DE602006013909D1 - Modulator und Verfahren zum Erzeugen eines modulierten Signals - Google Patents

Modulator und Verfahren zum Erzeugen eines modulierten Signals

Info

Publication number
DE602006013909D1
DE602006013909D1 DE602006013909T DE602006013909T DE602006013909D1 DE 602006013909 D1 DE602006013909 D1 DE 602006013909D1 DE 602006013909 T DE602006013909 T DE 602006013909T DE 602006013909 T DE602006013909 T DE 602006013909T DE 602006013909 D1 DE602006013909 D1 DE 602006013909D1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
modulator
generating
modulated signal
modulated
signal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
DE602006013909T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Ido Bettesh
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Given Imaging Ltd
Original Assignee
Given Imaging Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Given Imaging Ltd filed Critical Given Imaging Ltd
Publication of DE602006013909D1 publication Critical patent/DE602006013909D1/de
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03C—MODULATION
    • H03C3/00—Angle modulation
    • H03C3/02—Details
    • H03C3/09—Modifications of modulator for regulating the mean frequency
    • H03C3/0908—Modifications of modulator for regulating the mean frequency using a phase locked loop
    • H03C3/095—Modifications of modulator for regulating the mean frequency using a phase locked loop applying frequency modulation to the loop in front of the voltage controlled oscillator
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03C—MODULATION
    • H03C3/00—Angle modulation
    • H03C3/02—Details
    • H03C3/09—Modifications of modulator for regulating the mean frequency
    • H03C3/0908—Modifications of modulator for regulating the mean frequency using a phase locked loop
    • H03C3/0958—Modifications of modulator for regulating the mean frequency using a phase locked loop applying frequency modulation by varying the characteristics of the voltage controlled oscillator
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/18—Phase-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using phase-shift keying
    • H04L27/20—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits
    • H04L27/2003—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for continuous phase modulation
    • H04L27/2007—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for continuous phase modulation in which the phase change within each symbol period is constrained
    • H04L27/2014—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for continuous phase modulation in which the phase change within each symbol period is constrained in which the phase changes in a piecewise linear manner during each symbol period, e.g. minimum shift keying, fast frequency shift keying

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Digital Transmission Methods That Use Modulated Carrier Waves (AREA)
  • Stabilization Of Oscillater, Synchronisation, Frequency Synthesizers (AREA)
DE602006013909T 2005-06-14 2006-06-12 Modulator und Verfahren zum Erzeugen eines modulierten Signals Active DE602006013909D1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US69013805P 2005-06-14 2005-06-14

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE602006013909D1 true DE602006013909D1 (de) 2010-06-10

Family

ID=36955013

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE602006013909T Active DE602006013909D1 (de) 2005-06-14 2006-06-12 Modulator und Verfahren zum Erzeugen eines modulierten Signals

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US7778356B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1737124B1 (de)
JP (1) JP4906405B2 (de)
DE (1) DE602006013909D1 (de)
IL (1) IL176231A (de)

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008030480A2 (en) 2006-09-06 2008-03-13 Innurvation, Inc. Ingestible low power sensor device and system for communicating with same
US8615284B2 (en) 2006-09-06 2013-12-24 Innurvation, Inc. Method for acoustic information exchange involving an ingestible low power capsule
US7848725B2 (en) * 2007-07-02 2010-12-07 Broadcom Corporation RF transmitter with stable on-chip PLL
US9197470B2 (en) 2007-10-05 2015-11-24 Innurvation, Inc. Data transmission via multi-path channels using orthogonal multi-frequency signals with differential phase shift keying modulation
US8617058B2 (en) 2008-07-09 2013-12-31 Innurvation, Inc. Displaying image data from a scanner capsule
US9192353B2 (en) 2009-10-27 2015-11-24 Innurvation, Inc. Data transmission via wide band acoustic channels
US8647259B2 (en) 2010-03-26 2014-02-11 Innurvation, Inc. Ultrasound scanning capsule endoscope (USCE)
US9107604B2 (en) 2011-09-26 2015-08-18 Given Imaging Ltd. Systems and methods for generating electromagnetic interference free localization data for an in-vivo device
US9877659B2 (en) 2012-11-30 2018-01-30 Industrial Technology Research Institute Sensing system and method for physiology measurements
DK2862508T3 (en) * 2013-10-17 2016-04-04 Ind Tech Res Inst Detection system and method for physiological measurements by means of a measurement signal with overshoot- and undershoot pulses.
EP3166490B1 (de) 2014-07-10 2022-11-16 Given Imaging Ltd. Zur lokalisierung einer in-vivo-vorrichtung konfigurierter sensorgürtel und verfahren zur lokalisierung

