DE69016885D1 - Lampe mit hohem Wirkungsgrad oder Lichtempfänger. - Google Patents
Lampe mit hohem Wirkungsgrad oder Lichtempfänger.Info
- Publication number
- DE69016885D1 DE69016885D1 DE69016885T DE69016885T DE69016885D1 DE 69016885 D1 DE69016885 D1 DE 69016885D1 DE 69016885 T DE69016885 T DE 69016885T DE 69016885 T DE69016885 T DE 69016885T DE 69016885 D1 DE69016885 D1 DE 69016885D1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- high efficiency
- light receiver
- efficiency lamp
- lamp
- receiver
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/48—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor body packages
- H01L33/58—Optical field-shaping elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/48—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor body packages
- H01L33/58—Optical field-shaping elements
- H01L33/60—Reflective elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/47—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process
- H01L2224/48—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of an individual wire connector
- H01L2224/4805—Shape
- H01L2224/4809—Loop shape
- H01L2224/48091—Arched
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/47—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process
- H01L2224/48—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of an individual wire connector
- H01L2224/481—Disposition
- H01L2224/48151—Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive
- H01L2224/48221—Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked
- H01L2224/48245—Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked the item being metallic
- H01L2224/48247—Connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked the item being metallic connecting the wire to a bond pad of the item
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/01—Chemical elements
- H01L2924/01019—Potassium [K]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/10—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices to be connected
- H01L2924/11—Device type
- H01L2924/12—Passive devices, e.g. 2 terminal devices
- H01L2924/1204—Optical Diode
- H01L2924/12041—LED
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Led Device Packages (AREA)
- Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
- Light Receiving Elements (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/399,832 US5055892A (en) | 1989-08-29 | 1989-08-29 | High efficiency lamp or light accepter |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE69016885D1 true DE69016885D1 (de) | 1995-03-23 |
DE69016885T2 DE69016885T2 (de) | 1995-06-08 |
Family
ID=23581141
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE69016885T Expired - Lifetime DE69016885T2 (de) | 1989-08-29 | 1990-08-22 | Lampe mit hohem Wirkungsgrad oder Lichtempfänger. |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5055892A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0415640B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2891525B2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE69016885T2 (de) |
HK (1) | HK169395A (de) |
Families Citing this family (91)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0582078B1 (de) * | 1992-08-05 | 2000-08-16 | Motorola, Inc. | Seitlich emittierende Superlumineszenzdiode |
JPH0794785A (ja) * | 1993-09-22 | 1995-04-07 | Stanley Electric Co Ltd | 発光ダイオ−ド |
US6864570B2 (en) * | 1993-12-17 | 2005-03-08 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Method and apparatus for fabricating self-assembling microstructures |
USH1645H (en) * | 1995-01-03 | 1997-05-06 | Lewis; Michael L. | Underwater multi-mode night vision apparatus |
US6577332B2 (en) * | 1997-09-12 | 2003-06-10 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Optical apparatus and method of manufacturing optical apparatus |
US6006668A (en) * | 1998-04-20 | 1999-12-28 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Glossy or matte-finish media detector and method for use in a printing device |
US6335548B1 (en) * | 1999-03-15 | 2002-01-01 | Gentex Corporation | Semiconductor radiation emitter package |
US6670207B1 (en) * | 1999-03-15 | 2003-12-30 | Gentex Corporation | Radiation emitter device having an integral micro-groove lens |
WO2001069300A2 (en) | 2000-03-16 | 2001-09-20 | Led Products, Inc. | High efficiency non-imaging optics |
US7320632B2 (en) * | 2000-06-15 | 2008-01-22 | Lednium Pty Limited | Method of producing a lamp |
