960-06-15 Harald Wirth Schalter, insbesondere Hebel- oder Drehschalter, fuer Umpolung grosser Stroeme
GB932804A (en) * 1958-06-14 1963-07-31 Dowty Electrics Ltd Improvements in electric switches
GB1416877A (en) * 1972-11-28 1975-12-10 Carr Fastener Co Ltd Clip for securing compliant tubular members
US3862389A (en) * 1973-03-26 1975-01-21 Charles Thomas Lowe Positive stop electrical switch
US3950628A (en) * 1974-10-10 1976-04-13 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Bellows type shorting switch
ZA767618B (en) * 1976-01-19 1977-11-30 Westinghouse Electric Corp Low voltage vacuum switch and operating mechanism
US4088859A (en) * 1977-02-23 1978-05-09 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Normal open low voltage vacuum shorting switch
DE2845900A1 (de) * 1978-10-21 1980-04-30 Hans Wolfgang Dipl Ing Funk Schaltkontakte fuer elektrische hochstromschalter
DE2852471A1 (de) * 1978-12-05 1980-06-12 Hundt & Weber Niederspannungs-kurzschliesser-anordnung fuer elektrolysezellen o.dgl.

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19623733B4 (de) * 1996-06-14 2007-07-05 Ritter Starkstromtechnik Gmbh & Co Hochstromschalter

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA1152547A (fr) 1983-08-23
US4386253A (en) 1983-05-31
EP0029205A1 (fr) 1981-05-27
DE3066721D1 (en) 1984-03-29

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