DE3000516A1 - Verbundfolie, insbesondere toilettensitzauflage, sowie verfahren und vorrichtung zu ihrer herstellung - Google Patents
Verbundfolie, insbesondere toilettensitzauflage, sowie verfahren und vorrichtung zu ihrer herstellungInfo
- Publication number
- DE3000516A1 DE3000516A1 DE19803000516 DE3000516A DE3000516A1 DE 3000516 A1 DE3000516 A1 DE 3000516A1 DE 19803000516 DE19803000516 DE 19803000516 DE 3000516 A DE3000516 A DE 3000516A DE 3000516 A1 DE3000516 A1 DE 3000516A1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- composite film
- film
- layers
- soluble
- layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims description 76
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 140
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003381 solubilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N crotonic acid Chemical compound C\C=C\C(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims 2
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002195 soluble material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 97
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical class CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003043 Cellulose fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004820 Pressure-sensitive adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl vinyl ether Chemical compound COC=C XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
- RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium octadecanoate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007928 solubilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005063 solubilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/12—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/02—Physical, chemical or physicochemical properties
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
- A47K—SANITARY EQUIPMENT NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; TOILET ACCESSORIES
- A47K13/00—Seats or covers for all kinds of closets
- A47K13/14—Protecting covers for closet seats
- A47K13/18—Protecting covers for closet seats of paper or plastic webs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B23/00—Layered products comprising a layer of cellulosic plastic substances, i.e. substances obtained by chemical modification of cellulose, e.g. cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, viscose
- B32B23/04—Layered products comprising a layer of cellulosic plastic substances, i.e. substances obtained by chemical modification of cellulose, e.g. cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, viscose comprising such cellulosic plastic substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B23/08—Layered products comprising a layer of cellulosic plastic substances, i.e. substances obtained by chemical modification of cellulose, e.g. cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, viscose comprising such cellulosic plastic substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
- B32B27/306—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising vinyl acetate or vinyl alcohol (co)polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
- B32B37/14—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers
- B32B37/15—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers with at least one layer being manufactured and immediately laminated before reaching its stable state, e.g. in which a layer is extruded and laminated while in semi-molten state
- B32B37/153—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers with at least one layer being manufactured and immediately laminated before reaching its stable state, e.g. in which a layer is extruded and laminated while in semi-molten state at least one layer is extruded and immediately laminated while in semi-molten state
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/06—Interconnection of layers permitting easy separation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/716—Degradable
- B32B2307/7166—Water-soluble, water-dispersible
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/726—Permeability to liquids, absorption
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/70—Other properties
- B32B2307/748—Releasability
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2331/00—Polyvinylesters
- B32B2331/04—Polymers of vinyl acetate, e.g. PVA
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2439/00—Containers; Receptacles
- B32B2439/40—Closed containers
- B32B2439/46—Bags
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2553/00—Packaging equipment or accessories not otherwise provided for
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2597/00—Tubular articles, e.g. hoses, pipes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
- Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
- Y10T156/1052—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor with cutting, punching, tearing or severing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
- Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
- Y10T156/1052—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor with cutting, punching, tearing or severing
- Y10T156/1054—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor with cutting, punching, tearing or severing and simultaneously bonding [e.g., cut-seaming]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
- Y10T428/1334—Nonself-supporting tubular film or bag [e.g., pouch, envelope, packet, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
- Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
- Y10T428/1362—Textile, fabric, cloth, or pile containing [e.g., web, net, woven, knitted, mesh, nonwoven, matted, etc.]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/13—Hollow or container type article [e.g., tube, vase, etc.]