AUPQ818100A0 (en) * | 2000-06-15 | 2000-07-06 | Arlec Australia Limited | Led lamp |
GB0017659D0 (en) * | 2000-07-19 | 2000-09-06 | Secr Defence | Light emitting diode with lens |
US7053419B1 (en) * | 2000-09-12 | 2006-05-30 | Lumileds Lighting U.S., Llc | Light emitting diodes with improved light extraction efficiency |
US7064355B2 (en) * | 2000-09-12 | 2006-06-20 | Lumileds Lighting U.S., Llc | Light emitting diodes with improved light extraction efficiency |
JP2002141556A (ja) * | 2000-09-12 | 2002-05-17 | Lumileds Lighting Us Llc | 改良された光抽出効果を有する発光ダイオード |
DE10054966A1 (de) * | 2000-11-06 | 2002-05-16 | Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh | Bauelement für die Optoelektronik |
US6940704B2 (en) | 2001-01-24 | 2005-09-06 | Gelcore, Llc | Semiconductor light emitting device |
US6987613B2 (en) | 2001-03-30 | 2006-01-17 | Lumileds Lighting U.S., Llc | Forming an optical element on the surface of a light emitting device for improved light extraction |
US6455878B1 (en) | 2001-05-15 | 2002-09-24 | Lumileds Lighting U.S., Llc | Semiconductor LED flip-chip having low refractive index underfill |
US7728345B2 (en) * | 2001-08-24 | 2010-06-01 | Cao Group, Inc. | Semiconductor light source for illuminating a physical space including a 3-dimensional lead frame |
US8569785B2 (en) * | 2001-08-24 | 2013-10-29 | Cao Group, Inc. | Semiconductor light source for illuminating a physical space including a 3-dimensional lead frame |
US8201985B2 (en) * | 2001-08-24 | 2012-06-19 | Cao Group, Inc. | Light bulb utilizing a replaceable LED light source |
US7976211B2 (en) * | 2001-08-24 | 2011-07-12 | Densen Cao | Light bulb utilizing a replaceable LED light source |
CN1663044A (zh) * | 2002-06-14 | 2005-08-31 | 莱尼股份有限公司 | 灯和制灯方法 |
EP1930959B1 (de) * | 2002-08-30 | 2019-05-08 | GE Lighting Solutions, LLC | Beschichtete Leuchtdiode mit erhöhter Effizienz |
US10340424B2 (en) | 2002-08-30 | 2019-07-02 | GE Lighting Solutions, LLC | Light emitting diode component |
US7800121B2 (en) | 2002-08-30 | 2010-09-21 | Lumination Llc | Light emitting diode component |
AU2003270052B2 (en) | 2002-08-30 | 2009-02-19 | Gelcore Llc | Phosphor-coated LED with improved efficiency |
US6896381B2 (en) * | 2002-10-11 | 2005-05-24 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Compact folded-optics illumination lens |
JP4143732B2 (ja) * | 2002-10-16 | 2008-09-03 | スタンレー電気株式会社 | 車載用波長変換素子 |
US7042655B2 (en) * | 2002-12-02 | 2006-05-09 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Apparatus and method for use in fulfilling illumination prescription |
US7377671B2 (en) * | 2003-02-04 | 2008-05-27 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Etendue-squeezing illumination optics |
KR20060015712A (ko) * | 2003-03-12 | 2006-02-20 | 레드니엄 피티와이 리미티드 | 램프 및 램프제조방법 |
US7021797B2 (en) * | 2003-05-13 | 2006-04-04 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Optical device for repositioning and redistributing an LED's light |
US8075147B2 (en) | 2003-05-13 | 2011-12-13 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Optical device for LED-based lamp |
US7329029B2 (en) | 2003-05-13 | 2008-02-12 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Optical device for LED-based lamp |
US6803607B1 (en) * | 2003-06-13 | 2004-10-12 | Cotco Holdings Limited | Surface mountable light emitting device |
EP1664851B1 (de) * | 2003-07-28 | 2014-11-12 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, LLC. | Dreidimensionales gleichzeitiges mehrfachoberflächen-verfahren und daraus entwickelte freiform-beleuchtungsoptik |
US7006306B2 (en) * | 2003-07-29 | 2006-02-28 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Circumferentially emitting luminaires and lens-elements formed by transverse-axis profile-sweeps |
US7009213B2 (en) | 2003-07-31 | 2006-03-07 | Lumileds Lighting U.S., Llc | Light emitting devices with improved light extraction efficiency |
US7070301B2 (en) | 2003-11-04 | 2006-07-04 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Side reflector for illumination using light emitting diode |
US7090357B2 (en) * | 2003-12-23 | 2006-08-15 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Combined light source for projection display |
US8174036B2 (en) * | 2003-12-30 | 2012-05-08 | Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh | Lighting device |
