DE69418325T2 - Flüssigkristallpolymere mit verbesserter wärmebeständigkeit - Google Patents
Flüssigkristallpolymere mit verbesserter wärmebeständigkeitInfo
- Publication number
- DE69418325T2 DE69418325T2 DE69418325T DE69418325T DE69418325T2 DE 69418325 T2 DE69418325 T2 DE 69418325T2 DE 69418325 T DE69418325 T DE 69418325T DE 69418325 T DE69418325 T DE 69418325T DE 69418325 T2 DE69418325 T2 DE 69418325T2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- alkali metal
- magnesium
- calcium
- molar ratio
- moles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229920000106 Liquid crystal polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims description 40
- 239000004977 Liquid-crystal polymers (LCPs) Substances 0.000 title claims description 27
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical compound OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydrogensulfate Chemical compound OS([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 11
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-hydroxybenzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 7
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229940090248 4-hydroxybenzoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- VCCBEIPGXKNHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N biphenyl-4,4'-diol Chemical compound C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 VCCBEIPGXKNHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 3
- RXOHFPCZGPKIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=C(C(O)=O)C=CC2=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 RXOHFPCZGPKIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 3
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 4-hydroxybenzoate Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(C([O-])=O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920006231 aramid fiber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPCNAORHLIPPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-phenylcyclohexa-2,4-diene-1,1-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=O)O)(C(O)=O)CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 OYPCNAORHLIPPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004380 ashing Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 but not limited to Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 150000001244 carboxylic acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001734 carboxylic acid salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/60—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from the reaction of a mixture of hydroxy carboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/605—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from the reaction of a mixture of hydroxy carboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds the hydroxy and carboxylic groups being bound to aromatic rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/01—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients characterized by their specific function
- C08K3/014—Stabilisers against oxidation, heat, light or ozone
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
- C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
- C09K19/38—Polymers
- C09K19/3804—Polymers with mesogenic groups in the main chain
- C09K19/3809—Polyesters; Polyester derivatives, e.g. polyamides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
- C09K19/52—Liquid crystal materials characterised by components which are not liquid crystals, e.g. additives with special physical aspect: solvents, solid particles
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Polyesters Or Polycarbonates (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal Substances (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/072,976 US5397502A (en) | 1993-06-10 | 1993-06-10 | Heat resistant liquid crsytalline polymers |
| PCT/US1994/005714 WO1994029366A1 (en) | 1993-06-10 | 1994-05-25 | Improved heat resistant liquid crystalline polymers |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE69418325D1 DE69418325D1 (de) | 1999-06-10 |
| DE69418325T2 true DE69418325T2 (de) | 1999-11-04 |
Family
ID=22110946
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE69418325T Expired - Lifetime DE69418325T2 (de) | 1993-06-10 | 1994-05-25 | Flüssigkristallpolymere mit verbesserter wärmebeständigkeit |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5397502A (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| EP (1) | EP0702702B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| JP (1) | JP2825661B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| DE (1) | DE69418325T2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| SG (1) | SG45436A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| TW (1) | TW311928B (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
| WO (1) | WO1994029366A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) |
Families Citing this family (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3320538B2 (ja) * | 1993-12-28 | 2002-09-03 | ポリプラスチックス株式会社 | 液晶性ポリエステル樹脂組成物 |
