EP0018928A1 - Closure caps with sealing strip - Google Patents

Closure caps with sealing strip Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0018928A1
EP0018928A1 EP80420046A EP80420046A EP0018928A1 EP 0018928 A1 EP0018928 A1 EP 0018928A1 EP 80420046 A EP80420046 A EP 80420046A EP 80420046 A EP80420046 A EP 80420046A EP 0018928 A1 EP0018928 A1 EP 0018928A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
capsule
skirt
screwing
bosses
ring
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP80420046A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Raymond Perne
Philippe Odet
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Astra Plastique SA
Original Assignee
Astra Plastique SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Astra Plastique SA filed Critical Astra Plastique SA
Publication of EP0018928A1 publication Critical patent/EP0018928A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
    • B65D41/32—Caps or cap-like covers with lines of weakness, tearing-strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices, e.g. to facilitate formation of pouring openings
    • B65D41/34—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers provided with tamper elements formed in, or attached to, the closure skirt
    • B65D41/3442—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers provided with tamper elements formed in, or attached to, the closure skirt with rigid bead or projections formed on the tamper element and coacting with bead or projections on the container
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2401/00—Tamper-indicating means
    • B65D2401/15—Tearable part of the closure
    • B65D2401/30—Tamper-ring remaining connected to closure after initial removal

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to closure caps made entirely of molded synthetic material and provided with a guarantee strip capable of ensuring authentication of the contents of the container until the time of first use, and it relates more particularly to devices for this kind which are intended to be fixed by screwing on the threaded necks of the bottles containing drinks or other liquids under gas pressure.
  • this strip is deformed during the screwing of the capsule, to pass over the ring and to snap elastically below the latter at the end of screwing.
  • this is a plastic material which is not very deformable, the connection zone must be strong enough to avoid any risk of untimely tearing during screwing; however, this resistance must be overcome by the consumer when the bottle is first used.
  • the improvements which are the subject of the present invention are more particularly intended to remedy this drawback and allow the realization of a screw cap with a guarantee strip which is capable of responding particularly well to the various desiderata of the practice.
  • the closure cap according to the invention of the kind constituted by a one-piece body comprising on the one hand a cylindrical skirt internally threaded to cooperate with the thread of the corresponding container and on the other hand a guarantee strip provided at the base of said skirt and comprising at least one element with a substantially circular profile connected to the skirt by at least two vertical bosses, said element being intended to come at the end of screwing in snap below the shoulder or ring of the container in order to hold in place the capsule until the time of the first use, is characterized in that the two connecting bosses have unequal resistance to tearing or cutting, the boss with greater resistance being that which is disposed in the forward direction of rotation corresponding to the screwing the capsule onto the container.
  • the capsule shown is made up of a single piece - obtained by molding a relatively rigid synthetic material such as polypropylene or the like.
  • the body comprises a transverse bottom 1 with a circular profile, which is extended downwards by a cylindrical skirt 2, the internal wall of which comprises a thread 3.
  • the latter is intended to cooperate with the thread 4 provided on the neck 5 of the bottle, above the usual ring 6 of said neck.
  • the bottom 1 can be equipped with a flat seal or comprise a cylindrical chimney, these joint or chimney being intended to ensure the sealing of the obturation.
  • the guarantee strip provided at the base of the skirt 1 in order to cooperate, with the ring 6 is constituted by elements 7, two in number in the embodiment considered, established in a profile semicircular whose radius is slightly less than that of the skirt 2, so that said elements are projecting relative to the internal face of said skirt. This projecting position is further accentuated at the level of a step or relief 8 provided on the internal wall of each of the elements 7.
  • each of the elements 7 are made integral with the skirt 2 by two vertical bosses 9 and 10 provided at the ends of each element 7; the boss 9 which, when the cap is screwed onto the neck 5 will be in front, has a width and a height much greater than those of the opposite boss 10, so that each boss 9 in fact constitutes a very resistant bridge while each of the bosses 10 behaves on the contrary like a connecting pin capable of being easily sectioned.
  • the band 7-7 comes at the end of screwing to affect an axial position such that the steps or reliefs 8 are snapped under the ring 6, their upper edge being disposed below the lower edge of said ring .
  • This strip clearly visible on the neck 5, attests that the bottle still contains its initial content, without any possibility of substitution.