Family Cites Families (112)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3322374A (en) * 1964-09-30 1967-05-30 Jr James F King Magnetohydrodynamic propulsion apparatus
US3683389A (en) * 1971-01-20 1972-08-08 Corning Glass Works Omnidirectional loop antenna array
US3971362A (en) * 1972-10-27 1976-07-27 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Miniature ingestible telemeter devices to measure deep-body temperature
US3984628A (en) * 1975-01-13 1976-10-05 Paul Grayson Sharp Remote camera-position control
US4092867A (en) * 1977-02-10 1978-06-06 Terrance Matzuk Ultrasonic scanning apparatus
JPS5519124A (en) * 1978-07-27 1980-02-09 Olympus Optical Co Camera system for medical treatment
US4273431A (en) * 1979-08-02 1981-06-16 Polaroid Corporation Adapter for coupling a photographic camera with a viewing device
JPS5745833A (en) 1980-09-01 1982-03-16 Taeko Nakagawa Stomack camera
JPS5764348A (en) * 1980-10-06 1982-04-19 Sony Corp Mode switching device of recorder and reproducer
US5993378A (en) * 1980-10-28 1999-11-30 Lemelson; Jerome H. Electro-optical instruments and methods for treating disease
US4431005A (en) * 1981-05-07 1984-02-14 Mccormick Laboratories, Inc. Method of and apparatus for determining very accurately the position of a device inside biological tissue
US4416283A (en) * 1981-08-31 1983-11-22 Cordis Corporation Programming and telemetry system for biomedical implantable device
JPS58172078A (ja) * 1982-04-02 1983-10-08 Sony Corp 再生装置
DE3337455A1 (de) * 1982-10-15 1984-04-19 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo Endoskopisches photografiegeraet
US4532918A (en) * 1983-10-07 1985-08-06 Welch Allyn Inc. Endoscope signal level control
DE3440177A1 (de) 1984-11-02 1986-05-15 Friedrich Dipl.-Ing. 8031 Eichenau Hilliges Fernseh-aufnahme- und -wiedergabeeinrichtung zur endoskopie an menschlichen und tierischen koerpern
US4786982A (en) * 1984-12-28 1988-11-22 Sony Corporation Multi-function rotary dial system including timer setting feature
US4689621A (en) * 1986-03-31 1987-08-25 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Temperature responsive transmitter
JPH0664243B2 (ja) * 1986-04-30 1994-08-22 オリンパス光学工業株式会社 内視鏡
US5477858A (en) * 1986-07-30 1995-12-26 Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. Ultrasound blood flow/tissue imaging system
US4854328A (en) * 1987-03-23 1989-08-08 Philip Pollack Animal monitoring telltale and information system
US4841291A (en) * 1987-09-21 1989-06-20 International Business Machines Corp. Interactive animation of graphics objects
JP2562158B2 (ja) * 1987-12-16 1996-12-11 ホーチキ株式会社 データ伝送装置
US5189519A (en) * 1988-03-22 1993-02-23 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Electronic camera with exposure control
US4844076A (en) * 1988-08-26 1989-07-04 The Johns Hopkins University Ingestible size continuously transmitting temperature monitoring pill
US5010412A (en) * 1988-12-27 1991-04-23 The Boeing Company High frequency, low power light source for video camera
US5681260A (en) * 1989-09-22 1997-10-28 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Guiding apparatus for guiding an insertable body within an inspected object
JP3017770B2 (ja) 1990-04-25 2000-03-13 オリンパス光学工業株式会社 被検体内挿入装置
JP2579372B2 (ja) 1989-12-04 1997-02-05 日本テキサス・インスツルメンツ株式会社 低消費電力撮像装置
US5875280A (en) * 1990-03-29 1999-02-23 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Recording apparatus having variably settable compression ratio
JPH0422325A (ja) 1990-05-17 1992-01-27 Olympus Optical Co Ltd 内視鏡装置
US5202961A (en) * 1990-06-08 1993-04-13 Apple Computer, Inc. Sequential information controller
US5268564A (en) * 1990-08-03 1993-12-07 Symbol Technologies, Inc. Bar code scanner actuated by detection of scanner motion
JPH04109927A (ja) 1990-08-31 1992-04-10 Toshiba Corp 電子内視鏡装置
JPH04144533A (ja) 1990-10-05 1992-05-19 Olympus Optical Co Ltd 内視鏡
JP3164609B2 (ja) * 1990-10-31 2001-05-08 オリンパス光学工業株式会社 内視鏡装置
JP2948900B2 (ja) 1990-11-16 1999-09-13 オリンパス光学工業株式会社 医療用カプセル