| CN1085684C (zh) * | 1996-01-05 | 2002-05-29 | 纳幕尔杜邦公司 | 液晶聚合物组合物 |
| WO2001004196A1 (en) * | 1999-07-12 | 2001-01-18 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Heat resistant liquid crystalline polymer parts |
| WO2001081449A1 (fr) * | 2000-04-20 | 2001-11-01 | Kabushiki Kaisha Ueno Seiyaku Oyo Kenkyusho | Resine polyester a cristaux liquides |
| JP4782273B2 (ja) * | 2000-07-28 | 2011-09-28 | 上野製薬株式会社 | 芳香族ジカルボン酸組成物およびそれを用いた液晶ポリエステル樹脂 |
| US7128804B2 (en) * | 2000-12-29 | 2006-10-31 | Lam Research Corporation | Corrosion resistant component of semiconductor processing equipment and method of manufacture thereof |
| JP4522627B2 (ja) * | 2001-11-26 | 2010-08-11 | 上野製薬株式会社 | 液晶ポリエステル樹脂 |
| WO2004007590A1 (en) * | 2002-07-12 | 2004-01-22 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Liquid crystalline polymers, processes for their manufacture, and articles thereof |
| US7128847B2 (en) * | 2002-07-25 | 2006-10-31 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Liquid crystalline polymeric compositions |
| US7014791B2 (en) * | 2002-12-18 | 2006-03-21 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Liquid crystalline polymer composition |
| US20040135118A1 (en) * | 2002-12-18 | 2004-07-15 | Waggoner Marion G. | Process for producing a liquid crystalline polymer |
| CN105566868A (zh) * | 2015-12-30 | 2016-05-11 | 金发科技股份有限公司 | 一种液晶聚酯组合物 |
| CN105542135A (zh) * | 2015-12-30 | 2016-05-04 | 金发科技股份有限公司 | 一种液晶聚酯和由其组成的液晶聚酯组合物 |
| CN105860465A (zh) * | 2016-04-13 | 2016-08-17 | 珠海万通特种工程塑料有限公司 | 一种液晶聚酯组合物 |
| CN105907058B (zh) * | 2016-04-13 | 2018-06-15 | 珠海万通特种工程塑料有限公司 | 一种液晶聚酯组合物 |
| CN105885369A (zh) * | 2016-04-13 | 2016-08-24 | 珠海万通特种工程塑料有限公司 | 一种液晶聚酯组合物 |
| CN105838386A (zh) * | 2016-04-13 | 2016-08-10 | 珠海万通特种工程塑料有限公司 | 一种液晶聚酯组合物 |
| WO2019099090A1 (en) | 2017-11-15 | 2019-05-23 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Liquid crystalline polyester compositions and methods |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4161470A (en) * | 1977-10-20 | 1979-07-17 | Celanese Corporation | Polyester of 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and para-hydroxy benzoic acid capable of readily undergoing melt processing |
| CA1174780A (en) * | 1980-08-06 | 1984-09-18 | Celanese Corporation | High gloss polyethylene terephthalate reinforced resin compositions |
| FI842150L (fi) * | 1983-11-30 | 1985-05-31 | Dart Ind Inc | Foerfarande foer framstaellning av aromatiska polyestrar. |
| US4742149A (en) * | 1983-11-30 | 1988-05-03 | Dart Industries, Inc. | Production of melt consistent aromatic polyesters |
| US4574066A (en) * | 1984-02-27 | 1986-03-04 | Celanese Corporation | Process for the expeditious formation of a high strength shaped article of poly(6-oxy-2-naphthoate-4-oxybenzoate) |
| JP2664406B2 (ja) * | 1988-04-13 | 1997-10-15 | ポリプラスチックス 株式会社 | 溶融時に光学的異方性を示すポリエステル樹脂及び樹脂組成物 |
| JPS6461087A (en) * | 1987-09-01 | 1989-03-08 | Sumitomo Chemical Co | Resin composition for printed wiring board |
| US5098940A (en) * | 1989-04-27 | 1992-03-24 | Amoco Corporation | Crystalline polyphthalamide composition having improved properties |
| US4983688A (en) * | 1989-04-28 | 1991-01-08 | Synthetic Products Company | Liquid crystal polymer compositions |
| DE3923294A1 (de) * | 1989-07-14 | 1991-01-24 | Bayer Ag | Hochwaermeformbestaendige thermotrope polyester mit guter schlagzaehigkeit, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung sowie ihrer verwendung zur herstellung von formkoerpern, filamenten und folien |
| US5110896A (en) * | 1990-12-10 | 1992-05-05 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester compositions |
| JP3088206B2 (ja) * | 1991-11-26 | 2000-09-18 | ポリプラスチックス株式会社 | 芳香族ポリエステル及びポリエステル樹脂組成物 |
| US5250654A (en) * | 1992-05-04 | 1993-10-05 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Thermotropic liquid crystalline polyester compositions |
| US5264477A (en) * | 1992-07-28 | 1993-11-23 | Hoechst Celanese Corp. | Liquid crystalline polyesters containing metal terephthalate nucleating agents |
-
1993
- 1993-06-10 US US08/072,976 patent/US5397502A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-05-25 JP JP7501824A patent/JP2825661B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-05-25 DE DE69418325T patent/DE69418325T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-05-25 SG SG1996008239A patent/SG45436A1/en unknown
- 1994-05-25 WO PCT/US1994/005714 patent/WO1994029366A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1994-05-25 EP EP94918069A patent/EP0702702B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-06-06 TW TW083105123A patent/TW311928B/zh active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2825661B2 (ja) | 1998-11-18 |
| EP0702702A1 (en) | 1996-03-27 |
| WO1994029366A1 (en) | 1994-12-22 |
| JPH08511573A (ja) | 1996-12-03 |
| EP0702702B1 (en) | 1999-05-06 |
| TW311928B (cg-RX-API-DMAC10.html) | 1997-08-01 |
| US5397502A (en) | 1995-03-14 |
| DE69418325D1 (de) | 1999-06-10 |
| SG45436A1 (en) | 1998-01-16 |
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