Abstract

Capsule à bande de garantie pour le bouchage des recipients à goulot fileté. La bande de garantie est formée par au moins deux éléments séparés (7) reliés à la base de la jupe (2) par deux bossages dont l'un, référencé (9) et prévu en avant dans le sens de vissage, est plus résistant que l'autre (10), ce dernier se sectionnant lors du dévissage de la capsule. Bouchage des bouteilles de boissons gazeuses.Capsule with guarantee strip for plugging containers with threaded neck. The guarantee strip is formed by at least two separate elements (7) connected to the base of the skirt (2) by two bosses, one of which, referenced (9) and provided forward in the direction of screwing, is more resistant than the other (10), the latter being cut off when the capsule is unscrewed. Corking of soft drink bottles.

Description

La présente invention a trait aux capsules de bouchage entièrement réalisées en matière synthétique moulée et pourvues d'une bande de garantie propre à assurer l'authentification du contenu du récipient jusqu'au moment de la première utilisation, et elle vise plus particulièrement les dispositifs de ce genre qui sont destinés à être fixés par vissage sur les goulots filetés des bouteilles renfermant des boissons ou autres liquides sous pression gazeuse.The present invention relates to closure caps made entirely of molded synthetic material and provided with a guarantee strip capable of ensuring authentication of the contents of the container until the time of first use, and it relates more particularly to devices for this kind which are intended to be fixed by screwing on the threaded necks of the bottles containing drinks or other liquids under gas pressure.

On sait qu'en vue de maintenir l'étanchéité du bouchage en dépit de la pression qui s'exerce sur les capsules, on a été amené à réaliser celles-ci en une matière synthétique très rigide, ne présentant qu'une déformabilité élastique réduite. La base de la paroi cylindrique d'une telle capsule est solidaire, à travers une zone de liaison à faible résistance au déchirage, d'une bande de garantie établie à un diamètre un peu inférieur à celui de ladite paroi de façon à venir porter par un ou plusieurs reliefs internes contre le bord inférieur de l'épanouissement annulaire ou "bague" prévue au-dessous du filetage du goulot.It is known that in order to maintain the sealing of the closure despite the pressure exerted on the capsules, we have been led to produce them in a very rigid synthetic material, having only reduced elastic deformability . The base of the cylindrical wall of such a capsule is secured, through a connection zone with low tear resistance, to a guarantee strip established at a diameter a little smaller than that of said wall so as to be carried by one or more internal reliefs against the lower edge of the annular expansion or "ring" provided below the thread of the neck.

Il est donc nécessaire que cette bande se déforme lors du vissage de la capsule, pour passer par dessus la bague et pour s'encliqueter élastiquement au-dessous de celle-ci en fin de vissage. S'agissant d'une matière synthétique peu déformable, la zone de liaison doit être suffisamment résistante pour éviter tout risque de déchirage intempestif lors du vissage ; or cette résistance doit être vaincue par le consommateur lors de la première utilisation de la bouteille. On comprend finalement qu'on se heurte à des conditions contradictoires très gênantes en pratique, ce qui fait que les capsules du type visé donnent rarement pleine satisfaction aux utilisateurs ; elles sont soit trop fragiles et elles se déchirent lors de la mise en place, soit trop résistantes et il est très difficile de procéder au débouchage.It is therefore necessary that this strip is deformed during the screwing of the capsule, to pass over the ring and to snap elastically below the latter at the end of screwing. As this is a plastic material which is not very deformable, the connection zone must be strong enough to avoid any risk of untimely tearing during screwing; however, this resistance must be overcome by the consumer when the bottle is first used. We finally understand that we come up against very troublesome contradictory conditions in practice, which means that capsules of the type targeted rarely give full satisfaction to users; they are either too fragile and they tear during installation, or too resistant and it is very difficult to unclog.

Les perfectionnements qui font l'objet de la présente invention ont plus spécialement pour but de remédier à cet inconvénient et de permettre la réalisation d'une capsule vissée à bande de garantie qui soit susceptible de répondre particulièrement bien aux divers desiderata de la pratique.The improvements which are the subject of the present invention are more particularly intended to remedy this drawback and allow the realization of a screw cap with a guarantee strip which is capable of responding particularly well to the various desiderata of the practice.

La capsule de bouchage suivant l'invention, du genre constitué par un corps monobloc comprenant d'une part une jupe cylindrique filetée intérieurement pour coopérer avec le filetage du récipient correspondant et d'autre part une bande de garantie prévue à la base de ladite jupe et comportant au moins un élément à profil substantiellement circulaire relié à la jupe par au moins deux bossages verticaux, ledit élément étant destiné à venir en fin de vissage s'encliqueter au-dessous de l'épaulement ou bague du récipient afin de retenir en place la capsule jusqu'au moment de la première utilisation, est caractérisée en ce que les deux bossages de liaison présentent des résistances inégales au déchirement ou sectionnement, le bossage à plus grande résistance étant celui qui est disposé en avant dans le sens de rotation correspondant au vissage de la capsule sur le récipient.The closure cap according to the invention, of the kind constituted by a one-piece body comprising on the one hand a cylindrical skirt internally threaded to cooperate with the thread of the corresponding container and on the other hand a guarantee strip provided at the base of said skirt and comprising at least one element with a substantially circular profile connected to the skirt by at least two vertical bosses, said element being intended to come at the end of screwing in snap below the shoulder or ring of the container in order to hold in place the capsule until the time of the first use, is characterized in that the two connecting bosses have unequal resistance to tearing or cutting, the boss with greater resistance being that which is disposed in the forward direction of rotation corresponding to the screwing the capsule onto the container.