- Y10T428/1352—Polymer or resin containing [i.e., natural or synthetic]
- Y10T428/139—Open-ended, self-supporting conduit, cylinder, or tube-type article
- Y10T428/1393—Multilayer [continuous layer]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/21—Circular sheet or circular blank
- Y10T428/218—Aperture containing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/23—Sheet including cover or casing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/23907—Pile or nap type surface or component
- Y10T428/23943—Flock surface
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24273—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including aperture
- Y10T428/24322—Composite web or sheet
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
- Y10T428/266—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension of base or substrate
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
- Y10T428/269—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension including synthetic resin or polymer layer or component
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Wrappers (AREA)
- Toilet Supplies (AREA)
- Cleaning Implements For Floors, Carpets, Furniture, Walls, And The Like (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Priority Applications (16)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19803000516 DE3000516A1 (de) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-01-09 | Verbundfolie, insbesondere toilettensitzauflage, sowie verfahren und vorrichtung zu ihrer herstellung |
| AT82111038T ATE21858T1 (de) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-12-30 | Verwendung einer verbundfolie als verpackungsfolie. |
| EP80108243A EP0032244B1 (de) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-12-30 | Verbundfolie und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
| EP82111038A EP0078553B1 (de) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-12-30 | Verwendung einer Verbundfolie als Verpackungsfolie |
| DE8282111038T DE3071734D1 (en) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-12-30 | Application of a multilayer sheet as a packaging sheet |
| DE8080108243T DE3070819D1 (en) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-12-30 | Composite film and process for its manufacture |
| AT80108243T ATE13968T1 (de) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-12-30 | Verbundfolie und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung. |
| US06/221,288 US4469728A (en) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-12-30 | Composite foil, particularly a toilet seat support, as well as process |
| AU65926/80A AU546525B2 (en) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-12-31 | Composite foil and its use as a toilet seat support |
| BR8100114A BR8100114A (pt) | 1980-01-09 | 1981-01-08 | Folha composta, principalmente apoio de assento de toalete, bem como processo e dispositivo para sua fabricacao |
| ES498371A ES8201473A1 (es) | 1980-01-09 | 1981-01-08 | Perfeccionamientos introducidos en una lamina compuesta, en particular lamina de recubrimiento de asientos de retrete. |
| CA000368096A CA1172011A (en) | 1980-01-09 | 1981-01-08 | Composite foil, particularly a toilet seat support as well as process and apparatus for the production thereof |
| JP129081A JPS56111667A (en) | 1980-01-09 | 1981-01-09 | Composite sheet*manufacture of composite sheet and its manufacturing device |
| DE19813126979 DE3126979A1 (de) | 1980-01-09 | 1981-07-08 | Verbundfolie |
| US06/645,508 US4551369A (en) | 1980-01-09 | 1984-08-30 | Composite packaging material and process for making same |