US5267033A (en) * 1990-11-28 1993-11-30 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Hollow body inspection system, hollow body inspection apparatus and signal transmission apparatus
JP2768029B2 (ja) 1991-02-19 1998-06-25 日新電機株式会社 消化器系統診断装置
US5351161A (en) * 1991-04-03 1994-09-27 Sony Electronics, Inc. Variable scale rotary switch
US5279607A (en) * 1991-05-30 1994-01-18 The State University Of New York Telemetry capsule and process
DE69222102T2 (de) * 1991-08-02 1998-03-26 Grass Valley Group Bedienerschnittstelle für Videoschnittsystem zur Anzeige und interaktive Steuerung von Videomaterial
JPH05114921A (ja) * 1991-08-07 1993-05-07 Nippon Denshin Kogyo Kk 変調特性補正回路
US5208595A (en) * 1991-08-21 1993-05-04 Wavephore, Inc. Digitally controlled adaptive slew rate delta modulator
US5355450A (en) * 1992-04-10 1994-10-11 Avid Technology, Inc. Media composer with adjustable source material compression
US5643175A (en) * 1992-09-01 1997-07-01 Adair; Edwin L. Sterilizable endoscope with separable disposable tube assembly
US5495114A (en) * 1992-09-30 1996-02-27 Adair; Edwin L. Miniaturized electronic imaging chip
JP3150448B2 (ja) 1992-10-05 2001-03-26 オリンパス光学工業株式会社 医療用カプセル装置
JPH06114037A (ja) 1992-10-05 1994-04-26 Olympus Optical Co Ltd 医療用カプセル装置
JPH0730332A (ja) * 1993-07-14 1995-01-31 Nippon Denki Musen Denshi Kk Ｆｍ変調器
US5678568A (en) * 1993-07-27 1997-10-21 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. System control apparatus, medical system control apparatus and image-plane display method of medical system control apparatus
IL108352A (en) 1994-01-17 2000-02-29 Given Imaging Ltd In vivo video camera system
US5819736A (en) * 1994-03-24 1998-10-13 Sightline Technologies Ltd. Viewing method and apparatus particularly useful for viewing the interior of the large intestine
EP0713306A1 (de) * 1994-11-16 1996-05-22 AT&T Corp. System und Verfahren zur Frequenzmodulation mit VCO
US5630426A (en) * 1995-03-03 1997-05-20 Neovision Corporation Apparatus and method for characterization and treatment of tumors
US5886353A (en) * 1995-04-21 1999-03-23 Thermotrex Corporation Imaging device
GB9518094D0 (en) * 1995-09-05 1995-11-08 Cardionics Ltd Heart monitoring apparatus
US5697377A (en) * 1995-11-22 1997-12-16 Medtronic, Inc. Catheter mapping system and method
US5833603A (en) * 1996-03-13 1998-11-10 Lipomatrix, Inc. Implantable biosensing transponder
GB2313001B (en) 1996-05-07 2000-11-01 Nokia Mobile Phones Ltd Frequency modulation using a phase-locked loop
US5738110A (en) * 1996-05-29 1998-04-14 Beal; Charles B. Device for the diagnosis of certain gastrointestinal pathogens
US5909026A (en) * 1996-11-12 1999-06-01 California Institute Of Technology Integrated sensor with frame memory and programmable resolution for light adaptive imaging
US6018650A (en) 1996-12-18 2000-01-25 Aironet Wireless Communications, Inc. Cellular communication devices with automated power level adjust
EP0904009B1 (de) * 1997-01-03 2003-09-10 Biosense, Inc. Stent zur druckmessung
US6236689B1 (en) * 1997-07-01 2001-05-22 U.S. Philips Corporation Device comprising a phase-locked loop, electronic apparatus comprising such a device and method of modulating the frequency of an oscillator
US5983077A (en) * 1997-07-31 1999-11-09 Ericsson Inc. Systems and methods for automatic deviation setting and control in radio transmitters
US6043839A (en) * 1997-10-06 2000-03-28 Adair; Edwin L. Reduced area imaging devices
US5929901A (en) * 1997-10-06 1999-07-27 Adair; Edwin L. Reduced area imaging devices incorporated within surgical instruments
US5986693A (en) * 1997-10-06 1999-11-16 Adair; Edwin L. Reduced area imaging devices incorporated within surgical instruments
US6310642B1 (en) * 1997-11-24 2001-10-30 Micro-Medical Devices, Inc. Reduced area imaging devices incorporated within surgical instruments
US6304769B1 (en) * 1997-10-16 2001-10-16 The Regents Of The University Of California Magnetically directable remote guidance systems, and methods of use thereof
US6240312B1 (en) * 1997-10-23 2001-05-29 Robert R. Alfano Remote-controllable, micro-scale device for use in in vivo medical diagnosis and/or treatment
