DE2551563C2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- DE2551563C2 DE2551563C2 DE2551563A DE2551563A DE2551563C2 DE 2551563 C2 DE2551563 C2 DE 2551563C2 DE 2551563 A DE2551563 A DE 2551563A DE 2551563 A DE2551563 A DE 2551563A DE 2551563 C2 DE2551563 C2 DE 2551563C2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- maximum
- alloy
- aluminum
- metal
- parts
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 53
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 52
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 241001676573 Minium Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 37
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 21
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- CSDREXVUYHZDNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumanylidynesilicon Chemical compound [Al].[Si] CSDREXVUYHZDNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004320 controlled atmosphere Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012809 cooling fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003298 dental enamel Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036316 preload Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
- B23K35/002—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces at least one of the workpieces being of light metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/22—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded
- B23K20/233—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded without ferrous layer
- B23K20/2336—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating taking account of the properties of the materials to be welded without ferrous layer both layers being aluminium
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
- Y10T428/12764—Next to Al-base component
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB49480/74A GB1532628A (en) | 1974-11-15 | 1974-11-15 | Metal bonding method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE2551563A1 DE2551563A1 (de) | 1976-05-20 |
| DE2551563C2 true DE2551563C2 (en, 2012) | 1989-12-07 |
Family
ID=10452493
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19752551563 Granted DE2551563A1 (de) | 1974-11-15 | 1975-11-17 | Verfahren zum verbinden von metallen und/oder metall-legierungen |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4046305A (en, 2012) |
| JP (1) | JPS51112455A (en, 2012) |
| AR (1) | AR208728A1 (en, 2012) |
| BR (1) | BR7507402A (en, 2012) |
| DE (1) | DE2551563A1 (en, 2012) |
| ES (1) | ES442358A1 (en, 2012) |
| FR (1) | FR2290986A1 (en, 2012) |
| GB (1) | GB1532628A (en, 2012) |
| IN (1) | IN145676B (en, 2012) |
| IT (1) | IT1053224B (en, 2012) |
| YU (1) | YU39951B (en, 2012) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4412792A1 (de) * | 1994-04-14 | 1995-10-19 | Leybold Materials Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Verbinden von flächigen Werkstücken |
Families Citing this family (36)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2370545A1 (fr) * | 1976-11-12 | 1978-06-09 | Snecma | Procede d'assemblage par brasage-diffusion et articles obtenus |
| JPS5639908Y2 (en, 2012) * | 1977-04-23 | 1981-09-17 | ||
| FR2411062A1 (fr) * | 1977-12-07 | 1979-07-06 | Pechiney Aluminium | Procede d'assemblage de pieces a base d'aluminium et de pieces en acier |
| DE2911031C2 (de) * | 1978-03-22 | 1986-09-04 | General Electric Co., Schenectady, N.Y. | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen einer Spannungsentlastungsscheibe |
| JPS54133450A (en) * | 1978-04-10 | 1979-10-17 | Hitachi Ltd | Diffusion bonding method for different kind metal |
| JPS551982A (en) * | 1978-07-24 | 1980-01-09 | Gen Electric | Method of diffusion connecting metallic foil to structural copper and its device |
| WO1980001967A1 (en) * | 1979-03-08 | 1980-09-18 | Gen Electric | Thermo-compression bonding a semiconductor to strain buffer |
| US4252263A (en) * | 1980-04-11 | 1981-02-24 | General Electric Company | Method and apparatus for thermo-compression diffusion bonding |
| JPS57184574A (en) * | 1981-05-08 | 1982-11-13 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Diffusion brazing method for al or al alloy |
| US4429824A (en) | 1981-09-17 | 1984-02-07 | Rohr Industries, Inc. | Delta-alpha bond/superplastic forming method of fabricating titanium structures and the structures resulting therefrom |