| US06/688,331 US4671982A (en) | 1980-01-09 | 1985-01-03 | Composite foil |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19803000516 DE3000516A1 (de) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-01-09 | Verbundfolie, insbesondere toilettensitzauflage, sowie verfahren und vorrichtung zu ihrer herstellung |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE3000516A1 true DE3000516A1 (de) | 1981-07-16 |
Family
ID=6091697
Family Applications (3)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19803000516 Withdrawn DE3000516A1 (de) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-01-09 | Verbundfolie, insbesondere toilettensitzauflage, sowie verfahren und vorrichtung zu ihrer herstellung |
| DE8282111038T Expired DE3071734D1 (en) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-12-30 | Application of a multilayer sheet as a packaging sheet |
| DE8080108243T Expired DE3070819D1 (en) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-12-30 | Composite film and process for its manufacture |
Family Applications After (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE8282111038T Expired DE3071734D1 (en) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-12-30 | Application of a multilayer sheet as a packaging sheet |
| DE8080108243T Expired DE3070819D1 (en) | 1980-01-09 | 1980-12-30 | Composite film and process for its manufacture |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US4469728A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| EP (2) | EP0078553B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| JP (1) | JPS56111667A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| AU (1) | AU546525B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| BR (1) | BR8100114A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| CA (1) | CA1172011A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| DE (3) | DE3000516A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| ES (1) | ES8201473A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3126979A1 (de) * | 1980-01-09 | 1982-09-30 | Roland Dipl.-Kfm. 7022 Leinfelden-Echterdingen Belz | Verbundfolie |
Families Citing this family (48)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATE33010T1 (de) | 1981-07-08 | 1988-04-15 | Rb Kunststoffpatent Verwert Ag | Verbundfolie. |
| DE3335954A1 (de) * | 1983-10-04 | 1985-04-04 | Roland Dipl.-Kaufm. 7022 Leinfelden-Echterdingen Belz | Verfahren zur durchfuehrung von chemischen reaktionen, insbesondere zur herstellung von kunststoffen mit hilfe von extrudern und anlage hierzu |
| JPS62150998U (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) * | 1986-03-19 | 1987-09-24 | ||
| GB8620778D0 (en) * | 1986-08-28 | 1986-10-08 | Smiths Industries Ltd | Medico-surgical articles |
| GB8630863D0 (en) * | 1986-12-24 | 1987-02-04 | Grace W R & Co | Laminated articles |
| US5322878A (en) * | 1987-10-28 | 1994-06-21 | Belland Ag | Carboxylated molding copolymers |
| DE3742472A1 (de) * | 1987-12-15 | 1989-06-29 | Belland Ag | Aminogruppen enthaltendes polymerisat, verfahren zu seiner herstellung und verwendung |
| US6406797B1 (en) | 1990-05-17 | 2002-06-18 | Cryovac, Inc. | Coextruded packaging film |
| US5063272A (en) * | 1990-10-16 | 1991-11-05 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Polymeric web compositions for use in absorbent articles |
| CA2050021C (en) * | 1990-10-16 | 2002-07-02 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Environmentally friendly polymeric web compositions |
| US5316688A (en) * | 1991-05-14 | 1994-05-31 | Ecolab Inc. | Water soluble or dispersible film covered alkaline composition |
| NZ242597A (en) * | 1991-05-14 | 1995-07-26 | Grace W R & Co | Co-extruded water soluble laminated polymeric film and methods of extruding it |
| JP3135066B2 (ja) | 1991-05-14 | 2001-02-13 | エコラボ インコーポレイテッド | 2部式薬剤濃縮物 |