Le dessin annexé, donné à titre d'exemple, permettra de mieux comprendre l'invention, les caractéristiques qu'elle présente et les avantages qu'elle est susceptible de procurer :

  • Fig. 1 est une vue en perspective d'une capsule de bouchage suivant l'invention.
  • Fig. 2 est une coupe axiale de cette capsule, représentée au-dessus du goulot fileté de la bouteille correspondante.
  • Fig. 3 est une coupe horizontale suivant III-III (fig. 2).
  • Fig. 4 reproduit fig. 1, la capsule étant toutefois montrée après dévissage.
The appended drawing, given by way of example, will allow a better understanding of the invention, the characteristics which it presents and the advantages which it is capable of providing:
  • Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a closure cap according to the invention.
  • Fig. 2 is an axial section of this capsule, shown above the threaded neck of the corresponding bottle.
  • Fig. 3 is a horizontal section along III-III (fig. 2 ).
  • Fig. 4 reproduced fig. 1, the capsule however being shown after unscrewing.

la capsule représentée est constituée par une seule pièce - obtenue par moulage d'une matière synthétique relativement rigide telle que le polypropylène ou similaire. A la manière usuelle le corps comprend un fond transversal 1 à profil circulaire, qui se prolonge vers le bas par une jupe cylindrique 2 dont la paroi interne comporte un filet 3. Ce dernier est destiné à coopérer avec le filetage 4 prévu sur le goulot 5 de la bouteille, au-dessus de la bague habituelle 6 dudit goulot. Bien entendu le fond 1 peut être équipé d'un joint plat ou comporter une cheminée cylindrique, ces joint ou cheminée étant destinés à assurer l'étanchéité de l'obturation.the capsule shown is made up of a single piece - obtained by molding a relatively rigid synthetic material such as polypropylene or the like. In the usual way, the body comprises a transverse bottom 1 with a circular profile, which is extended downwards by a cylindrical skirt 2, the internal wall of which comprises a thread 3. The latter is intended to cooperate with the thread 4 provided on the neck 5 of the bottle, above the usual ring 6 of said neck. Of course the bottom 1 can be equipped with a flat seal or comprise a cylindrical chimney, these joint or chimney being intended to ensure the sealing of the obturation.

Conformément à l'invention, la bande de garantie prévue à la base de la jupe 1 en vue de coopérer,avec la bague 6 est constituée par des éléments 7, au nombre de deux dans l'exemple de réalisation considéré, établis à un profil semi-circulaire dont le rayon est légèrement inférieur à celui de la jupe 2, si bien que lesdits éléments sont en saillie par rapport à la face interne de ladite jupe. Cette position en saillie est encore accentuée au-niveau d'un redan ou relief 8 prévu sur la paroi interne de chacun des éléments 7.According to the invention, the guarantee strip provided at the base of the skirt 1 in order to cooperate, with the ring 6 is constituted by elements 7, two in number in the embodiment considered, established in a profile semicircular whose radius is slightly less than that of the skirt 2, so that said elements are projecting relative to the internal face of said skirt. This projecting position is further accentuated at the level of a step or relief 8 provided on the internal wall of each of the elements 7.

On notera que l'épaisseur de matière est pratiquement interrompue entre le bord inférieur de la jupe 2 et le bord supérieur de chacun des éléments 7. Ceux-ci sont rendus solidaires de la jupe 2 par deux bossages verticaux 9 et 10 prévus aux extrémités de chaque élément 7 ; le bossage 9 qui lors du vissage de la capsule sur le goulot 5 va se trouver en avant présente une largeur et une hauteur bien supérieures à celles du bossage opposé 10, de telle sorte que chaque bossage 9 constitue en fait un pont très résistant alors que chacun des bossages 10 se comporte au contraire comme un picot de liaison susceptible d'être facilement sectionné.It will be noted that the thickness of material is practically interrupted between the lower edge of the skirt 2 and the upper edge of each of the elements 7. These are made integral with the skirt 2 by two vertical bosses 9 and 10 provided at the ends of each element 7; the boss 9 which, when the cap is screwed onto the neck 5 will be in front, has a width and a height much greater than those of the opposite boss 10, so that each boss 9 in fact constitutes a very resistant bridge while each of the bosses 10 behaves on the contrary like a connecting pin capable of being easily sectioned.