| US4890784A (en) * | 1983-03-28 | 1990-01-02 | Rockwell International Corporation | Method for diffusion bonding aluminum |
| US5009360A (en) * | 1988-11-29 | 1991-04-23 | Mcnc | Metal-to-metal bonding method and resulting structure |
| DE3914862C2 (de) * | 1989-05-05 | 1993-12-16 | Productech Gmbh | Verfahren zur Verminderung von mechanischen Spannungen beim Schweissen |
| US5742020A (en) * | 1995-01-23 | 1998-04-21 | Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha | Valve seat-bonded cylinder head and method for producing same |
| JPH0979014A (ja) * | 1995-09-14 | 1997-03-25 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | エンジン用シリンダヘッドの製造方法 |
| US5778531A (en) * | 1995-09-14 | 1998-07-14 | Yamaha Hatsudoki Kabushiki Kaisha | Method of manufacturing cylinder head for engine |
| JPH09112217A (ja) * | 1995-10-24 | 1997-04-28 | Yamaha Motor Co Ltd | バルブリフタおよびバルブリフタの製造方法 |
| JPH10148106A (ja) * | 1996-11-19 | 1998-06-02 | Fuji Oozx Inc | アルミニウム製内燃機関用タペット及びその製法 |
| JP3740858B2 (ja) * | 1997-09-16 | 2006-02-01 | マツダ株式会社 | 接合金属部材及び該部材の接合方法 |
| GB9811860D0 (en) * | 1998-06-02 | 1998-07-29 | Univ Cambridge Tech | Bonding |
| DE19858150C1 (de) * | 1998-12-16 | 2000-06-15 | Aluplan Heiztechnik Gmbh & Co | Verfahren zum Längspreßverbinden von Aluminium-Heizkörperteilen und Anschlußstutzen zur Verwendung bei dem Verfahren |
| JP3812789B2 (ja) * | 1999-03-15 | 2006-08-23 | マツダ株式会社 | 金属溶接方法及び金属接合構造 |
| US6780794B2 (en) | 2000-01-20 | 2004-08-24 | Honeywell International Inc. | Methods of bonding physical vapor deposition target materials to backing plate materials |
| US6698647B1 (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2004-03-02 | Honeywell International Inc. | Aluminum-comprising target/backing plate structures |
| US6974070B2 (en) * | 2001-08-07 | 2005-12-13 | University Of Chicago | Joining of advanced materials by superplastic deformation |
| US8225481B2 (en) * | 2003-05-19 | 2012-07-24 | Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne, Inc. | Diffusion bonded composite material and method therefor |
| US7118021B2 (en) * | 2003-11-26 | 2006-10-10 | Siemens Power Generation, Inc. | Bonding fixture |
| TWI244370B (en) * | 2004-07-30 | 2005-11-21 | Ind Tech Res Inst | Bonding structure of heat sink fin and heat spreader |
| DE102007054071B4 (de) * | 2007-11-13 | 2010-06-10 | Eisfink Max Maier Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verbundmetallgegenstand und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Verbundmetallgegenstands |
| US20100147929A1 (en) * | 2008-12-16 | 2010-06-17 | Scott Cook | Method for joining metals |
| CN103079744B (zh) * | 2010-08-31 | 2016-11-09 | 日产自动车株式会社 | 铝系金属的接合方法 |
| JP2014237171A (ja) * | 2013-06-10 | 2014-12-18 | 株式会社Uacj | フラックスレスろう付け接合用アルミニウム製シート及びアルミニウム製部材のフラックスレスろう付け方法 |
| US9383143B2 (en) * | 2013-09-26 | 2016-07-05 | Micro Cooling Concepts, Inc. | Metallic thin-film bonding and alloy generation |
| DE102016208193A1 (de) * | 2016-05-12 | 2017-11-16 | Technische Universität Dresden | Verfahren zum Sichern einer Schraubverbindung gegen unerwünschtes Lösen und Schraube zur Verwendung bei dem Verfahren |
| TWI697372B (zh) * | 2019-08-27 | 2020-07-01 | 宏進金屬科技股份有限公司 | 硬銲接合方法 |
| KR102624495B1 (ko) * | 2021-06-25 | 2024-01-11 | 포샨 후아즈 어드밴스드 머티리얼즈 컴퍼니 리미티드 | 마이크로채널 히트싱크 및 이의 제조방법 |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3148038A (en) * | 1958-05-27 | 1964-09-08 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Bonding of metal members |
| NL268834A (en, 2012) * | 1960-09-02 | |||
| US3708866A (en) * | 1968-11-25 | 1973-01-09 | Northrop Corp | Thin film diffusion brazing of nickel and nickel base alloys |
| US3703032A (en) * | 1970-08-14 | 1972-11-21 | Trw Inc | Diffusion bonding process |
| DE2060728A1 (de) * | 1970-12-10 | 1972-06-29 | Kernforschungsanlage Juelich | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer festen Verbindung zwischen Werkstuecken aus Werkstoffen mit unterschiedlichem Schmelzpunkt |
-
1974
- 1974-11-15 GB GB49480/74A patent/GB1532628A/en not_active Expired
-
1975
- 1975-10-20 IN IN2030/CAL/75A patent/IN145676B/en unknown
- 1975-10-28 US US05/626,126 patent/US4046305A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1975-11-04 YU YU2776/75A patent/YU39951B/xx unknown