| EP0513692A1 (en) * | 1991-05-17 | 1992-11-19 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Water soluble multilayer film for packaging alkaline materials |
| DE4220453A1 (de) * | 1992-06-23 | 1994-01-05 | Degussa | Thermoplastische Polymerzusammensetzung mit Verarbeitungshilfsmitteln, Verfahren zur Herstellung der Polymerzusammensetzung und Formteile aus dieser Polymerzusammensetzung sowie als Verarbeitungshilfsmittel verwendbare Copolymere |
| CH684181A5 (de) * | 1992-08-28 | 1994-07-29 | Alusuisse Lonza Services Ag | Delaminierbare Verbunde. |
| US5441805A (en) * | 1993-06-30 | 1995-08-15 | Camelot Technologies Inc. | Soluble laminates |
| CA2128483C (en) * | 1993-12-16 | 2006-12-12 | Richard Swee-Chye Yeo | Flushable compositions |
| EP0688822B1 (en) * | 1994-06-21 | 1999-12-15 | The BFGOODRICH COMPANY | Degradable blend of composition |
| DE69525654T2 (de) * | 1994-12-30 | 2002-11-14 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Mit wasser wegspülbarer film |
| AU5092296A (en) * | 1995-03-03 | 1996-09-23 | Tredegar Industries, Inc. | Process for producing flocked webs and products therefrom |
| DE19644176A1 (de) * | 1996-10-24 | 1998-04-30 | Belland Ag | Packung, enthaltend einen trockenen alkalischen Feststoff |
| US7754807B2 (en) * | 1999-04-20 | 2010-07-13 | Stratasys, Inc. | Soluble material and process for three-dimensional modeling |
| DE10004429C1 (de) * | 2000-02-02 | 2001-05-31 | Skidata Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gegenstandes mit einem Transponder |
| US6348093B1 (en) | 2000-04-27 | 2002-02-19 | W. R. Grace & Co. - Conn | Basic-medium-soluble packaging material for use in castable cementitious composites |
| DE10348222A1 (de) | 2003-10-10 | 2005-05-04 | Belland Ag Biberist | Klebstoff und seine Verwendung |
| US7678316B2 (en) * | 2004-06-08 | 2010-03-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Coextruded profiled webs |
| US7897081B2 (en) * | 2004-12-30 | 2011-03-01 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Method of extruding articles |
| WO2008104023A1 (en) * | 2007-02-27 | 2008-09-04 | Amcor Limited | Packaging films |
| US8246888B2 (en) * | 2008-10-17 | 2012-08-21 | Stratasys, Inc. | Support material for digital manufacturing systems |
| EP2521625A2 (en) | 2010-01-05 | 2012-11-14 | Stratasys, Inc. | Support cleaning system |
| CA2809278C (en) | 2010-09-17 | 2015-10-20 | Stratasys, Inc. | Semi-crystalline consumable materials for use in extrusion-based additive manufacturing systems |
| US8920697B2 (en) | 2010-09-17 | 2014-12-30 | Stratasys, Inc. | Method for building three-dimensional objects in extrusion-based additive manufacturing systems using core-shell consumable filaments |
| USD682490S1 (en) | 2011-01-05 | 2013-05-14 | Stratasys, Inc. | Support cleaning system |
| US8460755B2 (en) | 2011-04-07 | 2013-06-11 | Stratasys, Inc. | Extrusion-based additive manufacturing process with part annealing |
| US8459280B2 (en) | 2011-09-23 | 2013-06-11 | Stratasys, Inc. | Support structure removal system |
| US9592530B2 (en) | 2012-11-21 | 2017-03-14 | Stratasys, Inc. | Additive manufacturing with polyamide consumable materials |
| US9527242B2 (en) | 2012-11-21 | 2016-12-27 | Stratasys, Inc. | Method for printing three-dimensional parts wtih crystallization kinetics control |
| US9744722B2 (en) | 2012-11-21 | 2017-08-29 | Stratasys, Inc. | Additive manufacturing with polyamide consumable materials |
| US12064917B2 (en) | 2012-11-21 | 2024-08-20 | Stratasys, Inc. | Method for printing three-dimensional parts with cyrstallization kinetics control |
| US9523934B2 (en) | 2013-07-17 | 2016-12-20 | Stratasys, Inc. | Engineering-grade consumable materials for electrophotography-based additive manufacturing |