US6157853A (en) * 1997-11-12 2000-12-05 Stereotaxis, Inc. Method and apparatus using shaped field of repositionable magnet to guide implant
IL122578A (en) * 1997-12-12 2000-08-13 Super Dimension Ltd Wireless six-degree-of-freedom locator
EP0941691A1 (de) 1998-03-11 1999-09-15 Welch Allyn, Inc. Kompakt-aufgebaute Anordnung zur Erzeugung von Video-Bildern
US6594036B1 (en) * 1998-05-28 2003-07-15 Sandisk Corporation Analog/multi-level memory for digital imaging
JP2000004121A (ja) * 1998-06-15 2000-01-07 Brother Ind Ltd 発振変調回路
JP2000039319A (ja) 1998-07-22 2000-02-08 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd スパッタレス溶接画像の生成方法および生成装置
TW413956B (en) 1998-07-28 2000-12-01 Sumitomo Electric Industries Fluorescent substrate LED
JP2000059677A (ja) * 1998-08-06 2000-02-25 Minolta Co Ltd デジタルカメラ
JP4022325B2 (ja) 1998-08-27 2007-12-19 ソマール株式会社 カラーｐｐｃ用フィルム
US8636648B2 (en) * 1999-03-01 2014-01-28 West View Research, Llc Endoscopic smart probe
JP4243883B2 (ja) * 1999-03-15 2009-03-25 フジノン株式会社 リモコン雲台システム
JP3793982B2 (ja) * 1999-04-07 2006-07-05 富士写真フイルム株式会社 電子カメラ、電子カメラの指掛かり検出方法及び電子カメラのレベル変換方法
US6233476B1 (en) * 1999-05-18 2001-05-15 Mediguide Ltd. Medical positioning system
JP4180736B2 (ja) 1999-05-28 2008-11-12 マスプロ電工株式会社 共同受信用機器
JP2001025004A (ja) 1999-07-09 2001-01-26 Mitsuru Takashima 電子鏡システム
US6587711B1 (en) * 1999-07-22 2003-07-01 The Research Foundation Of Cuny Spectral polarizing tomographic dermatoscope
JP3289779B2 (ja) 1999-07-30 2002-06-10 日本軽金属株式会社 中空パネル構造体の製造方法及びその製造用中空押出形材
IL131242A0 (en) * 1999-08-04 2001-01-28 Given Imaging Ltd A method for temperature sensing
US6865718B2 (en) * 1999-09-29 2005-03-08 Microsoft Corp. Accelerated scrolling
JP2003518029A (ja) * 1999-12-20 2003-06-03 ヘンケル・コマンディットゲゼルシャフト・アウフ・アクチエン 固形のケラチン繊維用染料
US7345702B2 (en) * 2000-02-07 2008-03-18 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image sensing apparatus, control method for illumination device, flash photographing method, and computer program product
US7039453B2 (en) * 2000-02-08 2006-05-02 Tarun Mullick Miniature ingestible capsule
JP2001224553A (ja) 2000-02-17 2001-08-21 Asahi Optical Co Ltd カプセル内視鏡の撮像装置
WO2001065995A2 (en) * 2000-03-08 2001-09-13 Given Imaging Ltd. A device and system for in vivo imaging
US6438405B1 (en) * 2000-04-28 2002-08-20 Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V. Imaging safety device
US6709387B1 (en) * 2000-05-15 2004-03-23 Given Imaging Ltd. System and method for controlling in vivo camera capture and display rate
JP3473552B2 (ja) * 2000-06-15 2003-12-08 ミノルタ株式会社 デジタルスチルカメラ
JP2002000556A (ja) 2000-06-26 2002-01-08 Nonomura Tomosuke 内視鏡
US6546276B1 (en) * 2000-09-12 2003-04-08 Claudio I. Zanelli Ultrasonic based detection of interventional medical device contact and alignment
US20020103425A1 (en) * 2000-09-27 2002-08-01 Mault James R. self-contained monitoring device particularly useful for monitoring physiological conditions
WO2002026103A2 (en) * 2000-09-27 2002-04-04 Given Imaging Ltd. An immobilizable in vivo sensing device
US20020093484A1 (en) * 2000-12-07 2002-07-18 Michael Skala Method and system for use of a pointing device with moving images
EP1249929B1 (de) 2001-04-09 2009-03-04 Texas Instruments Incorporated Frequenzmodulator unter Verwendung eines Phasenregelkreises
US7119814B2 (en) * 2001-05-18 2006-10-10 Given Imaging Ltd. System and method for annotation on a moving image
US20030117491A1 (en) * 2001-07-26 2003-06-26 Dov Avni Apparatus and method for controlling illumination in an in-vivo imaging device
IL153510A0 (en) * 2001-12-18 2003-07-06 Given Imaging Ltd Device, system and method for capturing in-vivo images with three-dimensional aspects
JP4109927B2 (ja) 2002-08-20 2008-07-02 セイコークロック株式会社 電波修正時計及びその運針方法
JP3934585B2 (ja) * 2003-08-22 2007-06-20 松下電器産業株式会社 広帯域変調ｐｌｌ、広帯域変調ｐｌｌのタイミング誤差補正システム、変調タイミング誤差補正方法および広帯域変調ｐｌｌを備えた無線通信装置の調整方法
JP3852939B2 (ja) * 2003-08-22 2006-12-06 松下電器産業株式会社 広帯域変調ｐｌｌおよびその変調度調整方法
US6980140B1 (en) * 2004-06-18 2005-12-27 Nortel Networks Limited Flash ADC receiver with reduced errors