- 1975-11-05 ES ES442358A patent/ES442358A1/es not_active Expired
- 1975-11-10 BR BR7507402*A patent/BR7507402A/pt unknown
- 1975-11-12 AR AR261157A patent/AR208728A1/es active
- 1975-11-13 FR FR7534684A patent/FR2290986A1/fr active Granted
- 1975-11-13 JP JP50135753A patent/JPS51112455A/ja active Pending
- 1975-11-17 IT IT46940/75A patent/IT1053224B/it active
- 1975-11-17 DE DE19752551563 patent/DE2551563A1/de active Granted
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4412792A1 (de) * | 1994-04-14 | 1995-10-19 | Leybold Materials Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Verbinden von flächigen Werkstücken |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AR208728A1 (es) | 1977-02-28 |
| IN145676B (en, 2012) | 1985-03-02 |
| YU39951B (en) | 1985-06-30 |
| JPS51112455A (en) | 1976-10-04 |
| FR2290986A1 (fr) | 1976-06-11 |
| FR2290986B1 (en, 2012) | 1982-05-07 |
| IT1053224B (it) | 1981-08-31 |
| YU277675A (en) | 1982-05-31 |
| ES442358A1 (es) | 1977-08-01 |
| US4046305A (en) | 1977-09-06 |
| GB1532628A (en) | 1978-11-15 |
| DE2551563A1 (de) | 1976-05-20 |
| BR7507402A (pt) | 1976-08-10 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| DE2551563C2 (en, 2012) | ||
| DE2433648C2 (de) | Buckelschweißverfahren | |
| DE3000171C2 (de) | Faserverstärkter Verbundwerkstoff und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung | |
| DE69514890T2 (de) | Hartlotfolie aus einer Aluminiumlegierung, Verfahren zur Herstellung dieser Hartlotfolie, Wärmetauscher mit dieser Hartlotfolie und Verfahren zur Herstellung dieses Wärmetauschers | |
| DE602004007034T2 (de) | Verfahren zum schweissen von bändern aus aluminiumlegierung | |
| DE2914314C2 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Preßverbindung zwischen wenigsten zwei Metallteilen | |
| DE2709844C2 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Hohlkörpern aus AlSi-Legierungen durch Fließ- oder Strangpressen von Granulat und dessen Anwendung | |
| EP0145897B1 (de) | Fügeverfahren | |
| DE3713781C2 (en, 2012) | ||
| DE10061620C2 (de) | Wärmetauscheranordnung | |
| DE3877477T2 (de) | Verbindung metallischer bauteile. | |
| DE112014006121T5 (de) | Plattierter Aluminiumlegierungswerkstoff und Herstellungsverfahren dafür sowie den plattierten Aluminiumlegierungswerkstoff verwendender Wärmetauscher und Herstellungsverfahren dafür | |
| DE10043105A1 (de) | Metallurgische Bindung beschichteter Einsätze innerhalb von Metallgußteilen | |
| DE1966816A1 (de) | Rohr | |
| DE60014243T2 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Werkstücks aus Metall, wie ein Teil eines Fahrzeugrads, und entsprechendes Rad | |
| DE2500084C3 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Aluminium-Halbzeug | |
| DE4301927C2 (de) | Verbundener Metall-Keramik-Werkstoff, dessen Verwendung und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung | |
| DE10043108B4 (de) | Metallurgische Bindung von Einsätzen mit mehrlagigen Beschichtungen innerhalb von Metallgußteilen | |
| DE1808843A1 (de) | Verfahren fuer die Herstellung von Kolben aus Leichtmetallegierung mit Einsatzstueck aus verschiedenem Material und daraus entstehende Kolben | |
| DE2516549A1 (de) | Verfahren zum herstellen eines bimetallueberzugs fuer hohle ladungen | |
| DE1527584A1 (de) | Verfahren zum Plattieren von rostfreiem Stahl mit Aluminium | |
| DE3810497C2 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Aluminiumlegierung mit ausgezeichneter Knetbarkeit | |
| DE2242235B2 (de) | Superplastische Aluminiumlegierung | |
| DE102013018744A1 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Bauteils für ein Kraftfahrzeug | |
| EP1688517B1 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer metallischen Haftvermittlungsschicht auf einem Umgusskörper |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8110 | Request for examination paragraph 44 | ||
| 8127 | New person/name/address of the applicant |
Owner name: AE PLC, RUGBY, WARWICKSHIRE, GB |
|
| 8128 | New person/name/address of the agent |
Representative=s name: WILCKEN, H., DR. WILCKEN, T., DIPL.-ING., PAT.-ANW |
|
| D2 | Grant after examination | ||
| 8364 | No opposition during term of opposition | ||
| 8339 | Ceased/non-payment of the annual fee |