| US9714318B2 (en) | 2013-07-26 | 2017-07-25 | Stratasys, Inc. | Polyglycolic acid support material for additive manufacturing systems |
| DE102014104807A1 (de) * | 2014-04-04 | 2015-10-08 | Karlo Pavlovic | Verpackungsbeutel |
| CN104771111A (zh) * | 2014-04-29 | 2015-07-15 | 汤华安 | 可更换抽水马桶卫生垫 |
| US10059053B2 (en) | 2014-11-04 | 2018-08-28 | Stratasys, Inc. | Break-away support material for additive manufacturing |
| DE102014017015A1 (de) * | 2014-11-19 | 2016-05-19 | Bio-Tec Biologische Naturverpackungen Gmbh & Co. Kg | Biologisch abbaubare Mehrschichtfolie |
| CN111820801A (zh) * | 2019-04-19 | 2020-10-27 | 韩彪 | 制造卷筒式坐便器坐垫纸的机器及其使用方法 |
| US12070161B2 (en) | 2021-11-05 | 2024-08-27 | Rena Queen Heegaard | Portable support cushion |
Citations (9)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH308338A (fr) * | 1952-12-18 | 1955-07-15 | Michela Raphael | Procédé de découpage de matière thermoplastique, notamment en bandes, et appareil pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé. |
| DE2029127A1 (en) * | 1969-06-13 | 1970-12-23 | Rasmussen, Ole-Bendt, BirkereSd (Dänemark) | Transversally laminated film |
| DE2008939A1 (de) * | 1970-02-26 | 1971-09-09 | Basf Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Beschneiden von Kunststoffbahnen |
| DE2302963A1 (de) * | 1972-02-16 | 1973-08-23 | Cellophane Sa | Zusammengesetzte polyesterfolie und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung |
| US3788934A (en) * | 1971-10-01 | 1974-01-29 | A Coppa | Three-dimensional folded structure with curved surfaces |
| DE2425655A1 (de) * | 1974-05-28 | 1975-12-11 | Welex Inc | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung geschichteter bahnen |
| DE2639512A1 (de) * | 1976-09-02 | 1978-03-23 | Reifenhaeuser Kg | Vorrichtung zur herstellung von dicken tafeln aus thermoplastischem kunststoff |
| DE2703005A1 (de) * | 1977-01-26 | 1978-07-27 | Belz Roland | Toilettensitzauflage und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
| DE1753903B2 (de) * | 1963-12-26 | 1979-12-20 | Marc Alfred Sarasota Fla. Chavannes (V.St.A.) | Zelliges Kunststoffschichtmaterial |
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| FR960043A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) * | 1950-04-12 | |||
| GB844509A (en) * | 1958-05-09 | 1960-08-10 | Dainihon Cellophane Kabushiki | Method of manufacturing moisture-proof regenerated cellulose film |
| US2977246A (en) * | 1958-06-03 | 1961-03-28 | Du Pont | Process for coating film |
| US3085901A (en) * | 1959-04-28 | 1963-04-16 | Du Pont | Process for coating regenerated cellulose film with subcoat of cellulose nitrate and thermosetting resin and topcoat of vinylidene chloride copolymer |
| US3219475A (en) * | 1962-02-15 | 1965-11-23 | Cumberland Chemical Corp | Transparent multiple layer coated polyvinyl alcohol film |
| US3136657A (en) * | 1962-02-15 | 1964-06-09 | Air Reduction | Polyvinyl alcohol film coated with vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymer |
| FR1426474A (fr) * | 1965-02-06 | 1966-01-28 | Procédé de soudure pour films thermoplastiques | |
| US3625794A (en) * | 1968-07-17 | 1971-12-07 | Kuraray Co | Method of preparing laminated films while regulating moisture content |
| US3744664A (en) * | 1970-03-05 | 1973-07-10 | Dow Chemical Co | Metal structures which are self-destructible by chemical corrosion |
| US3647111A (en) * | 1970-06-01 | 1972-03-07 | Biocor Corp | Biodegradable container |
| US3859125A (en) * | 1972-10-10 | 1975-01-07 | Gilbreth Co | Soluble coated paper |
| ES432731A1 (es) * | 1973-11-28 | 1976-12-01 | Coloroll Ltd | Metodo de preparacion de una composicion biodegradable. |
| DE2504494A1 (de) * | 1975-02-04 | 1976-08-05 | Belz Roland | Toilettensitzauflage |