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2007028597A (ja) 2007-02-01
IL176231A0 (en) 2006-10-05
JP4906405B2 (ja) 2012-03-28
US20060280258A1 (en) 2006-12-14
US7778356B2 (en) 2010-08-17
EP1737124B1 (de) 2010-04-28
IL176231A (en) 2010-12-30
EP1737124A3 (de) 2008-12-24
EP1737124A2 (de) 2006-12-27

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE602006013909D1 (de) Modulator und Verfahren zum Erzeugen eines modulierten Signals
DE502005009558D1 (de) Polarmodulator und Verfahren zur Modulation eines Signals
DE602005010238D1 (de) Vorrichtung und verfahren zum empfangen eines zeitlich gemultiplexten signals
DE602005017257D1 (de) 2-dimensionales modulationsverfahren zum aufzeichnen eines hologramms und hologrammeinrichtung
DE602006012823D1 (de) Vorrichtung und verfahren zum neusynthetisieren von signalen
DE602006010074D1 (de) Tonklassifikationssystem und verfahren mit der fähigkeit zum hinzufügen und korrigieren eines tontyps
DE602006003328D1 (de) Verschlusssystem und verfahren zum befüllen eines fläschchens
DE602005006554D1 (de) Schaltung und Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines Taktsignals
DE602005015060D1 (de) Verfahren zur Abdichtung eines Anschlusses
DE112005001350A5 (de) Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Stabilisieren eines Fahrzeugs
DE602008002487D1 (de) Vorrichtung zum Empfang von Satellitensignalen, Zeiterfassungsvorrichtung mit einer Vorrichtung zum Empfang von Satellitensignalen und Verfahren zum Empfang von Satellitensignalen
DE602007002600D1 (de) Verfahren zum Erkennen eines Bildbereichs, Aufzeichnungsmedium und Vorrichtung dafür
DE602005010705D1 (de) Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines Taktsignals
DE602004016225D1 (de) Verfahren zum umhüllen eines langgestreckten gegenstands und vorrichtung zum umhüllen dieses langgestreckten gegenstands
DE602005010740D1 (de) Verfahren und vorrichtung zum senden und empfangen von bitverschachtelten, kodierten modulationssignalen
DE502006001103D1 (de) Verfahren zur Klassifizierung von ditgital modulierten Signalen
DE502006006661D1 (de) Warneinrichtung und verfahren zur übermittlung eines warnsignals
DE60135734D1 (de) Verfahren und vorrichtung zum erzeugen eines pulsbreitenmodulierten signals
DE602006007754D1 (de) Verfahren und System zum Vergleich von Tonsignalen und Erkennung einer Tonquelle
DE602006000368D1 (de) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Scannen des Inhalts eines Speichermediums
DE502005009105D1 (de) Mischer zum mischen eines signals und verfahren zum mischen eines signals
DE602005011164D1 (de) Verfahren zum abtasten eines analogen hochfrequenzsignals
DE602007012393D1 (de) Verfahren und Anordnung zum Erzeugen eines Zeitintervalls zwischen Datenrahmen
GB0607671D0 (en) Method for modulating a signal
AT8256U3 (de) Verfahren und vorrichtung zum bereitstellen eines hochaufgelösten winkelmarkensignals

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
8364 No opposition during term of opposition