US7300177B2 (en) | 2004-02-11 | 2007-11-27 | 3M Innovative Properties | Illumination system having a plurality of light source modules disposed in an array with a non-radially symmetrical aperture |
US7427146B2 (en) | 2004-02-11 | 2008-09-23 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Light-collecting illumination system |
US7246923B2 (en) | 2004-02-11 | 2007-07-24 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Reshaping light source modules and illumination systems using the same |
JP3892030B2 (ja) * | 2004-02-26 | 2007-03-14 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Led光源 |
US7101050B2 (en) | 2004-05-14 | 2006-09-05 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Illumination system with non-radially symmetrical aperture |
US7390097B2 (en) | 2004-08-23 | 2008-06-24 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Multiple channel illumination system |
KR100638657B1 (ko) | 2004-10-20 | 2006-10-30 | 삼성전기주식회사 | 양극성 측면 방출형 발광 다이오드 렌즈 및 이를 구비하는발광 다이오드 모듈 |
US7329982B2 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2008-02-12 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | LED package with non-bonded optical element |
US20060091414A1 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2006-05-04 | Ouderkirk Andrew J | LED package with front surface heat extractor |
JP4627177B2 (ja) * | 2004-11-10 | 2011-02-09 | スタンレー電気株式会社 | Ledの製造方法 |
US7462502B2 (en) * | 2004-11-12 | 2008-12-09 | Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, Llc | Color control by alteration of wavelength converting element |
US7419839B2 (en) * | 2004-11-12 | 2008-09-02 | Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, Llc | Bonding an optical element to a light emitting device |
US7710016B2 (en) | 2005-02-18 | 2010-05-04 | Nichia Corporation | Light emitting device provided with lens for controlling light distribution characteristic |
KR20080030038A (ko) * | 2005-06-23 | 2008-04-03 | 코닌클리즈케 필립스 일렉트로닉스 엔.브이. | 발광 장치 및 그 설계 방법 |
US8419232B2 (en) | 2005-07-28 | 2013-04-16 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Free-form lenticular optical elements and their application to condensers and headlamps |
US8631787B2 (en) | 2005-07-28 | 2014-01-21 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Multi-junction solar cells with a homogenizer system and coupled non-imaging light concentrator |
CN101228391B (zh) | 2005-07-28 | 2010-09-29 | 光处方革新有限公司 | 用于背光源和前灯的聚光本领-保持的照明光学器件 |
US7953293B2 (en) * | 2006-05-02 | 2011-05-31 | Ati Technologies Ulc | Field sequence detector, method and video device |
US20070257271A1 (en) * | 2006-05-02 | 2007-11-08 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Led package with encapsulated converging optical element |
US7525126B2 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2009-04-28 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | LED package with converging optical element |
US20070258241A1 (en) * | 2006-05-02 | 2007-11-08 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Led package with non-bonded converging optical element |
US7390117B2 (en) * | 2006-05-02 | 2008-06-24 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | LED package with compound converging optical element |
US20070257270A1 (en) * | 2006-05-02 | 2007-11-08 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Led package with wedge-shaped optical element |
WO2008008994A2 (en) | 2006-07-14 | 2008-01-17 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Brightness-enhancing film |
WO2008011377A2 (en) * | 2006-07-17 | 2008-01-24 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Led package with converging extractor |
WO2008022065A2 (en) | 2006-08-11 | 2008-02-21 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Led luminance-enhancement and color-mixing by rotationally multiplexed beam-combining |
US8791631B2 (en) | 2007-07-19 | 2014-07-29 | Quarkstar Llc | Light emitting device |
DE102007049799A1 (de) * | 2007-09-28 | 2009-04-02 | Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh | Optoelektronisches Bauelement |
WO2009105198A2 (en) * | 2008-02-21 | 2009-08-27 | Light Prescriptions Innovators, Llc | Spherically emitting remote phosphor |
US20090273940A1 (en) | 2008-05-01 | 2009-11-05 | Cao Group, Inc. | LED lighting device |
EP2399070B1 (de) * | 2009-02-17 | 2017-08-23 | Epistar Corporation | Led-glühbirnen zur raumbeleuchtung |
JP5343831B2 (ja) | 2009-04-16 | 2013-11-13 | 日亜化学工業株式会社 | 発光装置 |
US8593040B2 (en) | 2009-10-02 | 2013-11-26 | Ge Lighting Solutions Llc | LED lamp with surface area enhancing fins |