| DE2732965C2 (de) * | 1977-07-21 | 1982-12-30 | Berend 2974 Krummhörn Dreessen | Hygieneabdeckung für Toilettensitze |
-
1980
- 1980-01-09 DE DE19803000516 patent/DE3000516A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1980-12-30 EP EP82111038A patent/EP0078553B1/de not_active Expired
- 1980-12-30 EP EP80108243A patent/EP0032244B1/de not_active Expired
- 1980-12-30 DE DE8282111038T patent/DE3071734D1/de not_active Expired
- 1980-12-30 US US06/221,288 patent/US4469728A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1980-12-30 DE DE8080108243T patent/DE3070819D1/de not_active Expired
- 1980-12-31 AU AU65926/80A patent/AU546525B2/en not_active Ceased
-
1981
- 1981-01-08 BR BR8100114A patent/BR8100114A/pt unknown
- 1981-01-08 CA CA000368096A patent/CA1172011A/en not_active Expired
- 1981-01-08 ES ES498371A patent/ES8201473A1/es not_active Expired
- 1981-01-09 JP JP129081A patent/JPS56111667A/ja active Granted
-
1984
- 1984-08-30 US US06/645,508 patent/US4551369A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH308338A (fr) * | 1952-12-18 | 1955-07-15 | Michela Raphael | Procédé de découpage de matière thermoplastique, notamment en bandes, et appareil pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé. |
| DE1753903B2 (de) * | 1963-12-26 | 1979-12-20 | Marc Alfred Sarasota Fla. Chavannes (V.St.A.) | Zelliges Kunststoffschichtmaterial |
| DE2029127A1 (en) * | 1969-06-13 | 1970-12-23 | Rasmussen, Ole-Bendt, BirkereSd (Dänemark) | Transversally laminated film |
| DE2008939A1 (de) * | 1970-02-26 | 1971-09-09 | Basf Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Beschneiden von Kunststoffbahnen |
| US3788934A (en) * | 1971-10-01 | 1974-01-29 | A Coppa | Three-dimensional folded structure with curved surfaces |
| DE2302963A1 (de) * | 1972-02-16 | 1973-08-23 | Cellophane Sa | Zusammengesetzte polyesterfolie und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung |
| DE2425655A1 (de) * | 1974-05-28 | 1975-12-11 | Welex Inc | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung geschichteter bahnen |
| DE2639512A1 (de) * | 1976-09-02 | 1978-03-23 | Reifenhaeuser Kg | Vorrichtung zur herstellung von dicken tafeln aus thermoplastischem kunststoff |
| DE2703005A1 (de) * | 1977-01-26 | 1978-07-27 | Belz Roland | Toilettensitzauflage und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
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|---|
| DE-Z: Grundlagen der Kunststoffverarbeitung, München, 1970, S.128-131, 154 * |
| DE-Z: Kunststoff-Verarbeitung im Gespräch, Bd. 2, Extrusion BASF, 1971, S.255 * |
| DE-Z: Plastverarbeiter, 1976, S.525-528 * |
| DE-Z: Plastverarbeiter, 1981, Nr. 8, S. 974 * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3126979A1 (de) * | 1980-01-09 | 1982-09-30 | Roland Dipl.-Kfm. 7022 Leinfelden-Echterdingen Belz | Verbundfolie |
| US4671982A (en) * | 1980-01-09 | 1987-06-09 | Rb Kunststoffpatent-Verwertungs Ag | Composite foil |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES498371A0 (es) | 1981-12-16 |
| EP0078553A2 (de) | 1983-05-11 |
| AU546525B2 (en) | 1985-09-05 |
| JPH0339831B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) | 1991-06-17 |
| US4469728A (en) | 1984-09-04 |
| EP0078553A3 (en) | 1983-11-09 |
| BR8100114A (pt) | 1981-07-21 |
| CA1172011A (en) | 1984-08-07 |
| EP0032244A2 (de) | 1981-07-22 |
| JPS56111667A (en) | 1981-09-03 |
| EP0032244A3 (en) | 1981-08-05 |
| AU6592680A (en) | 1981-07-16 |
| EP0032244B1 (de) | 1985-06-26 |
| US4551369A (en) | 1985-11-05 |
| DE3071734D1 (en) | 1986-10-09 |
| EP0078553B1 (de) | 1986-09-03 |
| DE3070819D1 (en) | 1985-08-01 |
| ES8201473A1 (es) | 1981-12-16 |
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