On comprend que lorsque la capsule est mise en place sur le goulot 5 après remplissage initial de la bouteille, il faut évidemment qu'à un moment donné la bande formée par les deux éléments 7 passe par dessus la bague 6 ; ce passage implique nécessairement une déformation de la bande précitée puisque les redans 8 définissent un diamètre nettement inférieur au diamètre extérieur de ladite bague. Cette déformation peut- intervenir sans que les éléments 7 risquent d'être endommagés du fait que l'effort de traction qui en résulte est supporté ; par le "gros" bossage 9 de chacun desdits éléments, le "petit" bossage 10 n'étant soumis à aucun effort exceptionnel. Comme dans les capsules classiques de ce genre, la bande 7-7 vient en fin de vissage affecter une position axiale telle que les redans ou reliefs 8 sont encliquetés sous la bague 6, leur bord supérieur étant disposé au dessous du bord inférieur de ladite bague. Cette bande, bien visible sur le goulot 5, atteste que la bouteille renferme encore son contenu initial, sans aucune possibilité de substitution.It is understood that when the capsule is placed on the neck 5 after initial filling of the bottle, it is obviously necessary that at a given moment the strip formed by the two elements 7 passes over the ring 6; this passage necessarily implies a deformation of the aforementioned strip since the steps 8 define a diameter much smaller than the outside diameter of said ring. This deformation can occur without the elements 7 being liable to be damaged because the resulting tensile force is supported; by the "large" boss 9 of each of said elements, the "small" boss 10 not being subjected to any exceptional effort. As in conventional capsules of this kind, the band 7-7 comes at the end of screwing to affect an axial position such that the steps or reliefs 8 are snapped under the ring 6, their upper edge being disposed below the lower edge of said ring . This strip, clearly visible on the neck 5, attests that the bottle still contains its initial content, without any possibility of substitution.

Quand on veut avoir accès au contenu, on dévisse la capsule à la manière habituelle. Toutefois cette rotation s'accompagne évidemment d'un déplacement axial qui est en principe limité par suite de la portée des reliefs 8 contre le bord inférieur de la bague 6. L'effet de butée ainsi déterminé engendre un effort de traction sur chaque élément 7 qui est donc étiré obliquement et déformé, jusqu'à ce que le bossage 10 cède par sectionnement. La capsule est alors libérée et peut être extraite ; elle se présente désormais à la manière illustrée en fig. 4 où l'on peut voir que les éléments 7 de la bande sont orientés en hélice vers le bas. On conçoit que si une telle capsule est remise en place par vissage sur le goulot 5, le profil particulier des éléments 7 indique de manière manifes te que la bouteille a été préalablement ouverte ; le coefficier de déformabilité élastique ayant été dépassé par étirement oblique préalablement au sectionnement des bossages 10, il est impossible de faire en sorte que les éléments 7 "collent" à nouveau à la base de la jupe 2 : le profil triangulaire référer cé 11 en fig. 4 est permanent.When you want to have access to the content, you unscrew the capsule in the usual way. However, this rotation is obviously accompanied by an axial displacement which is in principle limited as a result of the bearing of the reliefs 8 against the lower edge of the ring 6. The abutment effect thus determined generates a tensile force on each element 7 which is therefore stretched obliquely and deformed, until the boss 10 gives way by sectioning. The capsule is then released and can be extracted; it is now presented in the manner illustrated in FIG. 4 where it can be seen that the elements 7 of the strip are oriented helically downwards. It is understood that if such a capsule is replaced by screwing on the neck 5, the particular profile of the elements 7 clearly indicates that the bottle has been previously opened; the elastic deformability coefficient having been exceeded by oblique stretching prior to the sectioning of the bosses 10, it is impossible to ensure that the elements 7 "stick" again to the base of the skirt 2: the triangular profile refer to 11 in fig . 4 is permanent.

Il doit d'ailleurs être entendu que la description qui précède n'a été donnée qu'à titre d'exemple et qu'elle ne limite nullement le domaine de l'invention dont on ne sortirait pas en remplaçant les détails d'exécution décrits par tous autres équivalents. Le nombre des éléments 7 qui forment la bande de garantie peut évidemment varier, en fonction notamment du diamètre de la capsule.It should moreover be understood that the above description has been given only by way of example and that it in no way limits the field of the invention from which one would not depart by replacing the execution details described by all other equivalents. The number of elements 7 which form the guarantee strip can obviously vary, depending in particular on the diameter of the capsule.