KR20130046434A (ko) * | 2010-07-26 | 2013-05-07 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 발광 디바이스 및 조명 디바이스 |
CN101950789A (zh) * | 2010-08-06 | 2011-01-19 | 李晓锋 | 一种聚光led及其聚光结构 |
US20130126900A1 (en) * | 2010-08-09 | 2013-05-23 | Panasonic Corporation | Semiconductor light-emitting device |
CN104115290B (zh) | 2011-11-23 | 2017-04-05 | 夸克星有限责任公司 | 提供光的不对称传播的发光装置 |
KR20130107536A (ko) * | 2012-03-22 | 2013-10-02 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Led패키지 및 그 제조방법 |
US9500355B2 (en) | 2012-05-04 | 2016-11-22 | GE Lighting Solutions, LLC | Lamp with light emitting elements surrounding active cooling device |
JP6553143B2 (ja) * | 2012-05-09 | 2019-07-31 | ローム株式会社 | 半導体発光装置 |
WO2014043410A1 (en) | 2012-09-13 | 2014-03-20 | Quarkstar Llc | Light-emitting devices with reflective elements |
CN104756264B (zh) | 2012-09-13 | 2019-06-18 | 夸克星有限责任公司 | 具有远程散射元件和全内反射提取器元件的发光设备 |
US9752757B2 (en) | 2013-03-07 | 2017-09-05 | Quarkstar Llc | Light-emitting device with light guide for two way illumination |
US9683710B2 (en) | 2013-03-07 | 2017-06-20 | Quarkstar Llc | Illumination device with multi-color light-emitting elements |
US10811576B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2020-10-20 | Quarkstar Llc | Color tuning of light-emitting devices |
WO2015008243A1 (en) * | 2013-07-19 | 2015-01-22 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Pc led with optical element and without substrate carrier |
CN110332502A (zh) * | 2013-09-12 | 2019-10-15 | 夸克星有限责任公司 | 光发射装置和集成所述光发射装置的照明设备 |
US11107957B2 (en) * | 2019-03-08 | 2021-08-31 | Foshan Nationstar Optoelectronics Co., Ltd. | LED device and backlight module |
Family Cites Families (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3964157A (en) * | 1974-10-31 | 1976-06-22 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Method of mounting semiconductor chips |
FR2294549A1 (fr) * | 1974-12-09 | 1976-07-09 | Radiotechnique Compelec | Procede de realisation de dispositifs optoelectroniques |
DE2634264A1 (de) * | 1976-07-30 | 1978-02-02 | Licentia Gmbh | Halbleiter-lumineszenzbauelement |
US4165474A (en) * | 1977-12-27 | 1979-08-21 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Optoelectronic displays using uniformly spaced arrays of semi-sphere light-emitting diodes |
US4267359A (en) * | 1978-05-04 | 1981-05-12 | Zoecon Corporation | Novel carboxylic acid esters |
JPS5586175A (en) * | 1978-12-22 | 1980-06-28 | Canon Inc | Photodiode |
JPS5925283A (ja) * | 1982-08-02 | 1984-02-09 | Toshiba Corp | 光半導体装置 |
JPS604275A (ja) * | 1983-06-22 | 1985-01-10 | Toshiba Corp | 半導体発光素子 |
DE8500013U1 (de) * | 1985-01-04 | 1985-04-25 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Optisches Sender- oder Detektorbauelement mit variabler Abstrahl- bzw. Empfangscharakteristik |
JPS61210685A (ja) * | 1985-03-15 | 1986-09-18 | Toshiba Corp | 光半導体装置 |
JPS61280676A (ja) * | 1985-06-05 | 1986-12-11 | Clarion Co Ltd | フオトセンサicの製造方法 |
JPS62144369A (ja) * | 1985-12-18 | 1987-06-27 | Mitsubishi Cable Ind Ltd | 光電変換装置 |
DE3719338A1 (de) * | 1987-06-10 | 1988-12-29 | Yue Wen Cheng | Leuchtdioden-anzeigevorrichtung |
-
1989
- 1989-08-29 US US07/399,832 patent/US5055892A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1990
- 1990-08-22 EP EP90309214A patent/EP0415640B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-08-22 DE DE69016885T patent/DE69016885T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-08-29 JP JP2227858A patent/JP2891525B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1995
- 1995-11-02 HK HK169395A patent/HK169395A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US5055892A (en) | 1991-10-08 |
EP0415640A2 (de) | 1991-03-06 |
EP0415640A3 (en) | 1991-08-07 |
DE69016885T2 (de) | 1995-06-08 |
JPH0397277A (ja) | 1991-04-23 |
JP2891525B2 (ja) | 1999-05-17 |
EP0415640B1 (de) | 1995-02-15 |
HK169395A (en) | 1995-11-10 |
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Owner name: AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. (N.D.GES.D.STAATES DELA |
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8327 | Change in the person/name/address of the patent owner |
Owner name: LUMILEDS LIGHTING, U.S., LLC, SAN JOSE, CALIF., US |
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8327 | Change in the person/name/address of the patent owner |
Owner name: PHILIPS LUMILEDS LIGHTING COMPANY,LLC, SAN JOS, US |