Claims (1)

Capsule de bouchage, du genre constitué par un corps monobloc comprenant d'une part une jupe cylindrique filetée intérieurement pour coopérer avec le filetage du récipient correspondant et d'autre part une bande de garantie prévue à la base de ladite jupe et comportant au moins un élément à profil substantiellement circulaire relié à la jupe par au moins deux bossages verticaux, ledit élément étant destiné à venir en fin de vissage s'encliqueter au-dessous de l'épaulement ou bague du récipient afin de retenir en place la capsule jusqu'au moment de la première utilisation, caractérisée en ce que les deux bossages de liaison présentent des résistances inégales au déchirement ou sectionnement, le bossage à plus grande résistance étant celui qui est disposé en avant dans le sens ¡ de rotation correspondant au vissage de la capsule sur le récipient.Closing cap, of the kind constituted by a one-piece body comprising on the one hand a cylindrical skirt internally threaded to cooperate with the thread of the corresponding container and on the other hand a guarantee strip provided at the base of said skirt and comprising at least one element with a substantially circular profile connected to the skirt by at least two vertical bosses, said element being intended to come at the end of screwing snap below the shoulder or ring of the container in order to hold the capsule in place until the time of first use, characterized in that the two connecting bosses have unequal resistance to tearing or severing the boss greater resistance being that which is arranged in front in the direction ¡of rotation corresponding to screwing of the capsule on the recipient.
EP80420046A 1979-04-27 1980-04-24 Closure caps with sealing strip Withdrawn EP0018928A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR7911670A FR2454977A1 (en) 1979-04-27 1979-04-27 IMPROVEMENTS ON GUARANTEE CAPPING CAPSULES
FR7911670 1979-04-27

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0018928A1 true EP0018928A1 (en) 1980-11-12

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP80420046A Withdrawn EP0018928A1 (en) 1979-04-27 1980-04-24 Closure caps with sealing strip

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Country Link
US (1) US4305516A (en)
EP (1) EP0018928A1 (en)
ES (1) ES250248Y (en)
FR (1) FR2454977A1 (en)

Cited By (7)

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EP0099332A2 (en) * 1982-07-14 1984-01-25 Albert Obrist AG Closure cap for containers
EP0129612A1 (en) * 1983-06-23 1985-01-02 Alexander Keller Tamper preventive ring for a threaded cap
EP0254673A1 (en) * 1986-07-11 1988-01-27 Interplastic AG Container closure provided with a tamper indicating band
EP0262868A2 (en) * 1986-09-25 1988-04-06 National Plastics Limited Guarantee band for a container closure
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EP0673849A1 (en) * 1994-03-25 1995-09-27 H. Obrist & Co. AG Tube closure made of plastic
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US10351315B2 (en) 2017-09-19 2019-07-16 Silgan White Cap LLC Closure with tamper band and spout
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FR2395909A1 (en) * 1974-08-19 1979-01-26 Obrist Ag Albert CLOSURE OF WARRANTY FOR CONTAINERS AND PROCEDURE TO ENABLE ITS PRODUCTION
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT394013B (en) * 1981-12-11 1992-01-27 Wiedmer Walter SCREW CAP WITH GUARANTEE STRIP FOR CONTAINERS
EP0099332A2 (en) * 1982-07-14 1984-01-25 Albert Obrist AG Closure cap for containers
EP0099332A3 (en) * 1982-07-14 1985-05-29 Albert Obrist AG Closure cap for containers
EP0129612A1 (en) * 1983-06-23 1985-01-02 Alexander Keller Tamper preventive ring for a threaded cap
EP0254673A1 (en) * 1986-07-11 1988-01-27 Interplastic AG Container closure provided with a tamper indicating band
EP0262868A2 (en) * 1986-09-25 1988-04-06 National Plastics Limited Guarantee band for a container closure
EP0262868A3 (en) * 1986-09-25 1989-02-22 National Plastics Limited Guarantee band for a container closure
EP0673849A1 (en) * 1994-03-25 1995-09-27 H. Obrist & Co. AG Tube closure made of plastic
DE29606358U1 (en) * 1996-04-06 1996-08-29 Metallwaren Fabrik Gmbh Plastic bottle stopper

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2454977B1 (en) 1983-01-28
FR2454977A1 (en) 1980-11-21
ES250248U (en) 1980-07-01
ES250248Y (en) 1981-04-01
US4305516A (en) 1981-12-15

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